Ancient history of Bangladesh

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An ancient inscription from the site of Mahasthangarh Mahasthangar Museum Bogra Bangladesh (6).JPG
An ancient inscription from the site of Mahasthangarh

The ancient history of Bangladesh is a period of time, part of a series on the history of Bangladesh, dating back over multiple millennia. The region's ancient history consists of a sequence of different independent regional kingdoms and the various Magadha dynasties. Due to Bangladesh's geography and the plethora of rivers, namely the Ganges, Meghna and Padma rivers, and their constant shifting, archeological evidence regarding the ancient history of Bangladesh has been scarce. Due to this, many historians have been more partial to prioritising other, well documented or recent areas of the history of Bangladesh.

Contents

Overview

It is believed that there were movements of Austro-asiatics, Tibeto-Burmans, Indo-Aryans, Dravidians and Mongoloids, including a people called Vanga, into Bengal. [1] The Oxford History of India categorically claims that there is no definitive information about Bengal before the third century BCE. [2] One view argues that humans entered Bengal from China 60,000 years ago. Another view claims that a distinct regional culture emerged 100,000 years ago. [2]

Due to Bangladesh's natural geography there are plentiful rivers and many tributaries of those rivers. Naturally, overtime these rivers shifted their courses', causing the natural landscape of the region to be unsuitable for tangible archaeological evidence and remains. [1] Hence the very weak evidence for a prehistoric human presence in the region. [3] The lack of stones suggests that the early humans in Bengal probably used materials such as wood and bamboo that could not survive in the environment. Human presence during the Neolithic and Chalcolithic eras also seem to be similar with scant evidence. [1] Large stones, thought to be prehistoric, were constructed in north eastern Bangladesh and are similar to those in India's nearby hills. West Bengal holds the earliest evidence of settled agrarian societies. [4]

Moreover, during the fifth century BCE there was widespread agricultural success for stationery cultures with the emergence of cross-sea trade, some of the earliest polities and many towns. Wari-Bateshwar, was an ancient city within the region and traded with Ancient Rome and Southeast Asia. Archaeologists have discovered coinage, pottery, iron artefacts, bricked road and a fort in Wari-Bateshwar. The findings connote that this city was an administrative hub with industries such as iron smelting and valuable stone beads. The site shows extensive use of clay and bricks, which were most prominent on the walls. [5] Chandraketurgarh in West Bengal is home to some of the most famous terracotta plaques, made by clay depicting deities and scenes of ordinary life and nature. [6] The early coinage unearthed in Wari-Bateshwar and Chandraketugarh were found to be illustrating boats. [7]

Militarily, ancient Bangladesh possessed mighty armies consisting of eighty thousand horsemen, two hundred thousand footmen, eight thousand chariots, and six thousand war elephants. The combined might of the Nanda's and the Gangaridai would then go on to cause Alexander the Great's withdrawal from India. Fearing the prospect of facing other large armies and exhausted by years of campaigning, Alexander's army mutinied at the Hyphasis River (Beas), refusing to march farther east. [8] This river thus marks the easternmost extent of Alexander's conquests. [9]

Emergence of the Janapadas

The Janapadas were the realms, republics and kingdoms of the Indian subcontinent during the Vedic period. They surfaced all across the Indian subcontinent and lasted between c. 1100–600 BCE. The Vedic period reached from the late Bronze Age into the Iron Age - from about 1500 BCE to the 6th century BCE. With the rise of sixteen Mahajanapadas ('great janapadas'), most of the states were annexed by more powerful neighbors, although some remained independent. [10] Among some of these independent entities were the Pundra and Vanga Kingdom which were the most eminent kingdoms from the region.

Citadel of Mahasthangarh, capital of the Pundra Kingdom. BD Map Mahasthangarh Citadel.jpg
Citadel of Mahasthangarh, capital of the Pundra Kingdom.

Pundra Kingdom

The Pundra Kingdom or Pundravardhana emerged during the late Bronze Age around c. 1280 BCE and was the very first documented independent kingdom in the region of Bangladesh. It was mostly known for being the home and birthplace of Ācārya Bhadrabahu. Bhadrabahu was the spiritual teacher of Chandragupta Maurya, the founder of the Maurya Empire.

24°58′N89°21′E / 24.96°N 89.35°E / 24.96; 89.35 Mahasthangarh, the ancient capital of Pundravardhana is located 11 km (7 mi) north of Bogra on the Bogra-Rangpur highway, with a feeder road (running along the eastern side of the ramparts of the citadel for 1.5 km) leading to Jahajghata and site museum. [11]

Samatata

Samatata was an ancient geopolitical division in the east of Bengal. It was located in much of modern-day Bangladesh corresponding to the Chittagong Division, Dhaka Division, Barisal Division and Sylhet division. It also ruled parts northern Arakan (Rakhine State, Myanmar). Samatata's recorded independent dynasties are the Gauda, Bhadra, [12] Khadga, Deva, [13] [14] Chandra and Varman dynasties. The Khadgas were originally from Vanga but later conquered Samatata. A Chinese account of the Khadga king Rajabhatta places the royal capital of Karmanta-vasaka (identified with Barakamata village in Comilla) in Samatata. [15] After the Khadgas, the Devas gained power and started ruling over the kingdom.

Ruins of Shalban Monastery in Mainamati, a city of Samatata. Shalvan Vihara, Mainamati 10 September 2016 32.jpg
Ruins of Shalban Monastery in Mainamati, a city of Samatata.

Samatata was a center of Buddhist civilisation before the rise of Hinduism and the coming of Islam into the region. Sufi Mostafizur Rahman, an archaeologist believes that the riverside citadel in the ruins of Wari-Bateshwar was the city-state of Sounagoura. [16] The Greco-Roman account of Sounagoura is linked to the kingdom of Samatata. Roman geographer Ptolemy, wrote about a trading post called Souanagoura in the eastern part of the Ganges-Brahmaputra delta. [17] According to Ptolemy Sounagoura was on the banks of the Brahmaputra River. He uses the word emporium which was term used by the Romans to describe a trading colony constructed by Roman merchants. Previously the Brahmaputra River had flowed down from the Himalayas and to the east of Wari-Bateshwar and fusing with the Meghna before reaching the Bengal Delta; however an Earthquake in 1783 caused the river to change its course. Ptolemy places Sounagoura near the old course of the river. Evidence for monetary and urban civilisation before the Mauryan period have been found in excavations in Wari-Bateshwar. [18] [19]

South Asia non political, with rivers.jpg
South Asia
350 CE
Long Fine Rectangle (plain).png
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Location on the Samatatas and contemporary South Asian polities circa 350 CE. [20]

Dilip Kumar Chakrabarti, an archaeologist and historian also considers Wari-Bateshwar to be a part of the trans-Meghna region. [21] [22] In a book edited by Patrick Olivelle, Chakrabarti states: "It appears that Wari-Bateshwar belongs to the Samatata tract. Till now this is the only early historic site reported from this tract, but the very fact that it existed as early as the mid-fifth century BCE in this part of Bangladesh shows the geographical unit of Samatata, although inscriptionally documented in the fourth century CE, has a much earlier antiquity which touches the Mahajanapada period. Secondly, on the basis of the fact that Wari-Bateshwar is a fortified settlement, we argue that in addition to its character as a manufacturing and trading center, it was also an administrative center and most likely to be the ancient capital of the Samatata region". [23]

Samatata was conquered and ruled by both the Mauryan and Gupta Empires. The Maurya Empire declined after the death of emperor Ashoka, and the eastern part of Bengal became the state of Samatata. [24] The rulers of the erstwhile state remain unknown. During the Gupta Empire, the Indian emperor Samudragupta recorded Samatata as a "frontier kingdom" which paid an annual tribute. This was recorded by Samudragupta's inscription on the Allahabad pillar, which states the following in lines 22–23.

The name "Samatata" in later Brahmi script, in the Allahabad Pillar inscription of Samudragupta (350-375 CE). Samatata in the Allahabad Pillar inscription.jpg
The name "Samataṭa" in later Brahmi script, in the Allahabad Pillar inscription of Samudragupta (350–375 CE).

"Samudragupta, whose formidable rule was propitiated with the payment of all tributes, execution of orders and visits (to his court) for obeisance by such frontier rulers as those of Samataṭa, Ḍavāka, Kāmarūpa, Nēpāla, and Kartṛipura, and, by the Mālavas, Ārjunāyanas, Yaudhēyas, Mādrakas, Ābhīras, Prārjunas, Sanakānīkas, Kākas, Kharaparikas and other nations"|Lines 22–23 of the Allahabad pillar inscription of Samudragupta (r.c.350-375 CE). [25]

Vanga Kingdom

Vanga coin 400-300 BCE Vanga coin (400-300 BCE).jpg
Vanga coin 400-300 BCE

The Vanga Kingdom was a powerful seafaring nation of Ancient Bengal with their capital, Kotalipara located in present day Dhaka. It was established during the beginning of the late Vedic period was destablished c. 340 BCE. They had overseas trade relations with Java, Sumatra and Siam (modern day Thailand). According to Mahavamsa, the Vanga prince Vijaya Singha conquered Lanka (modern day Sri Lanka) in 544 BC and gave the name "Sinhala" to the country. [26] The Vanga people were also said to have established a settlement in Cochin China, naming the settlement after their native name. [26] The Vanga people were said to have migrated to Siam too, however this claim lacks any evidence.[ verification needed ]

Kurukshetra War

The Kurukshetra War, c. 400 BCE - c. 500 BCE, is a war described in the Hindu epic poem Mahabharata , rising from a struggle between two groups of cousins, the Kauravas and the Pandavas to acquire the throne of Hastinapura. The Vanga Kingdom sided with the Kauravas. In modern times the Kurukshetra war has become recognised as mythology as the historical accuracy of the Kurukshetra War and the Mahabharata is uncertain and unclear.

Vangas sided with Duryodhana in the Kurukshetra War (8:17) along with the Kalingas. They are mentioned as part of the Kaurava army at (7:158). Many foremost of combatants skilled in elephant-fight, belonging to the Easterners, the Southerners, the Angas, the Vangas, the Pundras, the Magadhas, the Tamraliptakas, the Mekalas, the Koshalas, the Madras, the Dasharnas, the Nishadas united with the Kalingas (8:22). Satyaki, pierced the vitals of the elephant belonging to the king of the Vangas (8:22). Behind Duryodhana proceeded the ruler of the Vangas, with ten thousand elephants, huge as hills, and each with juice trickling down (6:92). The ruler of the Vangas (Bhagadatta) mounting upon an elephant huge as a hill, drove towards the Rakshasa, Ghatotkacha. On the field of battle, with the mighty elephant of great speed, Bhagadatta placed himself in the very front of Duryodhana's car. With that elephant he completely shrouded the car of thy son. Beholding then the way (to Duryodhana's car) thus covered by the intelligent king of the Vangas, the eyes of Ghatotkacha became red in anger. He ruled that huge dart, before upraised, at that elephant. Struck with that dart hurled from the arms of Ghatotkacha, that elephant, covered with blood and in great agony, fell down and died. The mighty king of the Vangas, however, quickly jumping down from that elephant, alighted on the ground (6:93). - The Mahabharata

Prince Vijaya

Consecration Of King Sinhala -Prince Vijaya The Consecration Of King Sinhala-Prince Vijaya (Detail From The Ajanta Mural Of Cave No 17).jpg
Consecration Of King Sinhala -Prince Vijaya

Prince Vijaya was born in the Vanga Kingdom and is one of the most notable figures of the Vanga Kingdom. He is also known in Sri Lankan History for being the first King of Sri Lanka. Prince Vijaya was made prince regent by his father, but the young prince and his band of followers would go on to become notorious for their violent deeds. With multiple complaints from Vijaya's father failing, many citizens opted for Vijaya's death. King Sinhabahu then expelled Vijaya and 700 of his followers from the kingdom. The prince left the Kingdom of Vanga and would eventually reach the northern tip of the island of Sri Lanka where he would establish the Kingdom of Tambapanni. [27] The descendants of Prince Vijaya (from the House of Vijaya) would rule the island for next 500 years and also go on to establish the Kingdom of Upatissa Nuwara and finally the Anuradhapura Kingdom. [28] [29]

Prince Vijaya's party of several hundred landed in Sri Lanka, were split on the journey. The men, women and children were on separate ships. Vijaya and his followers landed at a place called Supparaka; the women landed at a place called Mahiladipaka present day (Maldives), and the children landed at a place called Naggadipa. Vijaya eventually made it to the island of Lanka.

Oversea Settlements of Vanga

The Vanga Kingdom was known for its superior naval fleets and naval supremacy. According to the Mahabarata (major Indian epic) the Vanga Kingdom also colonised territory outside of mainland India. While this claim is not very likely it cannot be ignored completely because of the instances the Vanga Kingdom having oversea settlements and the special case of Prince Vijaya's conquest of the island of Lanka.

This can be observed with the supposed Vanga settlements in the island of Mahiladipaka in the Maldives and Prince Vijaya's conquests of Lanka when the women of Prince Vijaya's party went astray and landed at Mahiladipaka.[ citation needed ] There has also been findings of Vanga settlements in Southeast Asia. Most notably in Champa (present-day Vietnam), where a settlement was founded in Cochinchina. The settlement was named after a native Bengali name [26]

Establishment of the Nanda Dynasty

The Nanda's, are represented as the lord of both "Prasioi and the Gangaridai" or of Gangaridai alone. The description of Prasioi was a general name for the people of Eastern India, so the specific mention of Gangaridai attaches significance. The importance of Gangaridai or the Vanga people (Lower Bengal) may be explained by the suggestion of the Nanda dynasty belonging to them. [30]

The idea of the Bengali origin of the Nanda's can also be observed through Greek accounts of Xandrames (Greek for 'Nanda'). As Diodorus explicitly states, Plutarch affirms and Arrian evidently implies, Bengal had conquered Magadha. [30]

Alexanders the Great's withdrawal

Alexander's Empire in 323 BCE with respect to the Nanda Dynasty and Gangaridai Empire. Alexander-Empire 323bc.jpg
Alexander's Empire in 323 BCE with respect to the Nanda Dynasty and Gangaridai Empire.

East of Porus's kingdom, near the Ganges River, was the Nanda Empire of Magadha and the Gangaridai Empire of the Bengal region in the Indian subcontinent. Fearing the prospect of facing other large armies and exhausted by years of campaigning, Alexander's army mutinied at the Hyphasis River (Beas), refusing to march farther east. [8]

Alexander tried to persuade his soldiers to march farther, but his general Coenus pleaded with him to change his opinion and return. Alexander eventually agreed and turned south, marching along the Indus. Along the way his army conquered the Malhi (in modern-day Multan) and other Indian tribes; while besieging the Mallian citadel, Alexander suffered a near-fatal injury when an arrow penetrated his armor and entered his lung. [31] [32]

"As for the Macedonians, however, their struggle with Porus blunted their courage and stayed their further advance into India. For having had all they could do to repulse an enemy who mustered only twenty thousand infantry and two thousand horse, they violently opposed Alexander when he insisted on crossing the river Ganges also, the width of which, as they learned, was thirty-two furlongs [6.4 km], its depth one hundred fathoms [180 m], while its banks on the further side were covered with multitudes of men-at-arms and horsemen and elephants. For they were told that the kings of the Ganderites and Praesii were awaiting them with eighty thousand horsemen, two hundred thousand footmen, eight thousand chariots, and six thousand war elephants." [33]

Trade

Southwestern Silk Road

The Mauryan period Mahasthan inscription in Brahmi, recording a land grant. Mahasthan inscription.jpg
The Mauryan period Mahasthan inscription in Brahmi, recording a land grant.

The southwestern route is believed to be the Ganges/Brahmaputra Delta, which has been the subject of international interest for over two millennia. Strabo, the 1st-century Roman writer, mentions the deltaic lands: "Regarding merchants who now sail from Egypt... as far as the Ganges, they are only private citizens." His comments are interesting as Roman beads and other materials are being found at Wari-Bateshwar ruins, the ancient city with roots from much earlier, before the Bronze Age, presently being slowly excavated beside the Old Brahmaputra in Bangladesh. Ptolemy's map of the Ganges Delta, a remarkably accurate effort, showed that his informants knew all about the course of the Brahmaputra River, crossing through the Himalayas then bending westward to its source in Tibet. It is doubtless that this delta was a major international trading center, almost certainly from much earlier than the Common Era. Gemstones and other merchandise from Thailand and Java were traded in the delta and through it. Chinese archaeological writer Bin Yang and some earlier writers and archaeologists, such as Janice Stargardt, strongly suggests this route of international trade as Sichuan–Yunnan–Burma–Bangladesh route. According to Bin Yang, especially from the 12th century, the route was used to ship bullion from Yunnan (gold and silver are among the minerals in which Yunnan is rich), through northern Burma, into modern Bangladesh, making use of the ancient route, known as the 'Ledo' route. The emerging evidence of the ancient cities of Bangladesh, in particular Wari-Bateshwar ruins, Mahasthangarh, Bhitagarh, Bikrampur, Egarasindhur, and Sonargaon, are believed to be the international trade centers in this route. [35] [36] [37]

Muslin

Bengal has manufactured textiles for many centuries, as recorded in ancient hand-written and printed documents. Muslin finds mention in Megasthenes’ writings, a Greek envoy to the court of Chandragupta Maurya in the 4th century BC, and is supposed to be the fabric worn by the figurines of the 2nd century BC found at Chandraketugarh. The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea written between 40 and 70 AD mentions Arab and Greek merchants trading between India and the Red Sea port of Aduli (in present-day Eritrea), Egypt and Ethiopia. The Charyapada of the 10th century, written on palm leaves, contain a complete description of the process of weaving muslin. Cloths including muslin were exchanged for ivory, tortoiseshell and rhinoceros-horn at that time. Muslin was traded from Barygaza – an ancient port of India located in Gujarat – to different parts of Indian subcontinent before European merchants came to India. [38]

White muslin nightgown White muslin nightgown - DPLA - 1e4cef31160a530a862946b8ada4c821 (page 1) (cropped).jpg
White muslin nightgown

The earliest specimen of Bengali fine cotton cloth (like muslin) was found in Egypt as a mummy shroud around 2000 BC. The first commercial mention of Indian cotton is found in The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea (63 AD). The book mentions the export of fine cotton textiles from different parts of India to Europe. The eastern (Bengal) and north-western regions of India produced large quantities of fine cotton cloth, but Bengal cotton cloth was superior in quality. According to the text, European merchants procured fine cotton fabrics from the Gange port of Bengal. In this text, broad and smooth cotton cloth is referred to as Monachi and the finest cotton cloth is called Gangetic. A kingdom called 'Ruhma' is found in the Sulaiman al-Tajir written by the 9th century Arab merchant Sulaiman, where fine cotton fabrics was produced. There were cotton fabrics so fine and delicate that a single piece of cloth could be easily moved through the ring. Very fine cotton cloth was made in Mosul in the 12th century and later. Arab traders carried it to Europe as a commodity, and enchanted Europeans called it muslin; since then the very fine and beautiful cotton cloth came to be known as muslin. In 1298 AD, Marco Polo described in his book The Travels that muslin is made in Mosul, Iraq. [39] Ibn Battuta, a Moroccan traveler who came to Bengal in the middle of the 14th century, praised the cotton cloth made in Sonargaon in his book The Rihla . Chinese writers who came to Bengal in the fifteenth century praised cotton cloth.

Muslin, a Phuti carpus cotton fabric of plain weave, was historically hand woven in the areas of Dhaka and Sonargaon in Bangladesh and exported for many centuries. [40] The region forms the eastern part of the historic region of Bengal. The muslin trade at one time made the Ganges delta and what is now Bangladesh into one of the most prosperous parts of the world. Of all the unique elements that must come together to manufacture muslin, none is as unique as the cotton, the famous "phuti karpas", scientifically known as Gossypium arboreum var. neglecta. [41] Dhaka muslin was immensely popular and sold across the globe for millennia. Muslin from "India" is mentioned in the book Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, authored by an anonymous Egyptian merchant around 2,000 years ago, it was appreciated by the Ancient Greeks and Romans, and the fabled fabric was the pinnacle of European fashion in the 18th and 19th century. Production ceased sometime in the late 19th century, as the Bengali muslin industry could no longer compete against cheaper British-made textiles.

See also

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References

Citations

  1. 1 2 3 Baxter 1997, p. 12.
  2. 1 2 "History of Bangladesh". Sheikh Hasina University Netrokona, Bangladesh.
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  17. ↑ "First, in his list of towns in transgangetic India Ptolemy mentions a place called Souanagoura which has been identified with modern Sonargaon" Excavation at Wari-Bateshwar: A Preliminary Study, Enamul Haque – 2001
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  32. ↑ Dodge 1890, p. 604-605.
  33. ↑ Plutarch 1919.
  34. ↑ Sastri, Hirananda (1931). Epigraphia Indica vol.21. pp.  83–89.
  35. ↑ Yang, Bin. (2008). Between Winds and Clouds: The Making of Yunnan. New York: Columbia University Press.
  36. ↑ "History and Legend of Sino-Bangla Contacts". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. 28 September 2010. Archived from the original on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 12 January 2025.
  37. ↑ "Seminar on Southwest Silk Road held in City". Holiday. Archived from the original on 15 June 2013. Retrieved 12 January 2025.
  38. ↑ Ashmore, Sonia (2012). Muslin (Sonia Ashmore), Page 11. V&A Publishing. ISBN   9781851777143. Archived from the original on 16 August 2016. Retrieved 12 January 2025.
  39. ↑ Marco Polo 1937, p. 28.
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