1877 in animation

Years in animation:	1874   1875   1876   1877   1878   1879   1880
Centuries:	18th century  ·  19th century  ·  20th century
Decades:	1840s   1850s   1860s   1870s   1880s   1890s   1900s
Years:	1874   1875   1876   1877   1878   1879   1880

Events in 1877 in animation.

Events

• August 11: On August 11, 1877, the Daily Alta newspaper announced a project by Eadward Muybridge and Leland Stanford to produce sequences of photographs of a running horse with 12 stereoscopic cameras. Muybridge had much experience with stereo photography and had already made instantaneous pictures of Stanford's horse Occident running at full speed. He eventually managed to shoot the proposed sequences of running horses in June 1878, with stereoscopic cameras. The published result and animated versions for his zoopraxiscope were not stereoscopic, but in 1898 Muybridge claimed that he had (privately) viewed the pictures in two synchronized zoetropes with Wheatstone's reflecting stereoscope as a "very satisfactory reproduction of an apparently solid miniature horse trotting, and of another galloping". ^[1]
• August 30: Charles-Émile Reynaud patented the praxinoscope, an animation device that improved on the zoetrope. ^{[2] [3]} Like the zoetrope, the praxinoscope used a strip of pictures placed around the inner surface of a spinning cylinder. The praxinoscope improved on the zoetrope by replacing its narrow viewing slits with an inner circle of mirrors that intermittently reflected the images. ^{[4] [5]} The praxinoscope allowed a much clearer view of the moving image compared to the zoetrope, since the zoetrope's images were actually mostly obscured by the spaces in between its slits. ^[6] Reynaud mentioned the possibility of projecting the images in his 1877 patent, but did not complete his praxinoscope projection device until 1880. ^{[7] [8]}

Births

February

• February 13: Sidney Smith, American cartoonist (created an animated film series adapting his own comic strip Old Doc Yak , credited as the first animated series with a recurring character; created the popular comic strip The Gumps , which was adapted into a film series combining live-action and animation), (d. 1935). ^{[9] [10] [11] [12] [13]}

May

• May 25: Billy Murray, American singer (voice of Bimbo in the Betty Boop cartoons), (d. 1954). ^{[14] [15] [16]}

July

• July 27: Florence Gill, British actress, (voice of Clara Cluck, and the title character in the Wise Little Hen ), (d. 1965). ^{[17] [18] [19]}

August

• August 8: Aleksandr Khanzhonkov, Russian cinema entrepreneur, film director, and screenwriter (producer of Ladislas Starevich's ground-breaking stop motion animation). (d. 1945), ^{[20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26]}

References

1. Muybridge, Eadweard (September 24, 2012). Animals in Motion. Courier Corporation. ISBN   978-0-486-12999-0.
2. Bendazzi 1994, p. 4.
3. Myrent 1989, p. 192-193.
4. Cutter, Susan L.; Harrington, J.W. Jr. (31 March 2004). Brunn, Stanley D. (ed.). Geography and technology. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 274. ISBN   978-1402018718.
5. Chandramouli, Magesh (2021). 3D Modeling & Animation: A Primer. CRC Press. p. 181. ISBN   9781498764926.
6. "Le Praxinoscope à projection". emilereynaud.fr (in French). Retrieved 2019-07-25.
7. Laurent Mannoni, The great art of light and shadow : archaeology of the cinema (1995)
8. Reynaud, Émile (1888-12-01). Brevet d'invention N° 194 482.
9. Markstein, Don. Toonopedia.
10. Lenburg, Jeff. Who's Who in Animated Cartoons: An International Guide to Film & Television. Applause, 2006.
11. Smith profile, Lambiek's Comiclopedia. Accessed Jan. 2, 2018.
12. Lenburg, Jeff (1999). The Encyclopedia of Animated Cartoons. Checkmark Books. p. 26. ISBN   0-8160-3831-7 . Retrieved 6 June 2020.
13. Lenburg, Jeff (1999). The Encyclopedia of Animated Cartoons. Checkmark Books. p. 29. ISBN   0-8160-3831-7 . Retrieved 6 June 2020.
14. Ruhlmann, William. "Billy Murray". Allmusic . Retrieved October 14, 2011.
15. "The Walter Lantz Cartune Encyclopedia: 1930". The Walter Lantz Cartune Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on May 14, 2011. Retrieved April 24, 2011.
16. "Billy Murray: A Biography". The Official Website of Billy Murray (1877–1954). Phonostalgia. Retrieved October 14, 2011.
17. Smith, Dave (2012). Disney Trivia from the Vault: Secrets Revealed and Questions Answered: Secrets Revealed and Questions Answered. Disney Electronic Content. ISBN   978-1-4231-7857-6 . Retrieved 10 July 2020.
18. Jeff DePaoli (February 16, 2022). "Dizney Coast to Coast - The Unofficial Disney Fan Podcast (The Voice of Minnie Mouse: An Interview with Kaitlyn Robrock)". Dizney Coast to Coast (Podcast). DePodcast Network. Event occurs at 13:14. Retrieved February 17, 2022.
19. Kaufman, J.B.; Gerstein, David (2018). Walt Disney's Mickey Mouse: The Ultimate History. Cologne: Taschen. pp. 345–348. ISBN   978-3-8365-5284-4.
20. Peter Rollberg (2016). Historical Dictionary of Russian and Soviet Cinema. — Rowman & Littlefield, p. 366 ISBN   978-1-4422-6842-5
21. Richard Abel (2005). Encyclopedia of Early Cinema. — Routledge: London and New York, p. 356 ISBN   0-415-23440-9
22. Tsivian, Yuri (1991). Early Cinema in Russia and Its Cultural Reception. p. 132.
23. Marina Parkhomenko. Life and Death of Aleksandr Khanzhonkov interview with granddaughter Irina Orlova, Evening Donetsk newspaper № 153 (7825), October 17, 2003 (in Russian)
24. Irina Orlova (2007). Dedicate My Life to Cinema. — Donetsk: Promin, 127 pages (Biography)
25. Interview with Aleksandr Khanzhonkov's granddaughter Irina Orlova from the Evening Donetsk newspaper № 73, May 18, 2007 (in Russian)
26. Maxim Medvedev. A slave of cinema in the garden of the parting paths Archived 2022-02-18 at the Wayback Machine article at Chastny Korrespondent, August 8, 2014 (in Russian)

Sources

• Bendazzi, Giannalberto (1994). Cartoons: One hundred years of cinema animation. Indiana University Press. ISBN   0253209374.
• Myrent, Glenn (1989). "Emile Reynaud: First Motion Picture Cartoonist". Film History. 3 (3). Indiana University Press: 191–202. doi:10.2307/3814977. JSTOR   3814977.