Entebbe raid

Last updated

Operation Thunderbolt
Part of the Arab–Israeli conflict and the Cold War
Operation Thunderbolt. IV.jpg
Israeli commandos with a Mercedes-Benz 600 resembling the one owned by Ugandan dictator Idi Amin, used by Sayeret Matkal to deceive Ugandan troops during the raid [1]
Date3–4 July 1976 (1976-07-03 – 1976-07-04)
Location
Entebbe International Airport, Uganda
0°02′43″N32°27′13″E / 0.04528°N 32.45361°E / 0.04528; 32.45361
Result Israeli victory
  • 102 of 106 hostages rescued [2]
  • ~25% of Uganda's military aircraft destroyed [3]
Belligerents
Flag of Israel.svg  Israel
Supported by:
Flag of Kenya.svg  Kenya 		PFLP-GC Flag.svg PFLP–EO
Revolutionare Zellen.svg Revolutionary Cells
Flag of Uganda.svg Uganda
Commanders and leaders
Strength
c. 100 Israeli commandos (plus aerial crew and support personnel) 7 hijackers: 5 Palestinians, 2 Germans
100+ Ugandan soldiers
Casualties and losses
1 killed (Y. Netanyahu)
5 wounded		 7 hijackers killed
45 soldiers killed [4]
11–30 Ugandan aircraft destroyed [5]
4 hostages killed (incl. Dora Bloch) [6] [7]
10 hostages wounded
Africa relief location map.jpg
Red pog.svg
Red pog.svg
Red pog.svg
Red pog.svg
class=notpageimage|
Sites associated with Operation Entebbe

The Entebbe raid or Operation Entebbe, officially codenamed Operation Thunderbolt (retroactively codenamed Operation Yonatan), was a 1976 Israeli counter-terrorist mission in Uganda. It was launched in response to the hijacking of an international civilian passenger flight (an Airbus A300) operated by Air France between the cities of Tel Aviv and Paris. During a stopover in Athens, the aircraft was hijacked by two Palestinian PFLP–EO and two German RZ members, [8] who diverted the flight to Libya and then to Uganda, where they landed at Entebbe International Airport to be joined by other terrorists. Once in Uganda, the group enjoyed support from Ugandan dictator Idi Amin. [9]

Contents

Having hijacked the flight of 248 passengers on 27 June 1976, the terrorists took hostages with the stated objective of compelling the release of 40 Palestinian and affiliated militants imprisoned in Israel as well as the release of 13 prisoners in four other countries. [10] Over 100 Ugandan soldiers were deployed to support the hijackers after the flight landed, and Amin, who had been informed of the hijacking from the beginning, [11] had personally welcomed the terrorists at Entebbe. [12] After moving all of the hostages to a defunct airport, the hijackers separated all Israelis and several non-Israeli Jews from the larger group of passengers, subsequently moving them into a separate room. [13] [14] [15] Over the next two days, 148 non-Israeli hostages were released and flown out to Paris. [14] [15] [16] The 94 remaining passengers, most of whom were Israelis, and the 12-member Air France crew continued to be held as hostages. [17] [18]

Representatives within the Israeli government initially debated over whether to concede or respond by force, as the hijackers had threatened to kill the 106 captives if the specified prisoners were not released. Acting on intelligence provided by Mossad, the decision was made to have the Israeli military undertake a rescue operation. [19] The Israeli plans included preparation for an armed confrontation with Amin's Uganda Army. [20]

Initiating the operation at nightfall on 3 July 1976, Israeli transport planes flew 100 commandos over 4,000 kilometres (2,500 mi) to Uganda for the rescue effort. Over the course of 90 minutes, 102 of the hostages were rescued successfully, with three having been killed. One of the dead hostages, Dora Bloch, was murdered by Ugandan authorities at a hospital in Kampala shortly after the Israeli rescue operation; she had fallen ill during the hijacking and was removed from the plane for treatment prior to the commandos' arrival. The Israeli military suffered five wounded and one killed; Yonatan Netanyahu was Israel's sole fatality of Operation Entebbe, and had led Sayeret Matkal during the rescue effort – he was the older brother of Benjamin Netanyahu, who would later become Israel's prime minister. [21] The Israeli commandos killed all of the hijackers and 45 Ugandan soldiers, and eleven of Uganda's [6] [7] MiG-17s and MiG-21s were destroyed. [5] Over the course of the operation in Uganda, Israel received support from neighbouring Kenya. Idi Amin subsequently issued orders for the Ugandan army to kill all Kenyans living in Uganda, [22] leading to the deaths of 245 Kenyan-Ugandans and the exodus of around 3000 Kenyans from Uganda. [23]

Hijacking

Air France Flight 139
Airbus A300B4-203, Air France AN0792167.jpg
The Air France Airbus A300 involved, at Charles de Gaulle Airport in 1980
Hijacking
Date27 June 1976
SummaryHijacking
SiteGreek airspace
Aircraft
Aircraft type Airbus A300B4-203
Operator Air France
Registration F-BVGG
Flight origin Ben Gurion Int'l Airport, Israel
Stopover Athens (Ellinikon) Int'l Airport, Greece
Destination Charles De Gaulle Int'l Airport, France
Occupants260
Passengers248
Crew12
Fatalities4
Injuries10
Survivors256

On 27 June 1976 Air France Flight 139, an Airbus A300B4-203, registration F-BVGG (c/n 019), departed from Tel Aviv, Israel, carrying 246 mainly Jewish and Israeli passengers and a crew of 12. [24] [25] The plane flew to Athens, Greece, where it picked up an additional 58 passengers, including four hijackers. [26] [nb 1] It departed for Paris at 12:30 pm. Just after takeoff, the flight was hijacked by two Palestinians from the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – External Operations (PFLP-EO), and by two Germans, Wilfried Böse and Brigitte Kuhlmann, from the German Revolutionary Cells. The hijackers diverted the flight to Benghazi, Libya. [27] There it was held on the ground for seven hours for refuelling. During that time the hijackers released British-born Israeli citizen Patricia Martell, who pretended to have a miscarriage. [19] [28] The plane left Benghazi and at 3:15 pm on the 28th, more than 24 hours after the flight's original departure, it arrived at Entebbe Airport in Uganda. [27]

Situation at Uganda's Entebbe International Airport

At Entebbe the four hijackers were joined by at least four others, supported by the forces of Uganda's president, Idi Amin. [29] The hijackers transferred the passengers to the transit hall of the disused former airport terminal where they kept them under guard for the following days. Amin came to visit the hostages almost on a daily basis, updating them on developments and promising to use his efforts to have them freed through negotiations. [24]

On 28 June a PFLP-EO hijacker issued a declaration and formulated their demands. In addition to a ransom of US$5 million for the release of the airplane, they demanded the release of 53 Palestinian and pro-Palestinian militants, 40 of whom were prisoners in Israel. [30] They threatened that if these demands were not met, they would begin to kill hostages on 1 July 1976. [31]

Separation of hostages

On 29 June, after Ugandan soldiers had opened an entrance to a room next to the crowded waiting hall by destroying a separating wall, the hijackers separated the Israelis (including those holding dual citizenship) from the other hostages [nb 2] and told them to move to the adjoining room. [33] As they did so, a Holocaust survivor showed hijacker Wilfried Böse a camp registration number tattooed on his arm. Böse protested "I'm no Nazi! ... I am an idealist." [38] In addition, five non-Israeli hostages – two ultra-orthodox Jewish couples [24] from the US and Belgium [8] and a French resident of Israel – were forced to join the Israeli group. [35] According to Monique Epstein Khalepski, the French hostage among the five, the captors had singled them out for questioning and suspected them of hiding their Israeli identities. [35] On the other hand, according to French hostage Michel Cojot-Goldberg, the captors failed to identify at least one Israeli among the passengers who was a military officer with dual citizenship then using his non-Israeli passport and he was later freed as part of the second release of non-Israeli hostages. [37] US citizen Janet Almog, Frenchwoman Jocelyne Monier (whose husband or boyfriend was Israeli), [39] [40] and French-Israeli dual citizen Jean-Jacques Mimouni, whose name had not been called up during the reading of the original passport-based list, reportedly joined the Israeli hostage group by their own choice. [41]

Release of most non-Israeli hostages

On 30 June the hijackers released 48 hostages. The released were picked from among the non-Israeli group – mainly elderly and sick passengers and mothers with children. Forty-seven of them were flown by a chartered Air France Boeing 747 out of Entebbe to Paris, and one passenger was treated in hospital for a day. [42] On 1 July, after the Israeli government had conveyed its agreement to negotiations, the hostage-takers extended their deadline to noon on 4 July and released another group of 100 non-Israeli captives who again were flown to Paris a few hours later. Among the 106 hostages staying behind with their captors at Entebbe airport were the 12 members of the Air France crew who refused to leave, [43] about ten young French passengers, and the Israeli group of some 84 people. [2] [9] [27] [44]

Israeli response

Diplomatic efforts

In the week before the raid Israel tried using political avenues to obtain the release of the hostages. Many sources indicate that the Israeli cabinet was prepared to release Palestinian prisoners if a military solution seemed unlikely to succeed. A retired IDF officer, Baruch "Burka" Bar-Lev, had known Idi Amin for many years and was considered to have a strong personal relationship with him. At the request of the cabinet, he spoke with Amin on the phone many times, trying to gain the release of the hostages, without success. [45] [46] The Israeli government also approached the United States government to deliver a message to Egyptian president Anwar Sadat, asking him to request that Amin release the hostages. [47] Prime minister Yitzhak Rabin and defence minister Shimon Peres spent one week disagreeing on whether to give in to the hijackers' demands (Rabin's position) or not, to prevent more terrorism (Peres' position). [48]

At the 1 July deadline [49] the Israeli cabinet offered to negotiate with the hijackers to extend the deadline to 4 July. Amin also asked them to extend the deadline until that date. This meant he could take a diplomatic trip to Port Louis, Mauritius, to officially hand over chairmanship of the Organisation of African Unity to Seewoosagur Ramgoolam. [50] This extension of the hostage deadline proved crucial to providing Israeli forces enough time to get to Entebbe. [26]

On 3 July at 18:30, the Israeli cabinet approved a rescue mission, [51] presented by Major General Yekutiel Adam and Brigadier General Dan Shomron. Shomron was appointed as the operation commander. [52]

Egyptian–PLO involvement and failure of diplomacy

As the crisis unfolded, attempts were made to negotiate the release of the hostages. According to declassified diplomatic documents, the Egyptian government under Sadat tried to negotiate with both the PLO and the Ugandan government. [53] [54] PLO chairman Yasser Arafat sent his political aide Hani al-Hassan to Uganda as a special envoy to negotiate with the hostage takers and with Amin. [8] However, the PFLP-EO hijackers refused to see him. [55]

Israel's military preparations

When Israeli authorities failed to negotiate a political solution, they decided that their only option was an attack to rescue the hostages. Lt. Col. Joshua Shani, lead pilot of the operation, later said that the Israelis had initially conceived of a rescue plan that involved dropping naval commandos into Lake Victoria. The commandos would have ridden rubber boats to the airport on the edge of the lake. They planned to kill the hijackers and after freeing the hostages, they would ask Amin for passage home. The Israelis abandoned this plan because they lacked the necessary time and also because they had received word that Lake Victoria was inhabited by the Nile crocodile. [56]

Amnon Biran, the mission's intelligence officer, later stated that the proper layout of the airport was unknown, as was the exact location of the hostages and whether the building had been prepared with explosives. [48]

Aircraft refuelling

While planning the raid, the Israeli forces had to plan how to refuel the Lockheed C-130 Hercules aircraft they intended to use while en route to Entebbe. The Israelis lacked the logistical capacity to aerially refuel four to six aircraft so far from Israeli airspace. While several East African nations, including the logistically preferred choice Kenya, were sympathetic, none wished to incur the wrath of Amin or the Palestinians by allowing the Israelis to land their aircraft within their borders.[ citation needed ]

The raid could not proceed without assistance from at least one East African government. The Israeli government secured permission from Kenya for the IDF task force to cross Kenyan airspace and refuel at what is today Jomo Kenyatta International Airport. Kenyan Minister of Agriculture Bruce MacKenzie persuaded Kenyan President Jomo Kenyatta to permit Mossad to collect intelligence prior to the operation, and to allow the Israeli Air Force access to the Nairobi airport. [57] MacKenzie's support for the operation came after Sir Maurice Oldfield, the then head of Britain's MI6 intelligence agency, put his contacts in Mossad in touch with MacKenzie, who had been an MI6 contact for some time. [58] The Jewish owner of the Block hotels chain in Kenya, along with other members of the Jewish and Israeli community in Nairobi, may also have used their political and economic influence to help persuade Kenya's President Jomo Kenyatta to help Israel. [59]

Uganda's ambassador to Lesotho, Isaac Lumago, [60] overheard some of the details of the operation from Kenya Air Force officers who were discussing the possibility of Israeli compensation for the assistance and forwarded the information to Ugandan commander Isaac Maliyamungu. Maliyamungu did not alert Amin or take any action on the intelligence, [61] allegedly dismissing the report as "gasiya" (rubbish). [62] According to Amin's son, Jaffar Remo, the Ugandan president still managed to receive Lumago's warning via telephone and, after completing his responsibilities at the OAU meeting, boarded a plane and flew back to Uganda. [60] An ex-agent of Uganda's intelligence service, the State Research Bureau, also claimed that Amin was informed by Lumago of the imminent raid. The agent stated that Amin was terrified of possible reprisals in case his troops actually fought the Israeli military, allegedly resulting in his ordering that the Uganda Army should not open fire on Israeli aircraft during a possible raid. [63]

Mossad intelligence

Mossad built an accurate picture of the whereabouts of the hostages, the number of hijackers, and the involvement of Ugandan troops, based on information from the released hostages in Paris. [64] Further, Israeli firms had been involved in construction projects in Africa during the 1960s and 1970s: while preparing the raid, the Israeli army consulted with Solel Boneh, a large Israeli construction firm that had built the terminal where the hostages were held. [65] While planning the military operation, the IDF erected a partial replica of the airport terminal with the assistance of civilians who had helped build the original.[ citation needed ]

IDF major Muki Betser later remarked in an interview that Mossad operatives extensively interviewed the hostages who had been released. He said that a French-Jewish passenger who had a military background and "a phenomenal memory" had provided detailed information about the number of weapons carried by the hostage-takers. [66]

Task force

The Israeli ground task force numbered approximately 100 personnel, and comprised the following elements: [52]

Ground command and control
This small group comprised the operation and overall ground commander, Brigadier General Dan Shomron, the air force representative Colonel Ami Ayalon and the communications and support personnel.
Assault
A 29-person assault unit led by Lt. Col. Yonatan Netanyahu – this force was composed entirely of commandos from Sayeret Matkal, and was given the primary task of assaulting the old terminal and rescuing the hostages. Major Betser led one of the element's assault teams, and took command after Lt. Col. Netanyahu was killed.
Securers
  1. The Paratroopers force led by Col. Matan Vilnai – tasked with securing the civilian airport field, clearing and securing the runways, and protection and fuelling of the Israeli aircraft in Entebbe.
  2. The Golani force led by Col. Uri Sagi – tasked with securing the C-130 Hercules aircraft for the hostages' evacuation, getting it as close as possible to the terminal and boarding the hostages; also with acting as general reserves.
  3. The Sayeret Matkal force led by Major Shaul Mofaz – tasked with clearing the military airstrip, and destroying the squadron of MiG fighter jets on the ground, to prevent any possible interceptions by the Uganda Army Air Force; also with holding off hostile ground forces from the city of Entebbe.

Raid

Aerial photo of the city of Entebbe and the Entebbe International Airport at sunset Entebbe Aerial.jpg
Aerial photo of the city of Entebbe and the Entebbe International Airport at sunset

Attack route

Taking off from Sharm el-Sheikh, [67] the task force flew along the international flight path over the Red Sea, mostly flying at a height of no more than 30 m (100 ft) to avoid radar detection by Egyptian, Sudanese, and Saudi Arabian forces. Near the south outlet of the Red Sea the C-130s turned south and crossed into Ethiopian territory, passing west of Djibouti. From there, they went to a point northeast of Nairobi, Kenya. They turned west, passing through the African Rift Valley and over Lake Victoria. [68] [69]

Two Boeing 707 jets followed the cargo planes. The first Boeing contained medical facilities and landed at Jomo Kenyatta International Airport in Nairobi, Kenya. The commander of the operation, General Yekutiel Adam, was on board the second Boeing, which circled over Entebbe Airport during the raid. [52]

The Israeli forces landed at Entebbe on 3 July at 23:00 IST, with their cargo bay doors already open. Because the proper layout of the airport was not known, the first plane almost taxied into a ditch. [48] A black Mercedes car that looked like President Idi Amin's vehicle and Land Rovers that usually accompanied Amin's Mercedes were brought along. The Israelis hoped they could use them to bypass security checkpoints. When the C-130s landed, Israeli assault team members drove the vehicles to the terminal building in the same fashion as Amin. [20] [70] As they approached the terminal, two Ugandan sentries, aware that Idi Amin had recently purchased a white Mercedes, ordered the vehicles to stop. [71] The first commandos shot the sentries using silenced pistols. [20] This was against the plan and against the orders – the Ugandans were to be ignored, as they were believed not to be likely to open fire at this stage. [48] An Israeli commando in one of the following Land Rovers opened fire with an unsuppressed rifle. [20] Fearing the hijackers would be alerted prematurely, the assault team quickly approached the terminal. [70]

Hostage rescue

A 1994 photograph of the old terminal with a U.S. Air Force C-130 Hercules parked in front. Bullet holes from the 1976 raid are still visible. Entebbe Airport DF-ST-99-05538.jpg
A 1994 photograph of the old terminal with a U.S. Air Force C-130 Hercules parked in front. Bullet holes from the 1976 raid are still visible.

The Israelis left their vehicles and ran towards the terminal. The hostages were in the main hall of the airport building, directly adjacent to the runway. Entering the terminal, the commandos shouted through a megaphone, "Stay down! Stay down! We are Israeli soldiers," in both Hebrew and English. Jean-Jacques Maimoni, a 19-year-old French immigrant to Israel, stood up and was killed when Muki Betser and another soldier mistook him for a hijacker and fired at him. [27] Another hostage, Pasco Cohen, 52, was also fatally wounded by gunfire from the commandos. [72] In addition, a third hostage, 56-year-old Ida Borochovitch, a Russian Jew who had emigrated to Israel, was killed by a hijacker in the crossfire. [73]

According to hostage Ilan Hartuv, Wilfried Böse was the only hijacker who, after the operation began, entered the hall housing the hostages. At first he pointed his Kalashnikov rifle at hostages, but "immediately came to his senses" and ordered them to find shelter in the restroom, before being killed by the commandos. According to Hartuv, Böse fired only at Israeli soldiers and not at hostages. [8]

At one point an Israeli commando called out in Hebrew, "Where are the rest of them?" referring to the hijackers. [74] The hostages pointed to a connecting door of the airport's main hall, into which the commandos threw several hand grenades. They then entered the room and shot dead the three remaining hijackers, ending the assault. [26] Meanwhile, the other three C-130 Hercules aeroplanes had landed and unloaded armoured personnel carriers to provide defence during the anticipated hour of refuelling. The Israelis then destroyed Ugandan MiG fighter planes to prevent them from pursuing, and conducted a sweep of the airfield to gather intelligence. [26]

Departure

Rescued passengers welcomed at Ben Gurion Airport Flickr - Government Press Office (GPO) - Rescued Air France Passengers.jpg
Rescued passengers welcomed at Ben Gurion Airport

After the raid the Israeli assault team returned to their aircraft and began loading the hostages. Ugandan soldiers shot at them in the process. The Israeli commandos returned fire, inflicting casualties on the Ugandans. During this brief but intense firefight, Ugandan soldiers fired from the airport control tower. At least five commandos were wounded, and the Israeli unit commander, Yonatan Netanyahu, was killed. Israeli commandos fired light machine guns and a rocket-propelled grenade back at the control tower, suppressing the Ugandans' fire. According to one of Idi Amin's sons, the soldier who shot Netanyahu, a cousin of the Amin family, was killed by return fire. [60] The Israelis finished evacuating the hostages, loaded Netanyahu's body into one of the planes, and left the airport. [75] The entire operation lasted 53 minutes – of which the assault lasted only 30 minutes. All seven hijackers present, and about 50 Ugandan soldiers, were killed. [26] Eleven [7] Soviet-built MiG-17 and MiG-21 fighter planes of the Uganda Army Air Force were destroyed on the ground at Entebbe Airport. [5] [29] Out of the 106 hostages, three were killed, one was left in Uganda (74-year-old Dora Bloch), and approximately 10 were wounded. The 102 rescued hostages were flown to Israel via Nairobi, Kenya, shortly after the raid. [21]

Ugandan reaction

Relatives pay last respects to Dora Bloch, 75, after she was murdered by officers of the Ugandan army. Flickr - Government Press Office (GPO) - Dora Bloch's Family Pays Last Respects.jpg
Relatives pay last respects to Dora Bloch, 75, after she was murdered by officers of the Ugandan army.

Amin was furious upon learning of the raid, and reportedly boasted that he could have taught the Israelis a lesson if he had known that they would strike. [63] Following the raid, Maliyamungu had 14 soldiers arrested under suspicion of collaborating with the Israelis. Once they were gathered in a room at Makindye Barracks, he shot 12 of them with his pistol. [76] Uganda Army Chief of Staff Mustafa Adrisi reportedly wanted to incarcerate or execute Godwin Sule, the Entebbe Air Base commander, who was absent from his post during the raid. Sule had left the air base early that day to meet a female companion at Lake Victoria Hotel on 4 July. Despite Adrisi's demands, Sule's closeness to President Amin guaranteed his safety. [77]

Murder of Dora Bloch

Dora Bloch, a 74-year-old Israeli who also held British citizenship, was taken to Mulago Hospital in Kampala after choking on a chicken bone. [78] After the raid she was murdered by officers of the Uganda Army, as were some of her doctors and nurses, apparently for trying to intervene. [27] [nb 3] [80] In April 1987, Henry Kyemba, Uganda's Attorney general and Minister of Justice at the time, told the Uganda Human Rights Commission that Bloch had been dragged from her hospital bed and killed by two army officers on Amin's orders. [81] Bloch was shot and her body was dumped in the trunk of a car that had Ugandan intelligence services number plates. Her remains were recovered near a sugar plantation 20 miles (32 km) east of Kampala in 1979, [82] after the Uganda–Tanzania War ended Amin's rule. [79]

Idi Amin's anti-Kenyan crackdown

Amin also ordered the killing of hundreds of Kenyans living in Uganda in retaliation for Kenya's assistance to Israel in the raid. Uganda killed 245 Kenyans, including airport staff at Entebbe. To avoid massacre, approximately 3000 Kenyans fled Uganda as refugees. [23] [83] [84]

On 24 May 1978 Kenya's former agriculture minister, Bruce MacKenzie, was killed when a bomb attached to his aircraft exploded as MacKenzie departed a meeting with Amin. Some have asserted that Ugandan president Idi Amin ordered Ugandan agents to assassinate MacKenzie in retaliation for Kenya's involvement and MacKenzie's actions prior to the raid. [57] [85] [86] [87] Others have indicated various other possible causes for the bombing, including that another person aboard the plane may have been the target. [88] [89] Later, Mossad Chief Director Meir Amit had a forest planted in Israel in MacKenzie's name. [57]

Aftermath and reactions

United Nations

The United Nations Security Council convened on 9 July 1976, to consider a complaint from the Chairman of the Organization of African Unity charging Israel with an "act of aggression". [90] The Council allowed Israel's ambassador to the United Nations, Chaim Herzog, and Uganda's foreign minister, Juma Oris Abdalla, to participate without voting rights. [90] UN Secretary General Kurt Waldheim told the Security Council that the raid was "a serious violation of the sovereignty of a Member State of the United Nations" though he was "fully aware that this is not the only element involved ... when the world community is now required to deal with unprecedented problems arising from international terrorism." [90] Abdalla, the representative of Uganda, alleged that the affair was close to a peaceful resolution when Israel intervened while Herzog, the representative of Israel, accused Uganda of direct complicity in the hijacking. [90] The US and UK sponsored a resolution which condemned hijacking and similar acts, deplored the loss of life arising from the hijacking (without condemning either Israel or Uganda), reaffirmed the need to respect the sovereignty and territorial integrity of all states, and called on the international community to enhance the safety of civil aviation. [91] However, the resolution failed to receive the required number of affirmative votes because two voting members abstained and seven were absent. [92] A second resolution sponsored by Benin, Libya and Tanzania, that condemned Israel, was not put to a vote. [92] [93]

Western Bloc

Western nations spoke in support of the raid. West Germany called the raid "an act of self-defence". Switzerland and France praised the operation. Representatives of the United Kingdom and United States offered significant praise, calling the Entebbe raid "an impossible operation". Some in the United States noted that the hostages were freed on 4 July 1976, 200 years after the signing of the United States Declaration of Independence. [94] [95] [96] In private conversation with Israeli Ambassador Dinitz, Henry Kissinger sounded criticism for Israeli use of US equipment during the operation, but that criticism was not made public at the time. [97] In mid-July 1976, the supercarrier USS Ranger and her escorts entered the Indian Ocean and operated off the Kenyan coast in response to a threat of military action by forces from Uganda. [98]

The hijacked aircraft's pilot, Captain Michel Bacos, was awarded the Legion of Honour, and the other crew members were awarded the French Order of Merit. [99] [100] [101] [102]

In the ensuing years Betser and the Netanyahu brothers – Iddo and Benjamin, all Sayeret Matkal veterans – argued in increasingly public forums about who was to blame for the unexpected early firefight that caused Yonatan's death and partial loss of tactical surprise. [103] [104]

As a result of the operation the United States military developed rescue teams modelled on the unit employed in the Entebbe rescue. [105] One notable attempt was Operation Eagle Claw, a failed 1980 rescue of 53 American embassy personnel held hostage in Tehran during the Iran hostage crisis. [106] [107]

In a letter dated 13 July 1976 the Supreme Commander's Staff of the Imperial Iranian Armed Forces praised the Israeli commandos for the mission and extended condolences for "the loss and martyrdom" of Netanyahu. [108]

F-BVGG the aircraft in the hijacking of Air France Flight 139, was repaired and returned to service with Air France. [109] In April 1996, the aircraft was leased to Vietnam Airlines for three months. In December the same year, the aircraft was converted into a freighter and was delivered to S–C Aviation, having been re-registered as N742SC. In 1998 the aircraft was delivered to MNG Airlines and re-registered as TC-MNA. In 2009, the aircraft was placed into storage at Istanbul Atatürk Airport and was scrapped in 2020.[ citation needed ]

Palestinian bombing of Kenya's Norfolk Hotel in Nairobi

The Norfolk Hotel in Nairobi, owned by a prominent member of the local Jewish community, was bombed on 31 December 1980. The bomb flattened the hotel, killing 20 people, of several nationalities, and injuring 87 more. It was believed to be an act of revenge by pro-Palestinian militants for Kenya's supporting role in Operation Entebbe. [110] [111] [112]

Commemorations

In August 2012 Uganda and Israel commemorated the raid at a somber ceremony at the base of a tower at the Old Entebbe Airport, where Yonatan Netanyahu was killed. Uganda and Israel renewed their commitment to "fight terrorism and to work towards humanity". [113] In addition, wreaths were laid, a moment of silence was held, speeches were given, and a poem was recited. The flags of Uganda and Israel were flown side by side, symbolising the two countries' strong bilateral relations, next to a plaque bearing a history of the raid. The ceremony was attended by Ugandan State Minister for Animal Industry Bright Rwamirama and the deputy Foreign Affairs Minister of Israel Daniel Ayalon, who laid wreaths at the site. [113] Forty years to the day after the rescue operation, Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu, brother of slain Israeli commando Yonatan Netanyahu, visited Entebbe with an Israeli delegation, and laid the groundwork for further Israeli–sub-Saharan African bilateral relations. [114]

Documentaries

Dramatizations

Films inspired by Operation Entebbe

Other media

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Sources state varying numbers of passengers, between 228 and 246; the higher figure is taken from The New York Times.
  2. ↑ Claims by various authors that the separation was made between Jews and non-Jews [32] are in conflict with eyewitness accounts [13] [33] [34] [35] [36] and later they were expressly disclaimed by several former hostages as a "myth" or a manipulation by "sensation-hungry journalists and film-makers." [8] [24] [37]
  3. ↑ Now confidential cabinet papers released under the Freedom of Information Act show that the British High Commission in Kampala received a report from a Ugandan civilian that Mrs Bloch had been shot and her body dumped in the boot of a car which had Ugandan intelligence services number plates. [79]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sayeret Matkal</span> Israeli special forces unit

General Staff Reconnaissance Unit, more commonly known as Sayeret Matkal, is the special reconnaissance unit (sayeret) of Israel's General Staff (matkal). It is considered one of the premier special forces units of Israel.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">35th Paratroopers Brigade (Israel)</span> Elite Israel Defense Forces unit

The 35th Paratroopers Brigade is an Israeli military airborne infantry brigade. It forms a major part of the Israeli Ground Forces' Infantry Corps, and has a history of carrying out special operations from the 1950s onwards. Soldiers of the brigade wear maroon berets with the Infantry Corps pin and russet boots.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yonatan Netanyahu</span> Israeli military officer (1946–1976)

Yonatan "Yoni" Netanyahu was an Israeli military officer who commanded Sayeret Matkal during the Entebbe raid. The raid was launched in response to the 1976 hijacking of an international civilian passenger flight from Israel to France by Palestinian and German militants, who took control of the aircraft during a stopover in Greece and diverted it to Libya and then to Uganda, where they received support from Ugandan dictator Idi Amin. Though Israel's counter-terrorist operation was a success, with 102 of the 106 hostages being rescued, Netanyahu was killed in action – the only Israeli soldier killed during the crisis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bruce McKenzie</span> Kenyan politician

Bruce Roy McKenzie EGH was a South African-born Kenyan politician. He was the Minister of Agriculture in Kenya during the presidency of Jomo Kenyatta, to whom he was an adviser. He is alleged to have been an agent for British, South African or Israeli intelligence. He was assassinated on the orders of Ugandan dictator Idi Amin.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sabena Flight 571</span> 1972 aircraft hijacking in Lod, Israel

Sabena Flight 571 was a scheduled passenger flight from Brussels to Tel Aviv via Vienna, operated by the Belgian national airline, Sabena. On 8 May 1972, a Boeing 707 passenger aircraft operating that service, captained by British pilot Reginald Levy, DFC, was hijacked by four members of the Black September Organization, a Palestinian terrorist group. Following their instructions, Captain Levy landed the plane at Lod Airport. The hijackers demanded that Israel release Palestinian prisoners in exchange for the hostages. The standoff was ended by an Israeli commando raid in which all of the hijackers were killed or captured.

<i>Raid on Entebbe</i> (film) 1977 American television movie

Raid on Entebbe is a 1977 NBC television film directed by Irvin Kershner. It is based on the Entebbe raid, an Israeli military operation to free hostages at Entebbe Airport in Uganda, on July 4, 1976. The portrayal of Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin was Peter Finch's final performance; he died five days after the film's release.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Revolutionary Cells (German group)</span> 1973–1993 German far-left militant organization

The Revolutionary Cells were a self-described "urban guerrilla" organisation that was active between 1973 and 1995. The West German Interior Ministry described it as one of West Germany's most dangerous leftist terrorist groups in the early 1980s. According to the office of the German Federal Prosecutor, the Revolutionary Cells claimed responsibility for 186 attacks, of which 40 were committed in West Berlin.

<i>Victory at Entebbe</i> 1976 television film directed by Marvin J. Chomsky

Victory at Entebbe is a 1976 American made-for-television action-drama film for broadcast on ABC, directed by Marvin J. Chomsky. The film starred Helmut Berger, Linda Blair, Anthony Hopkins, Burt Lancaster, Elizabeth Taylor, Richard Dreyfuss, and Kirk Douglas. Julius Harris portrayed Idi Amin, following the fatal heart attack suffered by the actor originally cast in the role, Godfrey Cambridge. The film was theatrically released in Europe.

<i>Operation Thunderbolt</i> (film) 1977 Israeli film

Operation Thunderbolt, known in Israel as Mivtsa Yonatan, also called Entebbe: Operation Thunderbolt in the US, is a 1977 Israeli film directed and co-written by Menahem Golan and starring Klaus Kinski, Yehoram Gaon and Sybil Danning. The film is based on an actual event – the hijacking of a flight by terrorists and the freeing of Israeli hostages on July 4, 1976. The operation was known as at Entebbe Airport in Uganda. Operation Thunderbolt follows the events following the flight's takeoff until the hostages' return to Israel. The film was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wilfried Böse</span> Founder of Revolutionary Cells (1949–1976)

Wilfried Bonifatius Böse was a German militant who was a founding member of the German organization Revolutionäre Zellen that was described in the early 1980s as one of Germany's most dangerous left-wing terrorist groups by the West German Interior Ministry. He carried out attacks in Germany and in 1976 was involved in the hijacking of Air France Flight 139, that led to his death in Entebbe, Uganda during the Israeli operation to free the hostages.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brigitte Kuhlmann</span> Founder of Revolutionary Cells (1947–1976)

Brigitte Kuhlmann was a German militant who was a founding member of the West German left-wing terrorist group Revolutionäre Zellen. She was killed by the Israel Defense Forces in Entebbe, Uganda, during Operation Entebbe.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of the Jews in Uganda</span>

The history of the Jews in Uganda is connected to some local tribes who have converted to Judaism, such as the Abayudaya, down to the twentieth century when Uganda under British control was offered to the Jews of the world as a "Jewish homeland" under the British Uganda Programme known as the "Uganda Plan" and culminating with the troubled relationship between Ugandan leader Idi Amin with Israel that ended with Operation Entebbe known as the "Entebbe Rescue" or "Entebbe Raid" of 1976.

To Pay the Price is a 2009 play by Peter-Adrian Cohen based in part on the letters of Israeli military officer Yonatan Netanyahu, who was killed in action during Operation Entebbe at Entebbe airport, by Ugandan soldiers, when the Israeli military rescued hostages after an aircraft hijacking by Palestinian terrorists. Netanyahu was the leader of the assault

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Israel–Uganda relations</span> Bilateral relations

Israel–Uganda relations refers to the current and historical relationship between Israel and Uganda. Neither country has a resident ambassador. Uganda has a non-resident ambassador in Cairo.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Michel Bacos</span> French pilot (1924–2019)

Michel Bacos was a French airline pilot. He was the captain of Air France Flight 139 when it was hijacked on 27 June 1976 by terrorists belonging to the German Revolutionary Cells (RZ) and the Palestinian Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – External Operations (PFLP-EO). The hijacking was part of an international campaign of Palestinian terrorism.

Events in the year 1976 in Israel.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Murder of Dora Bloch</span> Israeli hostage on Air France Flight 139

Dora Bloch (née Feinberg; Hebrew: דורה בלוך; was an Israeli hostage on Air France Flight 139 on 26 June 1976. Taking off from Tel Aviv, Israel, and destined for Paris, France, the plane soon landed in Athens, Greece, for a scheduled stopover and was subsequently hijacked by two Palestinians from the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine and two Germans from the Revolutionary Cells, who rerouted to Benghazi, Libya, and then to Entebbe, Uganda, where they received support from Ugandan president Idi Amin. Bloch, who had become ill during the flight, was taken to a hospital in Kampala and was therefore not among the 102 hostages who were rescued when Israel executed Operation Thunderbolt aka 'Operation Yonatan' on 4 July 1976.

<i>Entebbe</i> (film) 2018 film by José Padilha

Entebbe is a 2018 action thriller film directed by José Padilha and written by Gregory Burke. The film recounts the story of the Entebbe raid, a 1976 counter-terrorist hostage-rescue operation, and stars Rosamund Pike and Daniel Brühl.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Isaac Maliyamungu</span> High-ranking Ugandan military official under Idi Amin

Isaac Maliyamungu, also known as Isaac Lugonzo, was a Ugandan military officer who served as one of President Idi Amin's most important officials and supporters during the Ugandan military dictatorship of 1971–79. Born in the Congo, Maliyamungu was one of the members of the 1971 coup that brought Amin to power, and was thereafter responsible for brutally suppressing dissidents throughout the country. Rising through the ranks, Maliyamungu amassed great power and earned a feared reputation. He was responsible for the mass murder of civilians and soldiers suspected of being disloyal to Amin.

Isaac Lumago was a Ugandan military officer who served as chief of staff for the Uganda Army from 1977 to 1978, and later became leader of the Former Uganda National Army (FUNA).

References

  1. ↑ Times, Terence Smith Special to The New York (13 July 1976). "Israelis Say Raider Impersonated Amin". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 5 October 2023.
  2. 1 2 McRaven, Bill. "Tactical Combat Casualty Care – November 2010". MHS US Department of Defense. Archived from the original on 16 May 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2011.
  3. ↑ 1976: Israelis rescue Entebbe hostages, BBC
  4. ↑ Dunstan, Simon (2011). Entebbe: the most daring raid of Israel's special forces. The most daring raids in history. New York: Rosen Pub. ISBN   978-1-4488-1868-6. OCLC   649079751.
  5. 1 2 3 Brzoska, Michael; Pearson, Frederic S. (1994). Arms and warfare: escalation, de-escalation, and negotiation. Studies in international relations. Columbia, S.C: University of South Carolina Press. ISBN   978-0-87249-982-9.
  6. 1 2 "Entebbe raid". Encyclopædia Britannica. 26 June 2023.
  7. 1 2 3 "BBC on This Day – 4 – 1976: Israelis rescue Entebbe hostages". BBC News.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 Melman, Yossi (8 July 2011). "Setting the record straight: Entebbe was not Auschwitz". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 5 November 2012. Retrieved 27 December 2012.
  9. 1 2 Smith, Terence (4 July 1976). "Hostages Freed as Israelis Raid Uganda Airport; Commandos in 3 Planes Rescue 105-Casualties Unknown Israelis Raid Uganda Airport And Free Hijackers' Hostages". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 July 2009.
  10. ↑ "Hijacking of Air France Airbus by Followers of Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – Israeli Action to liberate Hostages held at Entebbe Airport ..." (PDF). Keesing's Record of World Events. 22: 27888. August 1976. Retrieved 23 September 2014.
  11. ↑ Furst, Alan (2016). "'Operation Thunderbolt,' by Saul David". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 8 January 2018.
  12. ↑ "Idi Amin's Son: My Dream Is to Apologize Personally to Family of Entebbe Victims". Ha'aretz. 14 June 2016.
  13. 1 2 "Freed Hostages Tell Their Story". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 2 July 1976. Retrieved 23 September 2014.
  14. 1 2 Dunstan, Simon (2011). Entebbe: The Most Daring Raid of Israel's Special Forces. The Rosen Publishing Group. pp. 20–24. ISBN   978-1-4488-1868-6 . Retrieved 4 July 2012.
  15. 1 2 Ensalaco, Mark (2008). Middle Eastern Terrorism: From Black September to September 11. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 96–. ISBN   978-0-8122-4046-7 . Retrieved 4 July 2012.
  16. ↑ "Entebbe; Thirty Years On; miracle on the runway". Jewish Telegraph. 2006. Retrieved 20 June 2011.
  17. ↑ Scharfstein, Sol (1994). Understanding Israel . KTAV Publishing House, Inc. pp.  118–. ISBN   978-0-88125-428-0 . Retrieved 5 July 2012.
  18. ↑ Dunstan, Simon (2009). Israel's Lighting Strike, The raid on Entebbe 1976. Osprey Publishing; Osprey Raid Series No. 2. p. 24. ISBN   978-1-84603-397-1.
  19. 1 2 "Mossad took photos, Entebbe Operation was on its way". Ynetnews. 2006. Retrieved 6 July 2009.
  20. 1 2 3 4 Feldinger, Lauren Gelfond (29 June 2006). "Back to Entebbe". The Jerusalem Post . Retrieved 4 July 2009.
  21. 1 2 "Operation Entebbe". The Knesset at Sixty. Retrieved 4 July 2009.
  22. ↑ Bayerlin, Ulrich (1977). "Abhandlungen: Die israelische Befreiungsaktion von Entebbe in völkerrechtlicher Sicht" [Essays: The Israeli liberation operation of Entebbe from an international law perspective](PDF). zaoerv.de (in German). Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law.
  23. 1 2 "Dispute between Uganda and Kenya" (PDF). Keesing's Record of World Events. Vol. 22. 22 August 1976. p. 27891.
  24. 1 2 3 4 Lavie, Aviv (31 July 2003). "Surviving the myth". Haaretz. Retrieved 23 September 2014.
  25. ↑ "How the Rescue Took Place". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 5 July 1976. Retrieved 23 September 2014.
  26. 1 2 3 4 5 Hamilton, Fiona (27 February 2008). "General Dan Shomron". The Times. London. Archived from the original on 23 May 2010. Retrieved 4 July 2009.
  27. 1 2 3 4 5 Ben, Eyal (3 July 2006). "Special: Entebbe's unsung hero". Ynetnews. Retrieved 4 July 2009.
  28. ↑ "Entebbe Thirty Years On: Mancunian On Board". Jewish Telegraph. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
  29. 1 2 "1976: Israelis rescue Entebbe hostages". BBC News. 4 July 1976. Archived from the original on 23 October 2012. Retrieved 27 December 2012.
  30. ↑ Dunstan, Simon (2011). Entebbe: The Most Daring Raid of Israel's Special Forces. New York: Rosen. pp. 17–18.
  31. ↑ "Detailed Story Of Dramatic Israeli Raid". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. 13 July 1976. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
  32. ↑ "1976 Operation Entebbe". IDF blog. Israeli Defense Forces. Archived from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 23 September 2014.
  33. 1 2 Ofer, Yehuda (1976). Operation Thunder: The Entebbe Raid. The Israeli's Own Story. Penguin. pp. 46–47. ISBN   978-0-14-052321-8.
  34. ↑ Moufflet, Claude (1976). Otages à Kampala (in French). Presses de la Cité. p. 82.
  35. 1 2 3 "La aventura del secuestro de Entebbe, contada por una protagonista" [The adventure of the Entebbe kidnapping, told by a protagonist]. El País (in Spanish). 11 July 1976. Retrieved 23 September 2014.
  36. ↑ Jerozolimski, Ana (13 July 2006). "Ada Lazarovitz (46), que hace 30 años fuera una de las rehenes en el avión de Air France secuestrado por terroristas en Entebbe, recuerda su liberación". Espacio Latino (in Spanish). Semanario Hebreo. Retrieved 23 September 2014.
  37. 1 2 Goldberg, Michel (1984). Namesake. Corgi. p. 122.
  38. ↑ Tinnin, David (8 August 1977). "Like Father". Time. p. 2. Archived from the original on 18 October 2010. – A review of Hitler's Children by Julian Becker; Frum, David (2000). How We Got Here: The 70s the Decade That Brought You Modern Life – For Better or Worse . Basic Books. p.  342. ISBN   978-0-465-04196-1.
  39. ↑ Ross, Philip (2 August 1976). "The Illustrated Story of the Great Israeli Rescue". New York Magazine. Retrieved 23 September 2014.
  40. ↑ "Almogs Retell Hijack Tale". Heritage Florida Jewish News. 10 September 1976. Archived from the original on 3 February 2015. Retrieved 23 September 2014.
  41. ↑ Prince-Gibson, Eetta (7 March 2013). "Entebbe's Forgotten Dead". Tablet. Retrieved 23 September 2014.
  42. ↑ Saul, David (2017). Operation Thunderbolt: Flight 139 and the Raid on Entebbe Airport, the Most Audacious Hostage Rescue Mission in History. Back Bay Books. ISBN   978-0-316-24539-5.
  43. ↑ Kaplan, David (3 August 2006). "A historic hostage-taking revisited". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 4 July 2018.
  44. ↑ "The Entebbe Rescue Mission". Israel Defense Forces. Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 4 July 2009.
  45. ↑ "Vindication for the Israelis". Time. 26 July 1976.
  46. ↑ "War of Words over a Tense Border". Time. 26 July 1976.
  47. ↑ "Conversation between Henry Kissinger and Israeli Ambassador Simch Dinitz, 30 June 1976" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 September 2019. Retrieved 24 July 2011.
  48. 1 2 3 4 David, Saul (27 June 2015). "Israel's raid on Entebbe was almost a disaster". The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 9 February 2018.
  49. ↑ Grimes, Paul. "Rescuing the Entebbe Hostages". The New York Times. Friday, 30 July 1976. (The Weekend, p. 51).
  50. ↑ Lipkin-Shakhak, Tali. "The Forgotten Hero of Entebbe". Historama. 16 June 2006.
  51. ↑ Terence, Smith (4 July 1976). "Hostages Freed as Israelis Raid Uganda Airport". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
  52. 1 2 3 "Israel Defense Forces – Entebbe Diary". Archived from the original on 9 December 2008.
  53. ↑ "Herman Eilts (US Ambassador to Egypt) to Secretary of State, 6 July 1976" . Retrieved 24 July 2011.
  54. ↑ "Herman Eilts (US Ambassador to Egypt) to Secretary of State, 9 July 1976" . Retrieved 24 July 2011.
  55. ↑ Chabalier, Hervé (12 July 1976). "Israël: le prix d'un exploit" (PDF). Le Nouvel Observateur (in French). p. 25.
  56. ↑ Williams, Louis (2000). The Israel Defense Forces: A People's Army. iUniverse. p. 131. ISBN   978-0-595-14353-5 . Retrieved 27 December 2012.
  57. 1 2 3 Melman, Yossi. "A history of cooperation between Israel and Kenya". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 26 September 2013.
  58. ↑ Pearce, Martin (2016). Spymaster: the Life of Britain's Most Decorated Cold War Spy and Head of MI6, Sir Maurice Oldfield (1 ed.). London: Bantam Press. p. 285.
  59. ↑ Dunstan, Simon (2011). Entebbe: The Most Daring Raid of Israel's Special Forces. Rosen Publishing Group. p. 53. ISBN   978-1-4488-1868-6 . Retrieved 27 December 2012.
  60. 1 2 3 Eichner, Itamar (4 July 2016). "Idi Amin's son: 'My dream is to meet with Entebbe victims' families to apologize'". Ynetnews. Retrieved 12 August 2019.
  61. ↑ Alexander, Ben (4 July 2016). "Operation Thunderbolt: Daring and Luck". Centre for Israel and Jewish Affairs. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
  62. ↑ Ocen, Felix (11 August 2019). "Rise of Maliyamungu from gatekeeper to Amin's right-hand man". Daily Monitor. Retrieved 12 August 2019.
  63. 1 2 Seftel 2010, p. 216.
  64. ↑ "The Rescue: 'We Do the Impossible'". Time. 12 July 1976. Archived from the original on 14 January 2005. Retrieved 26 July 2009.
  65. ↑ "Wars and Operations: Operation Thunderball ("Entebbe")" (in Hebrew). Israel Air Force(official website).
  66. ↑ "Israel marks 30th anniversary of Entebbe". USA Today. Associated Press. 4 July 2006. Archived from the original on 6 July 2006.
  67. ↑ "Operation Entebbe".
  68. ↑ "Rescue at Entebbe". HistoryNet. 2 April 2018. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
  69. ↑ Stevenson, William (1976). Ninety Minutes at Entebbe. New York: Bantam Books. p.  100. ISBN   978-0-553-10482-0.
  70. 1 2 "Remembering Entebbe, Larry Domnitch". The Jewish Press. 1 July 2009. Archived from the original on 23 March 2011. Retrieved 4 July 2009.
  71. ↑ Kaplan, David E. (27 December 2012). "A historic hostage-taking revisited". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 2 October 2013. Retrieved 27 December 2012.
  72. ↑ "Remembering Entebbe". Jerusalem Diaries. 3 July 2001. Retrieved 27 December 2012.
  73. ↑ Berg, Raffi (3 July 2016). "Entebbe pilot Michel Bacos 'saw hostage murdered'". BBC News. Retrieved 3 July 2016.
  74. ↑ Cawthorne, Nigel (2011). Warrior Elite: 31 Heroic Special-Ops Missions from the Raid on Son Tay to the Killing of Osama Bin Laden . Ulysses Press. p.  57. ISBN   978-1-56975-930-1 . Retrieved 27 December 2012. Where are the rest of them? entebbe.
  75. ↑ Dunstan, Simon (2011). Entebbe: The Most Daring Raid of Israel's Special Forces. Rosen Publishing Group. pp. 51–53. ISBN   978-1-4488-1868-6 . Retrieved 27 December 2012.
  76. ↑ "History: When Kazini tried to arrest Kashillingi". New Vision. 11 December 2019. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
  77. ↑ Rwehururu 2002, p. 76.
  78. ↑ Maltz, Judy (4 June 2016). "40 years after Entebbe, Israeli hostages reflect back on a saga of survival". Haaretz. Retrieved 13 June 2024.
  79. 1 2 Verkaik, Robert (13 February 2007). "Revealed: the fate of Idi Amin's hijack victim". The Independent. London. Retrieved 4 July 2009.
  80. ↑ Verkaik, Robert (13 February 2007). "Revealed: the fate of Idi Amin's hijack victim". The Independent. London.
  81. ↑ "1976: British grandmother missing in Uganda". BBC News. 7 July 1976. Archived from the original on 18 December 2012. Retrieved 27 December 2012.
  82. ↑ "Body of Amin Victim Is Flown Back to Israel". The New York Times. 4 June 1979. p. A3. ISSN   0362-4331.
  83. ↑ "1976: Israelis rescue Entebbe hostages". BBC News. BBC – On this day. 4 July 2008. Retrieved 26 July 2009.
  84. ↑ Kalinaki, Daniel K. (3 July 2016). "Entebbe raid humiliated Amin, nearly caused East African war" . Retrieved 27 February 2018.
  85. ↑ Kahana, Ephraim (2006). Historical Dictionary of Israeli Intelligence. Scarecrow Press. ISBN   978-0-8108-6500-6 . Retrieved 26 September 2013.
  86. ↑ "Ugandan agents killed former Cabinet minister, says dossier". Standard Digital News. Retrieved 26 September 2013.
  87. ↑ Dunstan, Simon (15 January 2011). Entebbe: The Most Daring Raid of Israel's Special Forces – Simon Dunstan. The Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN   978-1-4488-1868-6 . Retrieved 26 September 2013.
  88. ↑ "Mossad, McKenzie, Idi Amin: The strange mix". The Citizen. 9 April 2021 [2019-05-26]. Retrieved 25 September 2020.[CAUTION: THAT WEB PAGE INFECTED WITH A VIRUS at time of retrieval].
  89. ↑ "Mystery behind Bruce McKenzie's death lingers on". Kenyan Digest . 2 June 2019. Retrieved 25 September 2020.[ permanent dead link ]
  90. 1 2 3 4 Security Council, Official Records, 1939th meeting, 9 July 1976, S/PV.1939.
  91. ↑ Security Council. United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and United States of America: draft resolution. Document S/12138, 12 July 1976.
  92. 1 2 Security Council, Official Records, 1943th meeting, 14 July 1976, S/PV.1943, p. 18.
  93. ↑ Security Council. Benin, Libyan Arab Republic and United Republic of Tanzania: draft resolution. Document S/12139, 12 July 1976.
  94. ↑ "Age of Terror: Episode one". BBC News. 16 April 2008.
  95. ↑ "עכשיו, במבצע – תרבות ובידור" [Now, on sale – culture and entertainment]. Ynet. 20 June 1995. Retrieved 24 July 2011.
  96. ↑ "מבצע אנטבה" [Antebe Operation]. Mota.co.il (in Hebrew). Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 24 July 2011.
  97. ↑ "Conversation between Kissinger and Dinitz, 5 July 1976" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 September 2018. Retrieved 24 July 2011.
  98. ↑ "USS Ranger Bicentennial Cruise Book". Archived from the original on 3 December 2013.
  99. ↑ "Entebbe Postscript". Flight International. 17 July 1976. p. 122 – via Flightglobal Archive.
  100. ↑ Air et cosmos, Issues 618–634, Impr. Reaumur., 1976, p. 48 (in French)
  101. ↑ "Michel Bacos: the Air France hero of Entebbe". The Jewish Chronicle. 15 June 2012. Archived from the original on 4 December 2013. Retrieved 28 December 2013.
  102. ↑ "Je dois ma vie à Tsahal" [I owe my life to the IDF]. Hamodia (in French). 11 June 2011. Archived from the original on 30 December 2013.
  103. ↑ Roffe-Ofir, Sharon (2 July 2006). "Special: Entebbe's open wound". Ynetnews. Retrieved 13 June 2024.
  104. ↑ Hamerman, Josh (2 April 2007). "Battling against 'the falsification of history'". Ynetnews. Retrieved 13 June 2024.
  105. ↑ Dershowitz, Alan M. (2006). Preemption: A Knife that Cuts Both Ways. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 91. ISBN   978-0-393-32934-6.
  106. ↑ Houghton, David Patrick. U.S. Foreign Policy and the Iran Hostage Crisis, Cambridge Univ. Press (2001) pp. 86–87
  107. ↑ Nalty, Bernard C. (November 2003). Winged Shield, Winged Sword 1950–1997: A History of the United States Air Force. University Press of the Pacific. ISBN   978-1-4102-0902-3.
  108. ↑ Ginsburg, Mitch (8 July 2015). "In 1976 letter, Iran hailed Entebbe rescue, mourned death of Yoni Netanyahu". The Times of Israel . Jerusalem. Retrieved 8 May 2016.
  109. ↑ Ranter, Harro. "ASN Aircraft accident Airbus A300B4-203 F-BVGG Entebbe Airport (EBB)". Aviation Safety Network. Flight Safety Foundation . Retrieved 19 November 2019.
  110. ↑ Kiruga, Morris (15 September 2013). "20 killed in bomb attack on Norfolk". Daily Nation. Archived from the original on 3 August 2016. Retrieved 23 September 2014.
  111. ↑ "Nairobi assault: Kenyan terrorist attacks since 1980" . Telegraph.co.uk. 21 September 2013. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022.
  112. ↑ Wahome, Patrick Mutahi. "War on terror or war on human rights? Implications of the "war on terror" for human rights in Kenya" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 8 November 2012.
  113. 1 2 Candia, Steven (14 August 2012). "Uganda, Israel honor 1976 Entebbe raid". New Vision. Archived from the original on 15 August 2012. Retrieved 14 August 2012.
  114. ↑ Macintyre, Donald (4 July 2016). "Binyamin Netanyahu visits scene of brother's 1976 Entebbe airport death". The Guardian .
  115. ↑ McFadden, Robert D. (26 July 1976). "6 Film Studios Vie Over Entebbe Raid". The New York Times. Retrieved 27 April 2018.
  116. ↑ Rich, Paul B. (2018). Cinema and Unconventional Warfare in the Twentieth Century: Insurgency, Terrorism and Special Operations. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 196. ISBN   978-1-350-05570-4.
  117. ↑ "Against All Odds: Israel Survives". Amazon Prime Video .
  118. ↑ "2012 Film Selections". Los Angeles Jewish Film Festival.
  119. ↑ Operation Entebbe – 'Live or Die in Entebbe' Trailer. YouTube. 3 December 2012. Retrieved 9 January 2013.
  120. ↑ "Situation Critical". National Geographic TV.
  121. ↑ "Amazon.com: Black OPS Season 1: Amazon Digital Services LLC". Amazon.
  122. 1 2 3 4 5 Hoffman, Jordan (2 March 2018). "New 'Entebbe' hijacked by heavy-handed political correctness". Times of Israel .
  123. ↑ Romirowsky, Asaf (6 July 2011). "The Entebbe Raid, 35 Years Later". National Review . Archived from the original on 18 February 2013. Retrieved 27 December 2012.
  124. ↑ Chaudhuri, Diptakirti (2014). "Taking Flight: 10 Aircraft and Photos". Bollybook: The Big Book of Hindi Movie Trivia. Penguin UK. ISBN   978-93-5118-799-8.
  125. ↑ "Operation Thunderbolt (Game)". Giant Bomb.
  126. ↑ Cohen, Peter-Adrian. "theatreor.com presents A WORLD PREMIERE from an Israeli Perspective" . Retrieved 5 July 2009.
  127. ↑ "Untitled Theater Co #61's Fest of Jewish Theater & Ideas Runs". 20 May 2009. Retrieved 5 July 2009.

Further reading

Listen to this article (28 minutes)
Sound-icon.svg
This audio file was created from a revision of this article dated 20 December 2017 (2017-12-20), and does not reflect subsequent edits.
(Audio help  · More spoken articles)
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.