Akuapem dialect

Last updated
Akuapem
Akuapem
Native to Ghana
Ethnicity Akuapem people
Native speakers
626,000 (2013) [1]
Latin
Official status
Regulated by Akan Orthography Committee
Language codes
ISO 639-3 –
Glottolog akua1239
IETF tw-akuapem

Akuapem, also known as Akuapim, Akwapem Twi, and Akwapi, is one of the literary dialects of the Akan language, along with Asante (with which it is collectively known as Twi) and Fante, with which it is mutually intelligible. [2] [3] [4] [5] There are 626,000 speakers of Akuapem, mainly concentrated in Ghana and southeastern Cote D'Ivoire. [2] It is the historical literary and prestige dialect of Akan, having been chosen as the basis of the Akan translation of the Bible. [4] [6]

Contents

Etymology

The name Akuapem is thought to derive from either Akan nkoa apem ("thousand subjects") or akuw-apem ("thousand companies"). [7]

History

Akuapem's orthography was first developed by missionaries at the Gold Coast Basel Mission in 1842, [8] but its written history begins in 1853 with the publication of two grammars, the German Elemente des Akwapim Dialects der Odshi Sprache and the English Grammatical Outline and Vocabulary of the Oji Language with especial reference to the Akwapim Dialect, both written by Hans Nicolai Riis, nephew of the Gold Coast Basel Mission's founder Andreas Riis. These would not be followed in the bibliography of Akuapem writing until the translation of the New Testament. [9]

Akuapem was chosen as a representative dialect for Akan because the missionaries at Basel felt it a suitable compromise. Christaller, who had himself learned Akyem but believed Akuapem was the better choice, [6] described the issue, and its solution, in the introduction to his 1875 Grammar of the Asante and Fante language called Tshi:

It [Akuapem] is an Akan dialect influenced by Fante, steering in the middle course between other Akan dialects and Fante in sounds, forms and expressions; it admits peculiarities of both branches as far as they do no contradict each other, and is, therefore, best capable of being enriched from both sides. [4]

Bible

Akuapem's history as a literary dialect originates with its selection to serve as the basis of the Akan translation of the New Testament, published in 1870 with a second edition in 1878, and the entire Bible, published in 1871. Both were written by the Gold Coast Basel Mission, principally by German missionary and linguist Johann Gottlieb Christaller and native Akan linguists and missionaries David Asante, Theophilus Opoku, Jonathan Palmer Bekoe, and Paul Keteku. [10] [11] [12]

Despite the publication of the Bible, Akan literacy would not be widespread among the Akan for some time, nor even among the European colonizers. For instance, when British officer Sir Garnet Wolseley, who was and still is known in Ghana as "Sargrenti" (a corruption of "Sir Garnet"), [13] began his campaign into Ghana during the Third Anglo-Ashanti War in 1873, he intended to address his summons to war to Asante king Kofi Karikari in English and Asante, only to find that, to their knowledge, "no proper written representation of the Fante or Asante dialect existed", delaying the dispatch of the summons for almost two weeks; all this even though an Akuapem New Testament had existed for three years and the entire Bible for two. [14]

Grammar and dictionary

Christaller's A Grammar of the Asante and Fante language called Tshi (1875) and A Dictionary of the Asante and Fante language called Tshi (1881), written with reference to Akuapem, remain the definitive academic grammar and dictionary of Twi, despite the dialects' orthography, vocabulary, and grammar having changed in the century since their publication.[ citation needed ]

Phonology

Consonants

Labial Alveolar Post-alveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal voiced m ⟨m⟩ n ⟨n⟩ ɲ ⟨ny, n⟩ ŋ ⟨ng, n⟩
labializednʷ⟨nw⟩
Stop/
affricate 		voiced b ⟨b⟩ d ⟨d⟩ d͡ʒ ⟨dw⟩ d͡ʑ ~ ɟ͡ʝ ⟨gy⟩ ɡ ⟨g⟩
aspiratedpʰ⟨p⟩tʰ⟨t⟩t͡ɕʰ ~ c͡çʰ⟨ky⟩kʰ⟨k⟩
labializedt͡ɕʷ⟨tw⟩kʷ⟨kw⟩
Fricative voiceless f ⟨f⟩ s ⟨s⟩ ç ⟨hy⟩ h ⟨h⟩
labializedhʷ⟨hw⟩
Approximant j ⟨y⟩ w ⟨w⟩
Tap/flap ɾ ⟨r⟩ ɽ ⟨r⟩
Trill r ⟨r⟩
Lateral l ⟨l⟩

Vowels

Front Central Back
Close +ATR i u
–ATR ɪ ʊ
Mid +ATR e o
–ATR ɛ ɔ
Open +ATR æ
–ATR ɑ

Front vowels additionally show a distinction in duration, where –ATR front vowels are shorter than their +ATR counterparts. [15]

Tone

Twi has at least five tones:

  • High tone: H
  • Mid tone: M
  • Low tone: L
  • Rising tone: R
  • Falling tone: F

However, when writing Twi using the Latin script, tone marks are not used.

Diphthongs

Twi contains the diphthongs /ao/, /eɛ/, /ei/, /ia/, /ie/, /oɔ/, /ue/, and /uo/. [16]

Proverbs

In his 1865 collection, Wit and Wisdom from West Africa, [17] Richard Francis Burton published over 250 Twi (Oji) proverbs and sayings with English translations, taken from Hans Nicolaus Riis's Grammatical Outline and Vocabulary of the Oji-language [18] published in 1854. (Riis, nephew of Andreas Riis, went to Ghana as a missionary in 1845.) Here are some of those sayings:

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References

  1. ↑ Akan at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. 1 2 "Akan". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2019-12-25.
  3. ↑ Schacter, Paul; Fromkin, Victoria (1968). A Phonology of Akan: Akuapem, Asante, Fante. Los Angeles: UC Press. p. 3.
  4. 1 2 3 Christaller, Johann Gottlieb (1875). A Grammar of the Asante and Fante Language Called Tshi Chwee, Twi Based on the Akuapem Dialect with Reference to the Other (Akan and Fante) Dialects. Basel evang. missionary society.
  5. ↑ African 671, University of Wisconsin-Madison Students in. "About Akan (Twi)". UW Press Journals.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  6. 1 2 Ofosu-Appiah, L. H. (1998). "Christaller, Johannes Gottlieb". Dictionary of African Christian Biography.
  7. ↑ Gilbert, Michelle (1997). "'No Condition Is Permanent': Ethnic Construction and the Use of History in Akuapem". Africa: Journal of the International African Institute. 67 (4): 501–533. doi:10.2307/1161106. ISSN   0001-9720. JSTOR   1161106. S2CID   144245685.
  8. ↑ Committee, Akan Language; Languages, Ghana Bureau of Ghana (1995). Language guide (Akuapem-Twi version). Bureau of Ghana Languages. ISBN   9789964200145.
  9. ↑ Christaller, Johann G. (1881). A Dictionary of the Asante and Fante language called Tshi. Basel. pp. XV.
  10. ↑ Reindorf, Carl Christian (1895). History of the Gold Coast and Asante 2nd edition. Accra.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  11. ↑ Debrunner, H. W. (1967). A History of Christianity in Ghana. Accra.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  12. ↑ Ofosu-Appiah, L. H. (1997). The Encyclopaedia Africana Dictionary of African Biography. Vol. 1: Ethiopia-Ghana. New York, NY: Reference Publications.
  13. ↑ Gocking, Roger (2005). The History of Ghana. Greenwood. p. 34. ISBN   9780313318948.
  14. ↑ Christaller, Johann Gottlieb (1875). A Grammar of the Asante and Fante Language Called Tshi Chwee, Twi Based on the Akuapem Dialect ... Harvard University. Printed for the Basel evang. missionary society.
  15. ↑ Kirkham, Sam; Nance, Claire (2017). "An acoustic-articulatory study of bilingual vowel production: Advanced tongue root vowels in Twi and tense/lax vowels in Ghanaian English". Journal of Phonetics. 62: 65–81. doi:10.1016/j.wocn.2017.03.004 . Retrieved 5 January 2024.
  16. ↑ "Akan languages, alphabet and pronunciation". www.omniglot.com. Retrieved 2017-06-26.
  17. ↑ Burton, Richard (1865). Wit and Wisdom from West Africa . pp. 65-130.
  18. ↑ Grammatical Outline and Vocabulary of the Oji-language
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