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MyoD, also known as myoblast determination protein 1, is a protein in animals that plays a major role in regulating muscle differentiation. MyoD, which was discovered in the laboratory of Harold M. Weintraub, belongs to a family of proteins known as myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs). These bHLH transcription factors act sequentially in myogenic differentiation. Vertebrate MRF family members include MyoD1, Myf5, myogenin, and MRF4 (Myf6). In non-vertebrate animals, a single MyoD protein is typically found.
S phase (Synthesis phase) is the phase of the cell cycle in which DNA is replicated, occurring between G1 phase and G2 phase. Since accurate duplication of the genome is critical to successful cell division, the processes that occur during S-phase are tightly regulated and widely conserved.
E2F is a group of genes that encodes a family of transcription factors (TF) in higher eukaryotes. Three of them are activators: E2F1, 2 and E2F3a. Six others act as suppressors: E2F3b, E2F4-8. All of them are involved in the cell cycle regulation and synthesis of DNA in mammalian cells. E2Fs as TFs bind to the TTTCCCGC consensus binding site in the target promoter sequence.
Transcriptional repressor CTCF also known as 11-zinc finger protein or CCCTC-binding factor is a transcription factor that in humans is encoded by the CTCF gene. CTCF is involved in many cellular processes, including transcriptional regulation, insulator activity, V(D)J recombination and regulation of chromatin architecture.
Cyclin D is a member of the cyclin protein family that is involved in regulating cell cycle progression. The synthesis of cyclin D is initiated during G1 and drives the G1/S phase transition. Cyclin D protein is anywhere from 155 to 477 amino acids in length.
Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 also known as CDK1 or cell division cycle protein 2 homolog is a highly conserved protein that functions as a serine/threonine protein kinase, and is a key player in cell cycle regulation. It has been highly studied in the budding yeast S. cerevisiae, and the fission yeast S. pombe, where it is encoded by genes cdc28 and cdc2, respectively. With its cyclin partners, Cdk1 forms complexes that phosphorylate a variety of target substrates ; phosphorylation of these proteins leads to cell cycle progression.
POU domain, class 2, transcription factor 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the POU2F1 gene.
Zinc finger and BTB domain-containing protein 16 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ZBTB16 gene.
Nuclear respiratory factor 1, also known as Nrf1, Nrf-1, NRF1 and NRF-1, encodes a protein that homodimerizes and functions as a transcription factor which activates the expression of some key metabolic genes regulating cellular growth and nuclear genes required for respiration, heme biosynthesis, and mitochondrial DNA transcription and replication. The protein has also been associated with the regulation of neurite outgrowth. Alternate transcriptional splice variants, which encode the same protein, have been characterized. Additional variants encoding different protein isoforms have been described but they have not been fully characterized. Confusion has occurred in bibliographic databases due to the shared symbol of NRF1 for this gene and for "nuclear factor -like 1" which has an official symbol of NFE2L1.
Transcription factor E2F3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the E2F3 gene.
Transcriptional regulator Kaiso is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ZBTB33 gene. This gene encodes a transcriptional regulator with bimodal DNA-binding specificity, which binds to methylated CGCG and also to the non-methylated consensus KAISO-binding site TCCTGCNA. The protein contains an N-terminal POZ/BTB domain and 3 C-terminal zinc finger motifs. It recruits the N-CoR repressor complex to promote histone deacetylation and the formation of repressive chromatin structures in target gene promoters. It may contribute to the repression of target genes of the Wnt signaling pathway, and may also activate transcription of a subset of target genes by the recruitment of catenin delta-2 (CTNND2). Its interaction with catenin delta-1 (CTNND1) inhibits binding to both methylated and non-methylated DNA. It also interacts directly with the nuclear import receptor Importin-α2, which may mediate nuclear import of this protein. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein have been identified.
Paired amphipathic helix protein Sin3b is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SIN3B gene.
Protein BANP is a protein that can be found in humans, it is encoded by the BANP gene. It is a member of the human gene family, "BEN-domain containing", which includes eight other genes: BEND2, BEND3, BEND4, BEND5, BEND6, BEND7, NACC1 (BEND8), and NACC2 (BEND9). BANP is a protein coding gene that is located in the Nucleoplasm. Its official name is BTG3 associated with nuclear protein. It plays a role in DNA binding, chromatin regulation, repressor, transcription regulation and the cell cycle process. In recombination BANP protein represses T-cell receptors to control recombination during transcription. As a tumor suppressor BANP negatively regulates p53 transcription in recombination. It can be expressed in various tissues in the body including the testis, spleen, and the placenta.
Chromodomain-helicase-DNA-binding protein 8 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CHD8 gene.
POZ-, AT hook-, and zinc finger-containing protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PATZ1 gene.
Zinc finger and BTB domain-containing protein 32 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the 1960 bp ZBTB32 gene. The 52 kDa protein is a transcriptional repressor and the gene is expressed in T and B cells upon activation, but also significantly in testis cells. It is a member of the Poxviruses and Zinc-finger (POZ) and Krüppel (POK) family of proteins, and was identified in multiple screens involving either immune cell tumorigenesis or immune cell development.
The Epstein–Barr virus nuclear antigen 2 (EBNA-2) is one of the six EBV viral nuclear proteins expressed in latently infected B lymphocytes is a transactivator protein. EBNA2 is involved in the regulation of latent viral transcription and contributes to the immortalization of EBV infected cells. EBNA2 acts as an adapter molecule that binds to cellular sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins, JK recombination signal-binding protein (RBP-JK), and PU.1 as well as working with multiple members of the RNA polymerase II transcription complex.
In molecular biology, the FLYWCH zinc finger is a zinc finger domain. It is found in a number of eukaryotic proteins. FLYWCH is a C2H2-type zinc finger characterised by five conserved hydrophobic residues, containing the conserved sequence motif:
F/Y-X(n)-L-X(n)-F/Y-X(n)-WXCX(6-12)CX(17-22)HXH
Cas9 is a 160 kilodalton protein which plays a vital role in the immunological defense of certain bacteria against DNA viruses and plasmids, and is heavily utilized in genetic engineering applications. Its main function is to cut DNA and thereby alter a cell's genome. The CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing technique was a significant contributor to the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2020 being awarded to Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna.
References
- ↑ Rampalli S, Pavithra L, Bhatt A, Kundu TK, Chattopadhyay S (October 2005). "Tumor suppressor SMAR1 mediates cyclin D1 repression by recruitment of the SIN3/histone deacetylase 1 complex". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 25 (19): 8415–29. doi:10.1128/MCB.25.19.8415-8429.2005. PMC 1265755 . PMID 16166625.
- ↑ Pavithra L, Rampalli S, Sinha S, Sreenath K, Pestell RG, Chattopadhyay S (2007). "Stabilization of SMAR1 mRNA by PGA2 involves a stem loop structure in the 5' UTR". Nucleic Acids Research. 35 (18): 6004–16. doi:10.1093/nar/gkm649. PMC 2094063 . PMID 17726044.
- ↑ Mackler S, Pacchioni A, Degnan R, Homan Y, Conti AC, Kalivas P, Blendy JA (February 2008). "Requirement for the POZ/BTB protein NAC1 in acute but not chronic psychomotor stimulant response". Behavioural Brain Research. 187 (1): 48–55. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2007.08.036. PMC 2248375 . PMID 17945361.
- ↑ Krauss V, Dorn R (April 2004). "Evolution of the trans-splicing Drosophila locus mod(mdg4) in several species of Diptera and Lepidoptera". Gene. 331: 165–76. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2004.02.019. PMID 15094203.
- ↑ Murcia-Nicolas A, Bolbach G, Blais JC, Beaud G (January 1999). "Identification by mass spectroscopy of three major early proteins associated with virosomes in vaccinia virus-infected cells". Virus Research. 59 (1): 1–12. doi:10.1016/S0168-1702(98)00114-2. PMID 10854161.
- 1 2 Abhiman S, Iyer LM, Aravind L (February 2008). "BEN: a novel domain in chromatin factors and DNA viral proteins". Bioinformatics. 24 (4): 458–61. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btn007. PMC 2477736 . PMID 18203771.
- ↑ Pitchai, Ganesha P.; Kaulich, Manuel; Bizard, Anna H.; Mesa, Pablo; Yao, Qi; Sarlos, Kata; Streicher, Werner W.; Nigg, Erich A.; Montoya, Guillermo; Hickson, Ian D. (2017-11-02). "A novel TPR–BEN domain interaction mediates PICH–BEND3 association". Nucleic Acids Research. 45 (19): 11413–11424. doi:10.1093/nar/gkx792. PMC 5737856 .