Bidens pilosa

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Bidens pilosa
Bidens pilosa-Silent Valley-2016-08-13-001.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae
Genus: Bidens
Species:
B. pilosa
Binomial name
Bidens pilosa
L. 1753
Synonyms [1]
Synonymy
  • Bidens abadiaeDC.
  • Bidens adhaerescensVell.
  • Bidens africanaKlatt
  • Bidens alausensisKunth
  • Bidens alba(L.) DC.
  • Bidens arenariaGand.
  • Bidens arenicolaGand.
  • Bidens aurantiacaColenso
  • Bidens barrancaeM.E.Jones
  • Bidens bimucronataTurcz.
  • Bidens bonplandiiSch.Bip.
  • Bidens brachycarpaDC.
  • Bidens calcicolaGreenm.
  • Bidens californicaDC.
  • Bidens cannabinaLam.
  • Bidens caracasanaDC.
  • Bidens caucalideaDC.
  • Bidens chilensisDC.
  • Bidens ciliataHoffmanns. ex Fisch. & C.A.Mey.
  • Bidens daucifoliaDC.
  • Bidens deamiiSherff
  • Bidens decussataPav. ex DC.
  • Bidens decussataPav. ex Steud.
  • Bidens dichotomaDesf. ex DC.
  • Bidens exaristataDC.
  • Bidens hirsutaNutt. 1841 not Sw. 1788
  • Bidens hirtaJord.
  • Bidens hispidaKunth
  • Bidens hybridaThuill.
  • Bidens inermisS.Watson
  • Bidens leucantha(L.) Willd.
  • Bidens leucanthaPoepp. ex DC.
  • Bidens leucanthemus(L.) E.H.L.Krause
  • Bidens minor(Wimm. & Grab.) Vorosch.
  • Bidens minusculaH.Lév. & Vaniot
  • Bidens montaubaniPhil.
  • Bidens odorataCav.
  • Bidens orendainaeM.E.Jones
  • Bidens orientalisVelen. ex Bornm.
  • Bidens paleaceaVis.
  • Bidens pinnataNoronha
  • Bidens pumila(Retz.) Steud.
  • Bidens ramosissimaSherff
  • Bidens reflexaLink
  • Bidens roseaSch.Bip.
  • Bidens scandicinaKunth
  • Bidens striataSchott ex Sweet
  • Bidens sundaicaBlume
  • Bidens taquetiiH.Lév. & Vaniot
  • Bidens trifoliataNorona
  • Bidens valparadisiacaColla
  • Bidens viciosoiPau
  • Ceratocephalus pilosusRich. ex Cass.
  • Coreopsis albaL.
  • Coreopsis corymbifoliaBuch.-Ham. ex DC.
  • Coreopsis leucanthaL.
  • Coreopsis leucorrhizaLour.
  • Coreopsis multifidaDC.
  • Coreopsis odorataPoir.
  • Coreopsis odorataLam.
  • Glossogyne chinensisLess.
  • Kerneria dubiaCass.
  • Kerneria pilosa(L.) Lowe
  • Kerneria tetragonaMoench
Immature fruiting head Bidens Pilosa Detail of ripening infructescence 9453s.jpg
Immature fruiting head
Barbs on awn of Bidens pilosa Photo on 2020-9-16 at 12.08.jpg
Barbs on awn of Bidens pilosa
Inflorescences Bidens pilosa - Asteraceae.jpg
Inflorescences

Bidens pilosa is an annual species of herbaceous flowering plant in the daisy family Asteraceae. Its many common names include hitch hikers, black-jack, beggarticks, farmer's friends and Spanish needle, but most commonly referred to as cobblers pegs. It is native to the Americas but is widely distributed as an introduced species in other regions including Eurasia, Africa, Australia, South America and the Pacific Islands, [2] and is classified as an invasive species in some regions of the world. [3] [4]

Contents

Description

Bidens pilosa is a branched annual forb of gracile habit, growing up to 1.8 meters tall. It grows aggressively on disturbed land and often becomes weedy. The leaves are all oppositely arranged and range from simple to pinnate in form, the upper leaves with three to five dentate, ovate-to-lanceolate leaflets. The petioles are slightly winged. [5]

The plant may flower at any time of the year, but mainly in summer and autumn in temperate regions. The flowers are small heads borne on relatively long peduncles. The heads consist of about four or five broad white ray florets (ligules), surrounding many tubular yellow disc florets without ligules that develop into barbed fruits. [6]

The fruits are slightly curved, stiff, rough black rods, tetragonal in cross section, about 1 cm long, typically with two to three stiff, heavily barbed awns at their distal ends.

The infructescences form stellate spherical burrs about one to two centimeters in diameter. The barbed spines of the achenes get stuck in the feathers, fur, fleeces, clothing, etc. of people or animals that brush against the plant. [7] [8] It is an effective means of seed dispersal by zoochory, as the fruits are transported by animals. This mechanism has helped the plant become a noxious weed in temperate and tropical regions. [4] [5] [9]

Distribution

The species is native to tropical America, widely naturalized throughout the warm temperate and tropical regions of the world. [10] [11] A weed of gardens, woodlands and waste areas. [12] [13] [14]

Common names

Its many English common names include black-jack, [15] :819 beggarticks, hairy beggarticks, cobbler's pegs, devil's needles, hairy bidens, Spanish needle, farmers friend, Devils Pitchfork, hitch hikers and sticky beaks. [16] [17] [18]

Uses

Although Bidens pilosa is primarily considered a weed, in many parts of the world it is also a source of food and alternative medicine. [19] The leaves have a resinous flavor, are eaten raw or in stews or dried for storage. In eastern Africa it is used for medicinal purposes for its healing power for wounds. [20]

During the Vietnam War, soldiers[ which? ] adopted the herb as a vegetable, which led to it being known as the "soldier vegetable". [21] It is susceptible to hand weeding if small enough. Even then it must be bagged, and thick mulches may prevent it from growing. [22] [23]

Extracts from Bidens pilosa are used in Southern Africa for malaria. [23]

Chemistry

Almost 200 compounds have been isolated from B. pilosa, especially polyacetylenes and flavonoids. [24] The plant contains ethyl caffeate, a hydroxycinnamic acid. [25]

References

  1. The Plant List, Bidens pilosa L.
  2. Bidens pilosa. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER). USFS.
  3. Stohlgren, Thomas J.; Pyšek, Petr; Kartesz, John; Nishino, Misako; Pauchard, Aníbal; Winter, Marten; Pino, Joan; Richardson, David M.; Wilson, John; Murray, Brad R.; Phillips, Megan L.; Celesti-Grapow, Laura; Graham, Jim (2013). "Globalization Effects on Common Plant Species". Encyclopedia of Biodiversity. pp. 700–706. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-384719-5.00239-2. ISBN   978-0-12-384720-1.
  4. 1 2 "Cobbler's pegs". Weed Identification – Brisbane City Council. Retrieved 2024-03-16.
  5. 1 2 Flora of North America, Bidens pilosa Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 832. 1753.
  6. "Spanish needles: definition of Spanish needles in Oxford dictionary (American English) (US)". www.oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from the original on December 8, 2015. Retrieved 2016-02-11.
  7. "Plant Discoveries Sherwin Carlquist Island Biology LOSS of DISPERSIBILITY on ISLANDS". www.sherwincarlquist.com. Retrieved 2016-02-11.
  8. "beggarticks: definition of beggarticks in Oxford dictionary (American English) (US)". www.oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from the original on December 9, 2015. Retrieved 2016-02-11.
  9. Multimedia, Acura. "*Bidens pilosa — Noosa's Native Plants". noosanativeplants.com.au. Retrieved 2016-02-11.
  10. "Bidens pilosa (Blackjack)". BioNET EAFRINET Keys and Factsheets. Retrieved 2020-03-25.
  11. "Factsheet - Bidens pilosa". keyserver.lucidcentral.org. Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2016-02-11.
  12. "Bidens pilosa - Cobbler's Pegs - Edible Weeds and Bush Tucker Plant Foods". www.survival.org.au. Retrieved 2016-02-11.
  13. "Dangars Falls and Salisbury Waters". www.donsmaps.com. Retrieved 2016-02-11.
  14. "Elizabeth and Rob". elizabeth-nowell.blogspot.com.es. Retrieved 2016-02-11.
  15. Stace, C. A. (2019). New Flora of the British Isles (Fourth ed.). Middlewood Green, Suffolk, U.K.: C & M Floristics. ISBN   978-1-5272-2630-2.
  16. BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
  17. "Wilderness Survival, Tracking, and Awareness".
  18. Atlas of Living Australia, Bidens pilosa L., Cobbler's Peg
  19. Grubben, G. J. H. & O. A. Denton. (2004) Plant Resources of Tropical Africa 2. Vegetables. PROTA Foundation, Wageningen; Backhuys, Leiden; CTA, Wageningen.
  20. Pieroni, Andrea (2005). "Gathering food from the wild". In Prance, Ghillean; Nesbitt, Mark (eds.). The Cultural History of Plants. Routledge. p. 31. ISBN   0415927463.
  21. Tanaka, Yoshitaka; Van Ke, Nguyen (2007). Edible Wild Plants of Vietnam: The Bountiful Garden. Thailand: Orchid Press. p. 38. ISBN   978-9745240896.
  22. "Sustainable Horse Keeping". goldcoasthorse.com.au. Archived from the original on 2015-12-08. Retrieved 2016-02-11.
  23. 1 2 Grubben, G. J. H.; Denton, O. A., eds. (2004). Vegetables. PROTA. p. 115. ISBN   978-90-5782-147-9. OCLC   57724930.
  24. Lima Silva, Fabiana; Fischer, Dominique Corinne Hermine; Fechine Tavares, Josean; Sobral Silva, Marcelo; Filgueiras de Athayde-Filho, Petronio; Barbosa-Filho, Jose Maria (26 January 2011). "Compilation of Secondary Metabolites from Bidens pilosa L." Molecules. 16 (2): 1070–1102. doi: 10.3390/molecules16021070 . PMC   6259624 . PMID   21270729.
  25. Chiang, Yi-Ming; Lo, Chiu-Ping; Chen, Yi-Ping; Wang, Sheng-Yang; Yang, Ning-Sun; Kuo, Yueh-Hsiung; Shyur, Lie-Fen (October 2005). "Ethyl caffeate suppresses NF- κ B activation and its downstream inflammatory mediators, iNOS, COX-2, and PGE 2 in vitro or in mouse skin". British Journal of Pharmacology. 146 (3): 352–363. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706343. PMC   1576288 . PMID   16041399.