The Israeli troops arrived at the Lebanese beaches on speedboats launched from missile boats offshore. Mossad agents awaited the forces on the beaches with cars rented the previous day, and then drove them to their targets and later back to the beaches for extraction.
During the operation, three of the highest-level PLO leaders, surprised at home, were killed, along with other PLO members. Several Lebanese security people and civilian neighbors were also killed, as were two of the Israeli soldiers.
Background
In October 1972, Israel obtained intelligence on the home addresses of three top PLO officials in Beirut:
Muhammad Youssef al-Najjar (Abu Youssef) – an operations leader in Black September, the group responsible for the 1972 Munich massacre. He was also a PLO veteran, previously head of the Lebanese Fatah branches, head of Fatah internal intelligence organization. His latest duties were head of the PLO's political department and one of Yasser Arafat's deputies (third in line of Fatah's leadership).
Kamal Adwan – a PLO chief of operations, responsible for armed attacks against Israeli targets.
Kamal Nasser – PLO spokesman and member of the PLO Executive Committee.[6]
Najjar, Adwan, and Nasser lived near one another in a pair of seven-story buildings on Verdun Street in a fashionable area of West Beirut. These buildings were residential housing for both British and Italian families along with Arab families. One building housed Al-Najjar, and a building across the street housed Adwan and Nasser. Intelligence had also been obtained on the address of Khalil al-Wazir, the PLO's second-in-command, but he lived further away from the three others. In addition to information about their residences, high-grade intelligence had also been amassed on other PLO targets in Lebanon such as weapons workshops, command posts, and offices. It was decided to assassinate Najjar, Adwan, and Nasser.[1]
The Mossad subsequently deployed a female agent codenamed Nielsen to Beirut in January 1973 to amass further intelligence so that an assassination operation could be planned. She arrived in Lebanon under the cover story that she was there to conduct research for a television series on the life of Lady Hester Stanhope which she was planning on writing. She rented an apartment in a building exactly opposite the two buildings where Najjar, Adwan, and Nasser lived and clandestinely photographed potential landing areas and the target buildings, also meticulously recording the routines of those in the buildings.[1]
Although sufficient intelligence had been amassed to enable an assassination, the Mossad still faced a dilemma in how to carry them out. As the buildings were in a densely populated areas, the use of explosives was ruled out due to a high likelihood of killing civilians, and the assassinations would have to be close-contact. The Mossad agents already in Lebanon were there for deep-cover surveillance and did not have sufficient training, while combatants from the Mossad's kidon unit who could carry out such assassinations lacked convincing cover stories to infiltrate Lebanon and remain there long enough to carry out the mission. It was also deemed near-impossible for a kidon team to be able to quickly escape after conducting such an operation. As a result, the conclusion was reached that the Mossad could not carry out such a mission on its own and it would have to be a military operation, as only the Israel Defense Forces had the necessary forces for such an operation.[1]
The IDF's initial proposal was for about a hundred soldiers to take over the buildings, herd the residents into the street, and conduct a lineup to identify and kill the three targets. However, IDF Chief of Staff David Elazar had doubts about the plan and asked Ehud Barak, the commander of the Sayeret Matkal special forces unit, to come up with a better one. After examining the intelligence, Barak concluded that the IDF's proposal would take too much time and get the raiders involved in exchanges of fire. He decided that a small raiding party should instead enter the city, conduct the assassinations within a matter of minutes, and escape before any response could be mounted.[1]
The final plan was to land soldiers from navy ships on the Lebanese coast who would infiltrate into Beirut disguised as tourists, where they would be picked up by Mossad agents waiting for them with rented cars and driven to their targets. Some of the commandos were to be disguised as women (Barak was disguised as a brunette woman). This was at the suggestion of Elazar, who was concerned that a group of men moving through Beirut at midnight would raise suspicion. In addition to the assassination mission, four PLO facilities were to be attacked. To maintain the element of surprise, the apartments of the three targets would have to be breached before the other attacks could begin.[1][7] Before the mission, the forces trained using similar apartments in northern Tel Aviv. They also practiced cross-dressing and walking around disguised as lovers.[8][9] Meanwhile, Mossad agents in Beirut gathered additional intelligence for the raid. Nielsen selected the private beach of the Sands Hotel as the landing site since access was restricted to guests and it was close to the hotel's parking lot, where the commandos could be picked up by Mossad agents. Brigadier General Emmanuel Shaked, the commander of the IDF's infantry and paratrooper forces, was placed in overall command of the operation.[1]
On April 6, 1973, six Mossad operatives arrived in Beirut on counterfeit British, German, and Belgian passports. They checked into the Sands Hotel, rented cars, and parked them in the hotel's parking lot.[1]
The operation
Vehicles used by the raiding force abandoned by the Beirut shore after the raid
On April 9, 1973, eight Israeli Navymissile boats departed from Haifa naval base, carrying 75 soldiers - 21 Sayeret Matkal commandos, 34 Shayetet 13 naval commandos, and 20 soldiers of the Paratroopers Brigade's Sayeret Tzanhanim unit - and 19 Zodiac speedboats on board. They dropped anchor twelve miles off the coast of Beirut. Meanwhile, one of the Mossad operatives at the Sands Hotel met with Nielsen, who confirmed that the three targets were at home, and this information was radioed to the attacking force, after which the operation began.[1] The patrol boats of the Squadron 916 were also kept as a reserve.[10]
The Zodiac boats carrying the raiding party set out for the shore. To avoid being heard, they turned the motors off when they were a few hundred meters from land and rowed the rest of the way in. The Shayetet 13 commandos carried raiders disguised as tourists onto dry land so that they wouldn't get wet and ruin their disguises, particularly those dressed as women, as they were wearing heavy makeup. They met the Mossad agents waiting in the parking lot with the vehicles, and were driven to their targets. The soldiers responsible for carrying out the assassinations were dropped off two blocks from their targets and walked the rest of the way, posing as couples.[8][1]
At the apartment buildings the force split up, with three designated teams entering the buildings while a backup team led by Barak remained outside and stood guard to repel PLO reinforcements or Lebanese Internal Security Forces (ISF) Gendarmerie units. The backup team also included a doctor. The commandos entered the buildings unchallenged, as the PLO guards they had been expecting in the lobbies were asleep in their cars. Reaching the apartments of their targets, they placed explosive charges at their doors and then signalled to Barak with three clicks on their radio. After receiving the signal from all three teams, Barak replied with five clicks, which was the order to execute. He also signalled to Shaked that the other planned attacks could begin.[1]
A Lebanese security forces vehicle damaged in the raid
The explosive charges blew the apartment doors open, after which the commandos gunned down their targets. Muhammad Youssef al-Najjar came out of his bedroom and shut himself in another room, along with his wife. Muki Betser and another one of the raiders then sprayed automatic fire into the room through the door, killing Najjar and his wife. After kicking in the door and finding Najjar's body and his fatally injured wife, Betser decided not to pick up his documents as planned as he had heard shooting outside, and ordered his soldiers to follow him into the street. Kamal Nasser, who had been sitting at his desk, took cover and fired at the raiders with his pistol, hitting one of them in the leg before being killed. According to Palestinian reports, Nasser, a Christian, was shot in front of his family with his bullet wounds tracing the sign of the cross. Kamal Adwan stepped out of his door with an AK-47 and was killed. The raiders took as many documents with them as they could and fled the scene. During the raid, an elderly Italian woman responding to the commotion was killed.[1][11][12][13]
At the same time, the backup team became engaged in a firefight. A PLO guard who had fallen asleep woke up and emerged from his car with a pistol drawn. Barak and Amiram Levin shot him, but one of their bullets hit the car and set off its horn, waking up residents of the neighborhood who called the police. Security forces from a nearby police station responded rapidly and the Israelis were soon engaged in a firefight with a few dozen Lebanese Internal Security Forces (ISF) gendarmes. The backup team was joined by the raiding parties in the engagement. The Israeli commandos held off the Lebanese security forces with automatic fire and Betser tossed a grenade at a jeep carrying Lebanese reinforcements, killing three of its four occupants. The Mossad agents arrived with the rented cars, and the commandos piled in and made their getaway, leaving behind spikes in the road to puncture the tires of pursuing police cars. While driving to the beach, they encountered a Lebanese Armyarmoured personnel carrier (APC) as it scanned the shore. They were not confronted and continued on to the beach, where the commandos and drivers abandoned the cars and returned to the missile boats in Zodiacs.[8]
Kamal Adwan's apartment after the raid
At the same time, a force consisting mainly of Sayeret Tzanhanim paratroopers raided a multi-story building that housed militants of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP). The team was disguised as civilians and led by Amnon Lipkin-Shahak. They killed the guards at the entrance but took fire from a guard post they had not spotted and a firefight erupted. Three of the soldiers were severely wounded. Two of them were evacuated to one of the waiting cars. The third was being carried to the cars by a Shayetet 13 commando when a PFLP fighter, apparently believing that the wounded man was a Palestinian, tried to rescue him and grappled with the naval commando before fleeing. He was then put in another car. Although the force had a doctor on hand, the Mossad agent at the wheel of the car carrying two of the wounded panicked due to the gunfire and drove to the beach. Despite the fact that they had been discovered and were engaged in a firefight, Shahak ordered that the mission proceed. The soldiers successfully attached explosives to the building and withdrew. Upon arriving at the cars, they found only two of them, with the one carrying two of the wounded having vanished. After searches failed to locate the vehicle, Shahak, despite not wanting to withdraw without accounting for the two wounded men, ordered the men to evacuate in the two remaining cars. As they withdrew, the explosive charges detonated and the building collapsed. At the beach, they found the missing car, with one of the wounded men dead from blood loss. They returned to the missile boats, where another of the wounded died during surgery.[1]
Two secondary forces attacked the Fatah headquarters for Gaza operations and a Fatah workshop in south Beirut. A third force of Shayetet 13 naval commandos landed in north Beirut and destroyed a small Fatah explosives workshop, while another paratroop unit raided and destroyed the PLO's main garage, located just south of Sidon.[14]
Aftermath
The Israeli operation sharply polarized public opinion in Lebanon. The Muslim Prime Minister Saeb Salam tendered to the resignation of the cabinet. 250,000 people, 10 per cent of the Lebanese population, turned out for the funeral in Beirut of the slain PLO leaders and further tens of thousands attended demonstrations in other parts of the country. The opponents of the armed Palestinian presence, chiefly the army command and President Frangieh, tried but failed to use the opportunity to restrict Palestinian freedom of movement. Two weeks of fighting between the army and Palestinian groups ended in stalemate. In the end, Franjiyya had to admit that the Lebanese army was unable to defend the Palestinian refugee camps and he therefore reluctantly allowed the PLO to bring in heavier weapons and build fortifications.[15]
Documents seized from Kamal Adwan's apartment provided a wealth of intelligence on PLO operations in the occupied territories and enabled the Israeli authorities to carry out a series of arrests which severely damaged the Fatah network there.[1]
The Israeli children's book The Time Tunnel – Operation Spring of Youth (2005) by Galila Ron-Feder Amit, number 32 in the Time Tunnel series, is based on this operation.
Yasser Arafat, also popularly known by his kunya Abu Ammar, was a Palestinian political leader. He was chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) from 1969 to 2004 and president of the Palestinian National Authority (PNA) from 1994 to 2004. Ideologically an Arab nationalist and a socialist, Arafat was a founding member of the Fatah political party, which he led from 1959 until 2004.
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The Black September Organization (BSO) was a Palestinian militant organization founded in 1970. Besides other actions, the group was responsible for the assassination of the Jordanian Prime Minister Wasfi Tal, and the Munich massacre, in which eleven Israeli athletes and officials were kidnapped and killed, as well as a West German policeman dying, during the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, their most publicized event. These attacks led to the creation or specialization of permanent counter-terrorism forces in many European countries.
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Force 17 was a commando and special operations unit of the Palestinian Fatah movement and later of the Office of the Chairman of the Palestinian Authority. It was formed in the early 1970s by Ali Hassan Salameh. Initially, the group was housed in building 17 of Al-Fakhani Street in Beirut.
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Kamal Butros Nasser was a Palestinian political leader, writer and poet. In the early 1970s, Nasser was a spokesman for the Palestinian Liberation Organization.
Muhammad Youssef Al-Najjar, commonly known as Abu Youssef, was a Palestinian militant who was assassinated by Israel over alleged involvement in the 1972 Munich massacre.
The South Lebanon conflict was an armed conflict that took place in Israeli-occupied southern Lebanon from 1982 or 1985 until Israel's withdrawal in 2000. Hezbollah, along with other Shia Muslim and left-wing guerrillas, fought against Israel and its ally, the Catholic Christian-dominated South Lebanon Army (SLA). The SLA was supported militarily and logistically by the Israel Defense Forces and operated under the jurisdiction of the Israeli-backed South Lebanon provisional administration, which succeeded the earlier Israeli-backed Free Lebanon State. Israel officially names the conflict the Security Zone in Lebanon Campaign and deems it to have begun on 30 September 1982, after the end of its "Operation Peace for Galilee". It can also be seen as an extension of the Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990).
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↑ Alan Hart, Arafat, Terrorist or Peacemaker?. London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1984, pp. 361–63. ISBN978-0-283-99008-3. Quotes Abu Iyad on the killing of Kamal Nasser: "Because Kamal was our spokesman they finished him off by spraying bullets around his mouth. And before they left the Israelis laid out his body as though he was hanging on a cross." [Nasser was a Christian].
↑ Jean Genet, Prisoner of Love. London: Pan Books, 1989, pp. 157-61. ISBN978-0-330-29962-6. Guards later described the attackers who killed Kamal Adwan as: "two English-speaking hippies with fair curly hair ...their arms around one another's necks, laughing and exchanging kisses...The guards shouted insults at the two shocking queers... etc".
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