Bromius obscurus

Last updated

Bromius obscurus
Temporal range: Late Pleistocene–Present
Ꞓ
O
S
D
C
P
T
J
K
Pg
N
↓
Bromius.obscurus.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Coleoptera
Infraorder: Cucujiformia
Family: Chrysomelidae
Subfamily: Eumolpinae
Tribe: Bromiini
Genus: Bromius
Chevrolat in Dejean, 1836
Species:
B. obscurus
Binomial name
Bromius obscurus
Synonyms [1]
Genus
Species
  • Chrysomela obscuraLinnaeus, 1758
  • Chrysomela nigroquadrata DeGeer, 1775
  • Cryptocephalus vitis Fabricius, 1775
  • Chrysomela villosula Schrank, 1781
  • Eumolpus obscurus(Linnaeus, 1758)
  • Eumolpus vitis(Fabricius, 1775)
  • Eumolpus cochlearius Say, 1824
  • Adoxus obscurus(Linnaeus, 1758)
  • Adoxus obscurus var. epilobii Weise, 1882
  • Adoxus obscurus var. weisei Heyden, 1883
  • Adoxus obscurus var. concinnus Weise, 1898
  • Adoxus obscurus var. lewisi Weise, 1898
  • Adoxus obscurus japonicusOhno, 1960

Bromius obscurus, the western grape rootworm, [4] is a species of beetle in the leaf beetle family. It is the only member of the genus Bromius. The distribution of the species is holarctic; it can be found in North America, wide parts of Europe, and Asia. The species is a known pest of grape vines in Europe and western North America. [5]

Contents

Etymology

The genus is named after Bromius, an epithet of the Greek god Dionysus. [6]

Taxonomic history

Bromius obscurus was first described as Chrysomela obscura by Carl Linnaeus in his 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae. In 1836, the genus Bromius was first established by Louis Alexandre Auguste Chevrolat in Dejean's Catalogue des Coléoptères, including Linnaeus's Chrysomela obscura as well as the species Eumolpus hirtus (now in Trichochrysea ) and Cryptocephalus vitis (now a synonym of Bromius obscurus). [7] In 1837, William Kirby established the name Adoxus (derived from the Greek for "inglorious") as a subgenus of Eumolpus, with the species Cryptocephalus vitis as the type. [2] Adoxus was later found to be a synonym of Bromius, though historically some entomologists preferred to use the name Adoxus, since at the time it was thought Chevrolat's name was unavailable. [8]

The generic name BromiusChevrolat in Dejean, 1836 is a conserved name. It was threatened by Eumolpus in the sense used by Kugelann in Illiger, 1798, which included both Chrysomela obscura and Cryptocephalus vitis. This was because Latreille had designated the latter as the type species of Eumolpus in 1810, placing Bromius as a synonym of Eumolpus. An application to conserve Bromius and other names by suppressing EumolpusIlliger, 1798 was accepted by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in 2012. [9] [10]

Description and variations

B. obscurus adult with brown elytra and tibiae Bromius obscurus 213729163.jpg
B. obscurus adult with brown elytra and tibiae

Bromius obscurus adults are generally colored black, covered with dull yellow-grey hairs. The elytra and tibiae are either black or reddish-brown. The basal four segments of the antennae are colored orange-red. The species measures 5.0–6.0 mm in body length. [11]

A number of variations of the species have been described: [12]

Historically there was disagreement over whether the obscurus and villosulus variations were in fact two separate species or not, based on morphological differences as well as other factors such as habitat and range of food plants. More recently, authors variously treat them as either variations or separate subspecies of B. obscurus. [13]

The villosulus variation is superficially similar to the species Aoria rufotestacea from Korea. In 2014, it was found that virtually all the Korean specimens of Bromius obscurus were in fact Aoria rufotestacea. [12]

Distribution

B. obscurus is a widespread Holarctic species. In North America, it is distributed across Canada south to North Carolina in the east and California in the west. [14] In Asia, it is one of the few eumolpine species recorded from the north of Siberia. [12]

In the United Kingdom, the B. obscurus was historically known from a single 10 km2 square on the Cheshire/Staffordshire border around the Bosley area. [11] However, the species has not been recorded in this area since 1992. According to a report from 2014, it was very recently found from one site in Scotland, which remains the species' only known location in the UK. [15]

Biology

B. obscurus is known to be geographically parthenogenetic: North American populations of the species reproduce sexually, while European populations reproduce asexually and are triploids. [12]

A stridulatory apparatus has been observed on the upper sides of the wings of B. obscurus, the first known in representatives of the subfamily Eumolpinae. It takes a form of a darkened convex microstructure spot near the end of each wing, between the RS and Cu veins. [16]

Symbiotic bacteria are associated with symbiotic organs found in the gut of B. obscurus. In females, the bacteria are also associated with genital accessory organs. Molecular phylogenetic analysis has showed that the bacterial symbiont of B. obscurus belongs to a distinct lineage of the Gammaproteobacteria. [17]

Fossil record

Fossils of B. obscurus have been found in northeastern Russia, dating back to the late Pleistocene. [18]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Flea beetle</span> Tribe of small jumping beetles

The flea beetle is a small, jumping beetle of the leaf beetle family (Chrysomelidae), that makes up the tribe Alticini which is part of the subfamily Galerucinae. Historically the flea beetles were classified as their own subfamily.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eumolpinae</span> Subfamily of leaf beetles

The Eumolpinae are a subfamily of the leaf beetles, or Chrysomelidae. It is one of the largest subfamilies of leaf beetles, including more than 500 genera and 7000 species. They are oval, and convex in form, and measure up to 10 mm in size. Typical coloration for this subfamily of beetles ranges from bright yellow to dark red. Many species are iridescent or brilliantly metallic blue or green in appearance.

<i>Cheilotoma</i> Genus of beetles

Cheilotoma is a genus of beetles in the subfamily Cryptocephalinae of the leaf beetles family.

<i>Eumolpus</i> (beetle) Genus of leaf beetles

Eumolpus is a genus of leaf beetles in the subfamily Eumolpinae. It includes 40 species, most of which have a large size and include some of the largest members of the subfamily. They are distributed throughout the Neotropical realm, though one species has been recorded as far north as Arizona, and the genus is not found in the Caribbean.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chrysomelini</span> Tribe of beetles

Chrysomelini is a tribe of leaf beetles in the family Chrysomelidae. There are over 150 described genera in Chrysomelini, variously arranged into subtribes, though the exact number and constituency of these subtribes is a source of ongoing debate.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chalepini</span> Tribe of beetles

Chalepini is a tribe of leaf beetles in the family Chrysomelidae. There are at least 50 genera and 830 described species in Chalepini.

<i>Deloyala</i> Genus of beetles

Deloyala is a genus of tortoise beetles in the family Chrysomelidae. There are about 10 described species in Deloyala.

<i>Neofidia</i> Genus of leaf beetles

Neofidia is a genus of leaf beetles in the subfamily Eumolpinae. It is distributed in North and Central America. There are 24 species recognised in Neofidia.

Acronymolpus is a genus of leaf beetles in the subfamily Eumolpinae. It is endemic to New Caledonia. There are two species placed in the genus, both of which are sexually dimorphic; the females are large and reddish, and the males are small and black. A member of the tribe Eumolpini, Acronymolpus is distinguished from other members of the tribe in New Caledonia by its enlarged metacoxae, which occupy most of the first abdominal ventrite and nearly reach its posterior margin.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eumolpini</span> Tribe of leaf beetles

Eumolpini is a tribe of leaf beetles in the subfamily Eumolpinae. It is the largest tribe in the subfamily, with approximately 170 genera found worldwide. Members of the tribe almost always have a longitudinal median groove on the pygidium, which possibly helps to keep the elytra locked at rest. They also generally have a subglabrous body, as well as appendiculate pretarsal claws.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Luperini (beetle)</span> Tribe of beetles

Luperini is a tribe of skeletonizing leaf beetles in the family Chrysomelidae. There are more than 30 genera and 500 described species in Luperini.

<i>Megascelis</i> Genus of leaf beetles

Megascelis is a genus of leaf beetles in the subfamily Eumolpinae. It is known from both North and South America. There are around 140 described species in Megascelis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Typophorini</span> Tribe of leaf beetles

Typophorini is a tribe of leaf beetles in the subfamily Eumolpinae. The tribe contains approximately 100 genera, which are found worldwide. Members of the tribe are mainly characterized by notches on the tibiae of the middle and hind legs, which are sometimes referred to as antenna cleaners. They also generally have a subglabrous body, as well as bifid pretarsal claws.

Tanybria is a genus of leaf beetles in the subfamily Eumolpinae. It is distributed in Africa.

<i>Chrysochus</i> Genus of beetles

Chrysochus is a genus of leaf beetles in the subfamily Eumolpinae. It is known from North America, Europe and Asia.

Scelodonta is a genus of leaf beetles in the subfamily Eumolpinae. The genus includes over 70 species, mainly from the Afrotropical, Palearctic and Oriental biogeographic realms. Only three species are found in Australia.

<i>Chrysochus asclepiadeus</i> Species of beetle

Chrysochus asclepiadeus is a member of the leaf beetle subfamily Eumolpinae. It is considered the type species of the genus Chrysochus, though it has sometimes been placed within the genus Eumolpus. It is the only species of Chrysochus distributed in the western Palaearctic. It is mainly found in Europe, though it is also known from Kazakhstan and Turkey in Asia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Euryopini</span> Tribe of leaf beetles

Euryopini is a tribe of leaf beetles in the subfamily Eumolpinae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bromiini</span> Tribe of leaf beetles

Bromiini is a tribe of leaf beetles in the subfamily Eumolpinae. The tribe contains approximately 120 genera, which are found worldwide. They are generally thought to be an artificial group, often with a subcylindrical prothorax without lateral ridges and covered with setae or scales.

References

  1. ↑ Moseyko, A. G.; Sprecher-Uebersax, E. (2010). "Eumolpinae". In Löbl, I.; Smetana, A. (eds.). Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera. Volume 6. Chrysomeloidea. Stenstrup, Denmark: Apollo Books. pp. 619–643. ISBN   978-87-88757-84-2.
  2. 1 2 Kirby, W. (1837). "The insects". In Richardson, J. (ed.). Fauna Boreali-Americana; or the zoology of the northern parts of British America: containing descriptions of the objects of natural history collected on the late northern land expeditions, under command of Captain Sir John Franklin, RN. Vol. Part the fourth and last. Norwich.: J. Fletcher. p. 209.
  3. ↑ Bezděk, J. (2020). "Review of the genus-level names proposed by Johannes Gistel in Chrysomelidae (Coleoptera)". Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae . 60 (1): 173–188. doi: 10.37520/aemnp.2020.011 .
  4. ↑ "Species Bromius obscurus - Western Grape Rootworm". BugGuide. Retrieved 25 July 2020.
  5. ↑ "Pest Alert – Western Grape Rootworm (Bromius obscurus)" (PDF). www2.gov.bc.ca. Retrieved 4 March 2019.
  6. ↑ Chevrolat, L.A.A. (1842). "Bromius". In d'Orbigny, C. (ed.). Dictionnaire Universel d'Histoire Naturelle. Vol. 2. Paris: MM. Renard, Martinet et Cie. pp. 740–741.
  7. ↑ Bousquet, Yves; Bouchard, Patrice (2013). "The genera in the second catalogue (1833–1836) of Dejean's Coleoptera collection". ZooKeys (282): 1–219. doi:10.3897/zookeys.282.4401. PMC   3677338 . PMID   23794836.
  8. ↑ Baly, J. S. (1865). "Attempt at a classification of the Eumolpidae. (Cont.)". The Journal of Entomology. 2: 433–442.
  9. ↑ Moseyko, A.G.; Sprecher-Uebersax, E.; Löbl, I. (2010). "Case 3519 Eumolpus Weber, 1801, Chrysochus Chevrolat in Dejean, 1836 and Bromius Chevrolat in Dejean, 1836 (Insecta, Coleoptera, chrysomelidae): proposed conservation of usage". The Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature . 67 (3): 218–224. doi:10.21805/bzn.v67i3.a10. S2CID   83763033.
  10. ↑ ICZN (2012). "Opinion 2298 (Case 3519) Eumolpus Weber, 1801, Chrysochus Chevrolat in Dejean, 1836 and Bromius Chevrolat in Dejean, 1836 (Insecta, Coleoptera, chrysomelidae): usage conserved". The Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature . 69 (2): 147–149. doi:10.21805/bzn.v69i2.a6. S2CID   83692416. The Commission has conserved the usage of the generic names Eumolpus Weber, 1801, Chrysochus Chevrolat in Dejean, 1836 and Bromius Chevrolat in Dejean, 1836 by suppressing the name Eumolpus Illiger, 1798.
  11. 1 2 "Bromius obscurus (Linnaeus, 1758) | UK Beetle Recording". coleoptera.org.uk. Retrieved 4 March 2019.
  12. 1 2 3 4 An, Seunglak; Hong, Chang‐Ki; Kim, Seulki; Lee, Seongkyun; Cho, Soowon (2014). "Aoria rufotestacea Faimaire (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) long been confused as Bromius obscurus (Linnaeus) in Korea". Entomological Research. 44 (2): 80–85. doi:10.1111/1748-5967.12052. S2CID   85785577.
  13. ↑ Vig, Károly (2011). "On whose shoulders we stand – the pioneering entomological discoveries of Károly Sajó". ZooKeys (157): 159–179. doi:10.3897/zookeys.157.2044. PMC   3253647 . PMID   22303108.
  14. ↑ "Genus Bromius". BugGuide. Retrieved 25 July 2020.
  15. ↑ A review of the scarce and threatened beetles of Great Britain: The leaf beetles and their allies. Chrysomelidae, Megalopodidae and Orsodacnidae. Species Status No. 19. Natural England Commissioned Report, Number 161 (Report). Natural England. 2014. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
  16. ↑ Medvedev, L.N.; Muravitzky, O.S. (2009). "On the presence of a stridulatory apparatus in leaf beetles of the subfamily Eumolpinae (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae)". Entomological Review. 89 (9): 1030–1034. doi:10.1134/S0013873809090036. S2CID   34046712.
  17. ↑ Fukumori, K.; Koga, R.; Nikoh, N.; Fukatsu, T. (2017). "Symbiotic bacteria associated with gut symbiotic organs and female genital accessory organs of the leaf beetle Bromius obscurus (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)". Applied Entomology and Zoology. 52 (4): 589–598. doi:10.1007/s13355-017-0513-0. S2CID   12021751.
  18. ↑ Kiselev, S. V.; Nazarov, V. I. (2009). "Late Cenozoic insects of northern Eurasia". Paleontological Journal . 43 (7): 732–850. doi:10.1134/S0031030109070016. S2CID   128794777.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.