Bidens pilosa

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Bidens pilosa
Bidens pilosa-Silent Valley-2016-08-13-001.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae
Genus: Bidens
Species:
B. pilosa
Binomial name
Bidens pilosa
L. 1753
Synonyms [1]
Synonymy
  • Bidens abadiaeDC.
  • Bidens adhaerescensVell.
  • Bidens africanaKlatt
  • Bidens alausensisKunth
  • Bidens alba(L.) DC.
  • Bidens arenariaGand.
  • Bidens arenicolaGand.
  • Bidens aurantiacaColenso
  • Bidens barrancaeM.E.Jones
  • Bidens bimucronataTurcz.
  • Bidens bonplandiiSch.Bip.
  • Bidens brachycarpaDC.
  • Bidens calcicolaGreenm.
  • Bidens californicaDC.
  • Bidens cannabinaLam.
  • Bidens caracasanaDC.
  • Bidens caucalideaDC.
  • Bidens chilensisDC.
  • Bidens ciliataHoffmanns. ex Fisch. & C.A.Mey.
  • Bidens daucifoliaDC.
  • Bidens deamiiSherff
  • Bidens decussataPav. ex DC.
  • Bidens decussataPav. ex Steud.
  • Bidens dichotomaDesf. ex DC.
  • Bidens exaristataDC.
  • Bidens hirsutaNutt. 1841 not Sw. 1788
  • Bidens hirtaJord.
  • Bidens hispidaKunth
  • Bidens hybridaThuill.
  • Bidens inermisS.Watson
  • Bidens leucantha(L.) Willd.
  • Bidens leucanthaPoepp. ex DC.
  • Bidens leucanthemus(L.) E.H.L.Krause
  • Bidens minor(Wimm. & Grab.) Vorosch.
  • Bidens minusculaH.Lév. & Vaniot
  • Bidens montaubaniPhil.
  • Bidens odorataCav.
  • Bidens orendainaeM.E.Jones
  • Bidens orientalisVelen. ex Bornm.
  • Bidens paleaceaVis.
  • Bidens pinnataNoronha
  • Bidens pumila(Retz.) Steud.
  • Bidens ramosissimaSherff
  • Bidens reflexaLink
  • Bidens roseaSch.Bip.
  • Bidens scandicinaKunth
  • Bidens striataSchott ex Sweet
  • Bidens sundaicaBlume
  • Bidens taquetiiH.Lév. & Vaniot
  • Bidens trifoliataNorona
  • Bidens valparadisiacaColla
  • Bidens viciosoiPau
  • Ceratocephalus pilosusRich. ex Cass.
  • Coreopsis albaL.
  • Coreopsis corymbifoliaBuch.-Ham. ex DC.
  • Coreopsis leucanthaL.
  • Coreopsis leucorrhizaLour.
  • Coreopsis multifidaDC.
  • Coreopsis odorataPoir.
  • Coreopsis odorataLam.
  • Glossogyne chinensisLess.
  • Kerneria dubiaCass.
  • Kerneria pilosa(L.) Lowe
  • Kerneria tetragonaMoench
Immature fruiting head Bidens Pilosa Detail of ripening infructescence 9453s.jpg
Immature fruiting head
Barbs on awn of Bidens pilosa Photo on 2020-9-16 at 12.08.jpg
Barbs on awn of Bidens pilosa
Inflorescences Bidens pilosa - Asteraceae.jpg
Inflorescences

Bidens pilosa is an annual species of herbaceous flowering plant in the daisy family Asteraceae. Its many common names include hitch hikers, black-jack, beggarticks, farmer's friends and Spanish needle, but most commonly referred to as cobblers pegs. It is native to the Americas but is widely distributed as an introduced species in other regions including Eurasia, Africa, Australia, South America and the Pacific Islands, [2] and is classified as an invasive species in some regions of the world. [3] [4] In Chishona, it is called tsine.

Contents

Description

Bidens pilosa is a branched annual forb of gracile habit, growing up to 1.8 meters tall. It grows aggressively on disturbed land and often becomes weedy. The leaves are all oppositely arranged and range from simple to pinnate in form, the upper leaves with three to five dentate, ovate-to-lanceolate leaflets. The petioles are slightly winged. [5]

The plant may flower at any time of the year, but mainly in summer and autumn in temperate regions. The flowers are small heads borne on relatively long peduncles. The heads consist of about four or five broad white ray florets (ligules), surrounding many tubular yellow disc florets without ligules that develop into barbed fruits. [6]

The fruits are slightly curved, stiff, rough black rods, tetragonal in cross section, about 1 cm long, typically with two to three stiff, heavily barbed awns at their distal ends.

The infructescences form stellate spherical burrs about one to two centimeters in diameter. The barbed spines of the achenes get stuck in the feathers, fur, fleeces, clothing, etc. of people or animals that brush against the plant. [7] [8] It is an effective means of seed dispersal by zoochory, as the fruits are transported by animals. This mechanism has helped the plant become a noxious weed in temperate and tropical regions. [4] [5] [9]

Distribution

The species is native to tropical America, widely naturalized throughout the warm temperate and tropical regions of the world. [10] [11] A weed of gardens, woodlands and waste areas. [12] [13] [14]

Common names

Its many English common names include black-jack, [15] : 819  beggarticks, hairy beggarticks, cobbler's pegs, devil's needles, hairy bidens, Spanish needle, farmers friend, Devils Pitchfork, hitch hikers and sticky beaks. [16] [17] [18]

Uses

Although Bidens pilosa is primarily considered a weed, in many parts of the world it is also a source of food and alternative medicine. [19] The leaves have a resinous flavor, are eaten raw or in stews or dried for storage. It is especially important in eastern Africa, where it is known as michicha. [20]

During the Vietnam War, soldiers[ which? ] adopted the herb as a vegetable, which led to it being known as the "soldier vegetable". [21] It is susceptible to hand weeding if small enough; even then it must be bagged, and thick mulches may prevent it from growing. [22] [23]

Extracts from Bidens pilosa are used in Southern Africa for malaria. [23]

Chemistry

Almost 200 compounds have been isolated from B. pilosa, especially polyacetylenes and flavonoids. [24] The plant contains the chalcone okanin [25] and ethyl caffeate, a hydroxycinnamic acid. [26]

Related Research Articles

<i>Bidens</i> Genus of plants

Bidens is a genus of flowering plants in the aster family, Asteraceae. The genus include roughly 230 species which are distributed worldwide. Despite their global distribution, the systematics and taxonomy of the genus has been described as complicated and unorganized. The common names beggarticks, black jack, burr marigolds, cobbler's pegs, Spanish needles, stickseeds, tickseeds and tickseed sunflowers refer to the fruits of the plants, most of which are bristly and barbed. The generic name refers to the same character; Bidens comes from the Latin bis ("two") and dens ("tooth").

<i>Amaranthus blitum</i> Species of flowering plant

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<i>Crassocephalum rubens</i> Species of flowering plant

Crassocephalum rubens, also called Yoruba bologi, is an erect annual herb growing up to 80 cm tall. It is grown and consumed especially in Southwestern Nigeria, but also as far away as Yemen, South Africa, and islands of the Indian Ocean. Its mucilaginous leaves are used as a dry or fresh vegetable in a variety of dishes, and as medicine for several different ailments.

Crassocephalum biafrae, also called Sierra Leone bologi or worow, is a shade tolerant perennial vine grown especially in Sierra Leone, often on trellises. Its spinach-like leaves are often eaten steamed.

<i>Amaranthus hypochondriacus</i> Species of flowering plant

Amaranthus hypochondriacus is an ornamental plant commonly known as Prince-of-Wales feather or prince's-feather. Originally endemic to Mexico, it is called quelite, bledo and quintonil in Spanish.

<i>Amaranthus spinosus</i> Species of flowering plant

Amaranthus spinosus, commonly known as the spiny amaranth, spiny pigweed, prickly amaranth or thorny amaranth, is a plant that is native to the tropical Americas, but is present on most continents as an introduced species and sometimes a noxious weed. It can be a serious weed of rice cultivation in Asia.

Amaranthus thunbergii, commonly known as Thunberg's amaranthus or Thunberg's pigweed, is found in Africa.

<i>Celosia trigyna</i> Species of flowering plant

Celosia trigyna is a plant species commonly known as woolflower for its curious flowers.

Abelmoschus caillei, the West African okra, is a plant species in the family Malvaceae. It occurs in humid areas of West and Central Africa, where it is used as a vegetable. It originated as an allopolyploid hybrid of Abelmoschus esculentus and A. manihot, and is often mistaken for either of those two plants. It was officially described elevated to the status of a species in 1988. The same hybrid was produced experimentally in Japan where it is known as Abelmoschus glutino-textile.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Plant Resources of Tropical Africa</span> International programme improving access to information about useful plants in Africa

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<i>Alepidea peduncularis</i> Species of flowering plant

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<i>Alternanthera sessilis</i> Species of flowering plant

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<i>Barleria obtusa</i> Species of flowering plant

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<i>Artanema longifolium</i> Species of flowering plant

Artanema longifolium is an edible flowering plant species found in tropical Africa, India and South-East Asia. Extracts are used in Ayurveda medicines to treat myositis and nausea. The leaves can also be cooked and eaten as a leafy vegetable. The roots are root used to treat rheumatism, diarrhea, syphilis and ophthalmitis.

<i>Astragalus atropilosulus</i> Species of legume

Astragalus atropilosulus is a perennial herb in the legume family. It is native to Eastern Africa and some parts of the Arabian Peninsula.

<i>Asystasia mysorensis</i> Species of flowering plant

Asystasia mysorensis is an edible plant species in the family Acanthaceae found in Africa. It is used as a leafy vegetable and for animal fodder.

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Caralluma edulis is a succulent species in the plant family Apocynaceae, native to India and Pakistan.

Caylusea abyssinica is a plant species found in East Africa.

<i>Alternanthera littoralis</i> Species of flowering plant

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References

  1. ↑ The Plant List, Bidens pilosa L.
  2. ↑ Bidens pilosa. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER). USFS.
  3. ↑ "Spanish Needle (Bidens pilosa) - Encyclopedia of Biodiversity (Second Edition)". ScienceDirect . 2013.
  4. 1 2 "Cobbler's pegs". Weed Identification – Brisbane City Council. Retrieved 2024-03-16.
  5. 1 2 Flora of North America, Bidens pilosa Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 832. 1753.
  6. ↑ "Spanish needles: definition of Spanish needles in Oxford dictionary (American English) (US)". www.oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from the original on December 8, 2015. Retrieved 2016-02-11.
  7. ↑ "Plant Discoveries Sherwin Carlquist Island Biology LOSS of DISPERSIBILITY on ISLANDS". www.sherwincarlquist.com. Retrieved 2016-02-11.
  8. ↑ "beggarticks: definition of beggarticks in Oxford dictionary (American English) (US)". www.oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from the original on December 9, 2015. Retrieved 2016-02-11.
  9. ↑ Multimedia, Acura. "*Bidens pilosa — Noosa's Native Plants". noosanativeplants.com.au. Retrieved 2016-02-11.
  10. ↑ "Bidens pilosa (Blackjack)". BioNET EAFRINET Keys and Factsheets. Retrieved 2020-03-25.
  11. ↑ "Factsheet - Bidens pilosa". keyserver.lucidcentral.org. Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2016-02-11.
  12. ↑ "Bidens pilosa - Cobbler's Pegs - Edible Weeds and Bush Tucker Plant Foods". www.survival.org.au. Retrieved 2016-02-11.
  13. ↑ "Dangars Falls and Salisbury Waters". www.donsmaps.com. Retrieved 2016-02-11.
  14. ↑ "Elizabeth and Rob". elizabeth-nowell.blogspot.com.es. Retrieved 2016-02-11.
  15. ↑ Stace, C. A. (2019). New Flora of the British Isles (Fourth ed.). Middlewood Green, Suffolk, U.K.: C & M Floristics. ISBN   978-1-5272-2630-2.
  16. ↑ BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
  17. ↑ "Wilderness Survival, Tracking, and Awareness".
  18. ↑ Atlas of Living Australia, Bidens pilosa L., Cobbler's Peg
  19. ↑ Grubben, G. J. H. & O. A. Denton. (2004) Plant Resources of Tropical Africa 2. Vegetables. PROTA Foundation, Wageningen; Backhuys, Leiden; CTA, Wageningen.
  20. ↑ Pieroni, Andrea (2005). Prance, Ghillean; Nesbitt, Mark (eds.). The Cultural History of Plants. Routledge. p. 31. ISBN   0415927463.
  21. ↑ Tanaka, Yoshitaka; Van Ke, Nguyen (2007). Edible Wild Plants of Vietnam: The Bountiful Garden. Thailand: Orchid Press. p. 38. ISBN   978-9745240896.
  22. ↑ "Sustainable Horse Keeping". goldcoasthorse.com.au. Archived from the original on 2015-12-08. Retrieved 2016-02-11.
  23. 1 2 Grubben, G. J. H.; Denton, O. A., eds. (2004). Vegetables. Wageningen, Netherlands: Backhuys. p. 115. ISBN   90-5782-147-8. OCLC   57724930.
  24. ↑ Silva, F. L., et al. (2011). Compilation of secondary metabolites from Bidens pilosa. Molecules 16(2), 1070-1102.
  25. ↑ Presence of Compounds in Picao preto (Bidens pilosa). Raintree Nutrition.
  26. ↑ Chiang, Y., et al. (2005). Ethyl caffeate suppresses NF-κB activation and its downstream inflammatory mediators, iNOS, COX-2 and PGE2 in vitro or in mouse skin. Br J Pharmacol. 146(3) 352–63. PMID   16041399
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