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A zoetrope is a pre-film animation device that produces the illusion of motion, by displaying a sequence of drawings or photographs showing progressive phases of that motion. A zoetrope is a cylindrical variant of the phénakisticope, an apparatus suggested after the stroboscopic discs were introduced in 1833. The definitive version of the zoetrope, with replaceable film picture film strips, was introduced as a toy by Milton Bradley in 1866 and became very successful.
Eadweard Muybridge was an English photographer known for his pioneering work in photographic studies of motion, and early work in motion-picture projection.
Charles-Émile Reynaud was a French inventor, responsible for the praxinoscope and was responsible for the first projected animated films. His Pantomimes Lumineuses premiered on 28 October 1892 in Paris. His Théâtre Optique film system, patented in 1888, is also notable as the first known instance of film perforations being used. The performances predated Auguste and Louis Lumière's first paid public screening of the cinematographe on 26 December 1895, often seen as the birth of cinema.
The phenakistiscope was the first widespread animation device that created a fluent illusion of motion. Dubbed Fantascope and Stroboscopische Scheiben by its inventors, it has been known under many other names until the French product name Phénakisticope became common. The phenakistiscope is regarded as one of the first forms of moving media entertainment that paved the way for the future motion picture and film industry. Similar to a GIF animation, it can only show a short continuous loop.
Precursors of film are concepts and devices that have much in common with the later art and techniques of cinema.
The decade of the 1890s in film involved some significant events.
The Théâtre Optique is an animated moving picture system invented by Émile Reynaud and patented in 1888. From 28 October 1892 to March 1900 Reynaud gave over 12,800 shows to a total of over 500,000 visitors at the Musée Grévin in Paris. His Pantomimes Lumineuses series of animated films include Pauvre Pierrot and Autour d'une cabine. Reynaud's Théâtre Optique predated Auguste and Louis Lumière's first commercial, public screening of the cinematograph on 28 December 1895, which has long been seen as the birth of film.
The decade of the 1870s in film involved some significant events.
The Horse in Motion is a series of cabinet cards by Eadweard Muybridge, including six cards that each show a sequential series of six to twelve "automatic electro-photographs" depicting the movement of a horse. Muybridge shot the photographs in June 1878. An additional card reprinted the single image of the horse "Occident" trotting at high speed, which had previously been published by Muybridge in 1877.
The history of film technology traces the development of techniques for the recording, construction and presentation of motion pictures. When the film medium came about in the 19th century, there already was a centuries old tradition of screening moving images through shadow play and the magic lantern that were very popular with audiences in many parts of the world. Especially the magic lantern influenced much of the projection technology, exhibition practices and cultural implementation of film. Between 1825 and 1840, the relevant technologies of stroboscopic animation, photography and stereoscopy were introduced. For much of the rest of the century, many engineers and inventors tried to combine all these new technologies and the much older technique of projection to create a complete illusion or a complete documentation of reality. Colour photography was usually included in these ambitions and the introduction of the phonograph in 1877 seemed to promise the addition of synchronized sound recordings. Between 1887 and 1894, the first successful short cinematographic presentations were established. The biggest popular breakthrough of the technology came in 1895 with the first projected movies that lasted longer than 10 seconds. During the first years after this breakthrough, most motion pictures lasted about 50 seconds, lacked synchronized sound and natural colour, and were mainly exhibited as novelty attractions. In the first decades of the 20th century, movies grew much longer and the medium quickly developed into one of the most important tools of communication and entertainment. The breakthrough of synchronized sound occurred at the end of the 1920s and that of full color motion picture film in the 1930s. By the start of the 21st century, physical film stock was being replaced with digital film technologies at both ends of the production chain by digital image sensors and projectors.
For the history of animation after the development of celluloid film, see history of animation.
Animal Locomotion: An Electro-photographic Investigation of Consecutive Phases of Animal Movements is a series of scientific photographs by Eadweard Muybridge made in 1884 and 1885 at the University of Pennsylvania, to study motion in animals. Published in July 9, 1887, the chronophotographic series comprised 781 collotype plates, each containing up to 36 pictures of the different phases of a specific motion of one subject.
Events in 1892 in animation.
Events in 1888 in animation.
Events in 1882 in animation.
Events in 1881 in animation.
Events in 1880 in animation.
Events in 1879 in animation.
References
- ↑ Lockyer, Sir Norman (1878). Nature. Macmillan Journals Limited. p. 242.
kinesigraph.
- ↑ Herbert, Stephen (1998). Industry, Liberty, and a Vision: Wordsworth Donisthorpe's Kinesigraph. The Projection Box. ISBN 978-0-9523941-3-6.
- ↑ Pacific Rural Press. Dewey & Company. 1878.
- ↑ "Photographing a Racehorse at Full Speed". Argus (Melbourne, Vic. : 1848–1957). 7 October 1878. p. 6. Retrieved 17 December 2020.
- ↑ La Nature: science progrès (in French). Dunod. 1878.
- ↑ "Muybridge's Photographs". Vol. XXX, no. 10315. Daily Alta California. 9 July 1878. p. 1. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
- ↑ Mitchell Leslie (May–June 2001). "The Man Who Stopped Time". Stanford Magazine. Retrieved 28 May 2019.
- 1 2 "Capturing the Moment", p. 2, Freeze Frame: Eadward Muybridge's Photography of Motion, 7 October 2000 – 15 March 2001, National Museum of American History, accessed 9 April 2012
- ↑ Bendazzi 1994, p. 4.
- ↑ Myrent 1989, p. 192-193.
- ↑ "COMPLEAT EADWEARD MUYBRIDGE - ZOETROPES". www.stephenherbert.co.uk.
- ↑ "MISS YOUNG, ACTOR'S BRIDE.; Banker George W. Young's Daughter and Roy Atwell Wed in Greenwich". The New York Times. 1913-02-22. ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 2023-02-05.
- ↑ Smith, Dave. "The Seven Dwarfs Character History". Disney Archives. Archived from the original on August 1, 2003. Retrieved March 21, 2023.
- ↑ Voice Talent (Documentary film). Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs Platinum Edition DVD: Buena Vista Home Entertainment. 2001.
- ↑ https://www.newspapers.com/image/392150929/?terms=Taylor%20holmes&match=1
- ↑ "Famous Voices Bring Life to 'Sleeping Beauty'". The Pittsburgh Press . March 1, 1959. p. 7. Retrieved August 5, 2023– via Google News Archive.
- ↑ "King Stefan". D23 . Archived from the original on July 6, 2022. Retrieved August 5, 2023.
- ↑ Thomas 1958, p. 98.