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Animation is a filmmaking technique by which still images are manipulated to create moving images. In traditional animation, images are drawn or painted by hand on transparent celluloid sheets (cels) to be photographed and exhibited on film. Animation has been recognized as an artistic medium, specifically within the entertainment industry. Many animations are computer animations made with computer-generated imagery (CGI). Stop motion animation, in particular claymation, has continued to exist alongside these other forms.
A zoetrope is a pre-film animation device that produces the illusion of motion, by displaying a sequence of drawings or photographs showing progressive phases of that motion. A zoetrope is a cylindrical variant of the phénakisticope, an apparatus suggested after the stroboscopic discs were introduced in 1833. The definitive version of the zoetrope, with replaceable film picture film strips, was introduced as a toy by Milton Bradley in 1866 and became very successful.
Ubbe Ert Iwerks, known as Ub Iwerks, was an American animator, cartoonist, character designer, inventor, and special effects technician, known for his work with Walt Disney Animation Studios in general, and for having worked on the development of the design of the character of Mickey Mouse, among others. Born in Kansas City, Missouri, Iwerks grew up with a contentious relationship with his father, who abandoned him as a child. Iwerks met fellow artist Walt Disney while working at a Kansas City art studio in 1919.
Gertie the Dinosaur is a 1914 animated short film by American cartoonist and animator Winsor McCay. It is the earliest animated film to feature a dinosaur. McCay first used the film before live audiences as an interactive part of his vaudeville act; the frisky, childlike Gertie did tricks at the command of her master. McCay's employer William Randolph Hearst curtailed McCay's vaudeville activities, so McCay added a live-action introductory sequence to the film for its theatrical release renamed Winsor McCay, the Famous Cartoonist, and Gertie. McCay abandoned a sequel, Gertie on Tour, after producing about a minute of footage.
The silent age of American animation dates back to at least 1906 when Vitagraph released Humorous Phases of Funny Faces. Although early animations were rudimentary, they rapidly became more sophisticated with such classics as Gertie the Dinosaur in 1914, Felix the Cat, Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, and Koko the Clown.
The praxinoscope was an animation device, the successor to the zoetrope. It was invented in France in 1877 by Charles-Émile Reynaud. Like the zoetrope, it used a strip of pictures placed around the inner surface of a spinning cylinder. The praxinoscope improved on the zoetrope by replacing its narrow viewing slits with an inner circle of mirrors, placed so that the reflections of the pictures appeared more or less stationary in position as the wheel turned. Someone looking in the mirrors would therefore see a rapid succession of images producing the illusion of motion, with a brighter and less distorted picture than the zoetrope offered.
A flip book, flipbook, flicker book, or kineograph is a booklet with a series of images that very gradually change from one page to the next, so that when the pages are viewed in quick succession, the images appear to animate by simulating motion or some other change. Often, flip books are illustrated books for children, but may also be geared toward adults and employ a series of photographs rather than drawings. Flip books are not always separate books, but may appear as an added feature in ordinary books or magazines, frequently using the page corners. Software packages and websites are also available that convert digital video files into custom-made flip books.
Floyd E. Norman is an American animator, writer, and cartoonist. Over the course of his career, he has worked for various animation companies, among them Walt Disney Animation Studios, Hanna-Barbera Productions, Ruby-Spears, Film Roman and Pixar.
Retta Scott was an American artist. She was the first woman to receive screen credit as an animator at the Walt Disney Animation Studios.
Winsor McCay: The Famous Cartoonist of the N.Y. Herald and His Moving Comics, more commonly known as Little Nemo, is a 1911 silent animated short film by American cartoonist Winsor McCay. One of the earliest animated films, it was McCay's first, and featured characters from McCay's comic strip Little Nemo in Slumberland. Its expressive character animation distinguished the film from the experiments of earlier animators.
Edwin George Lutz was an American artist and author. As an illustrator, he contributed cartoons and human interest articles illustrated with his drawings to several magazines and newspapers. Under the name E.G. Lutz, he authored 17 books. Most were how-to manuals dealing with art and drawing techniques, but two were about aspects of the film industry, which was rapidly developing in the early years of the 20th century. One of his most popular books was Drawing Made Easy (1921), which was written for young artists. Perhaps his most influential work was Animated Cartoons (1920), the first book to describe what were then state-of-the-art animation techniques. A 19-year-old Walt Disney discovered the book at his local library and used it as a guide during his first years in his animation career.
Alpine Climbers is a 1936 American animated short film produced by Walt Disney Productions and released by United Artists. The cartoon follows Mickey Mouse, Donald Duck, and Pluto climb the side of a mountain. The film was directed by David Hand and includes the voices of Walt Disney as Mickey, Clarence Nash as Donald, and Lee Millar as Pluto. It was the 9th Mickey Mouse short to be released that year. As a work published in 1936 and a proper renewal notice filed within 28 years, the short will enter the American public domain in 2032.
For the history of animation after the development of celluloid film, see history of animation.
Events in 1901 in animation.
Events in 1899 in animation.
Events in 1898 in animation.
Events in 1877 in animation.
Events in 1870 in animation.
Events in 1869 in animation.
References
- ↑ Maxwell, James Clerk (May 18, 1995). The Scientific Letters and Papers of James Clerk Maxwell. CUP Archive. ISBN 9780521256261 – via Google Books.
- ↑ "Le Cosmos; revue des sciences et de leurs applications". April 10, 1869 – via Google Books.
- ↑ McDonough, John; Egolf, Karen (2015). The Advertising Age Encyclopedia of Advertising. Routledge. p. 81. ISBN 9781135949068 . Retrieved 2 July 2018.
- ↑ Chronological Index of Patents Applied for and Patents Granted. G.E. Eyre and W. Spottiswoode. 1869. p. 65. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
- ↑ Crafton 1993, p. 7.
- ↑ https://www.lambiek.net/artists/m/mayer_hy.htm
- ↑ "Mayer, Henry". The Jewish Encyclopedia .
- ↑ Lenburg, Jeff (2006) Who's who in Animated Cartoons: An International Guide to Film & Television's Award-winning and Legendary Animators. Hal Leonard Corp . ISBN 9781557836717. p. 227.
- ↑ Sporn, Michael. "Lutz". Michael Sporn Animation, Inc. Splog. Retrieved 22 February 2018.
- ↑ Sedelmaier, J.J. (26 March 2012). "How Walt Disney Used His Kansas City Library Card". Print. Print Magazine. Retrieved 22 February 2018.
- ↑ Barrier, Michael (2008). The animated man : a life of Walt Disney (1st pbk. print. ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 52. ISBN 978-0520256194.
- ↑ Denney, Pat Williams with Jim (2004). How to be like Walt. Deerfield Beach, Fla.: Health Communications. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-7573-0231-2.
- ↑ "Driver, Ada Annie". AWR. Retrieved 2024-03-09.
- ↑ "DRIVER, ADA (G)". Photoria. Retrieved 2024-03-09.