Celtis reticulata

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Celtis reticulata
Celtis reticulata 2.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Rosales
Family: Cannabaceae
Genus: Celtis
Species:
C. reticulata
Binomial name
Celtis reticulata
Celtis reticulata range map 3.png
Natural range of Celtis reticulata

Celtis reticulata, with common names including netleaf hackberry, [2] western hackberry, Douglas hackberry, [3] netleaf sugar hackberry, palo blanco, and acibuche, [4] is a small- to medium-sized deciduous tree native to western North America. [5] [6]

Description

Celtis reticulata usually grows to a small-sized tree, 6 to 9 metres (20 to 30 feet) in height and mature at 15 to 35 centimetres (6 to 14 inches) in diameter, although some individuals are known up to 21 m (70 ft) high and 60 cm (24 in) thick. [7] It is often scraggly, stunted or even a large bush. [8] It grows at altitudes of 500–1,700 m (1,600–5,600 ft). [9]

Hackberry bark is gray to brownish gray with the trunk bark forming vertical corky ridges that are checkered between the furrows. The young twigs are puberulent, or covered with very fine hairs. The blade of the leaves can be 2–8 cm (343+14 in) long, usually about 5–6 cm (2–2+12 in). They are lanceolate to ovate, disproportionate at the base, leathery, entire to serrate (tending toward serrate), clearly net-veined, base obtuse to more or less cordate, tip obtuse to acuminate, and scabrous, with a dark green upper surface and a yellowish-green lower surface. The small stalks attaching the leaf blade to the stem (the petioles) are generally about 5 to 6 millimetres (316 to 14 in) long.

The flowers are very small, averaging 2 mm across. They form singly, or in cymose clusters [10] pedicel in fr 4–15 mm.[ clarification needed ] The fruit is a rigid, brownish to purple berry, 5 to 12 mm in diameter, with thin, sweet pulp. [11] [6] If uneaten, they can stay on the plant through early winter. [7]

Similar species

C. reticulata is often confused with the related species Celtis pallida , the spiny hackberry or desert hackberry, Celtis occidentalis , the common hackberry, and Celtis laevigata , the sugarberry or southern hackberry.

Distribution and habitat

Prehistoric

Celtis reticulata was one of the species analyzed in a pollen core sampling study in northern Arizona, in which the early to late Holocene flora association was reconstructed; this study in the Waterman Mountains (Pima County, Arizona) demonstrated that C. reticulata was found to be present after the Wisconsinan glaciation, but is not a current taxon of this former Pinyon–juniper woodland area which is now in central and northern Arizona. [12]

Current

At its western edge, the tree's natural range includes the Columbia River Basin of Oregon, Washington, and western Idaho. [13] It can also be found in Southern California in the southwestern Sierra Nevada foothills, the Peninsular Ranges and eastern Transverse Ranges, and the Mojave Desert sky islands. [9]

Its central range includes the Rio Grande watershed and the Chihuahuan Desert in southern Arizona and New Mexico, western Texas, and northern Sonora-Chihuahua-Coahuila. It is also found in the Madrean Sky Islands of the Sierra Madre Occidental in northern Sonora, and in the White Mountains and along the Mogollon Rim in Arizona. The banks of the Colorado River also provide suitable habitat, from the Grand Canyon northeast through Utah to western Colorado. [6]

Its easternmost natural range is in the hills of Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, and Louisiana. [13]

The species grows in alluvial soils and rocky sites far above the water line. It is very drought tolerant, accepting sites with only 18 cm (7 in) in annual precipitation. [7]

Ecology

The leaves are eaten by a number of insects, particularly certain moth caterpillars. The berries are eaten by wildlife, [14] including birds. Mule deer and bighorn sheep eat the fresh twigs. Beavers feed on the plant as well. [7]

Cultivation

Celtis reticulata is cultivated by plant nurseries and available as an ornamental plant for native plant, drought-tolerant, natural landscape, and habitat gardens, and for ecological restoration projects. [15]

Uses

The berries and seeds have long been used as a food source by Native Americans of the Southwestern United States, including the Apache (Chiricahua and Mescalero), both fresh and preserved, [16] and the Navajo, who eat them both fresh and ground. [17]

Related Research Articles

<i>Celtis</i> Genus of flowering plants belonging to the hop and hemp family

Celtis is a genus of about 60–70 species of deciduous trees, commonly known as hackberries or nettle trees, widespread in warm temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. The genus is part of the extended Cannabis family (Cannabaceae).

<i>Prunus virginiana</i> Species of plant

Prunus virginiana, commonly called bitter-berry, chokecherry, Virginia bird cherry, and western chokecherry, is a species of bird cherry native to North America.

<i>Robinia neomexicana</i> Species of plant native to North America

Robinia neomexicana, the New Mexican, New Mexico, Southwest, desert, pink, or rose locust, is a shrub or small tree in the subfamily Faboideae of the family Fabaceae.

<i>Frangula californica</i> Species of tree

Frangula californica is a species of flowering plant in the buckthorn family native to western North America. It produces edible fruits and seeds. It is commonly known as California coffeeberry and California buckthorn.

<i>Parkinsonia microphylla</i> Species of tree

Parkinsonia microphylla, the yellow paloverde, foothill paloverde or little-leaved palo verde; syn. Cercidium microphyllum), is a species of palo verde.

<i>Celtis occidentalis</i> Species of tree

Celtis occidentalis, commonly known as the common hackberry, is a large deciduous tree native to North America. It is also known as the nettletree, sugarberry, beaverwood, northern hackberry, and American hackberry. It is a moderately long-lived hardwood with a light-colored wood, yellowish gray to light brown with yellow streaks.

<i>Phoradendron</i> Genus of mistletoes

Phoradendron is a genus of mistletoe, native to warm temperate and tropical regions of the Americas. The center of diversity is the Amazon rainforest. Phoradendron is the largest genus of mistletoe in the Americas, and possibly the largest genus of mistletoes in the world. Traditionally, the genus has been placed in the family Viscaceae, but recent genetic research acknowledged by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group shows this family to be correctly placed within a larger circumscription of the sandalwood family, Santalaceae.

<i>Celtis laevigata</i> Species of tree

Celtis laevigata is a medium-sized tree native to North America. Common names include sugarberry, southern hackberry, or in the southern U.S. sugar hackberry or just hackberry.

<i>Celtis lindheimeri</i> Species of plant

Celtis lindheimeri, also called Lindheimer's hackberry, is a species of tree in the family Cannabaceae. It is typically found in areas of central Texas and northeastern Mexico. It has a height averaging 9 meters, and produces a reddish-brown berry. It is a species closely related to netleaf hackberry which is common in western United States. The Spanish common name is "palo blanco", meaning "white tree", which is commonly used to identify this tree. It is named after its discoverer Ferdinand Lindheimer, a German-born botanical collector and Texas newspaper editor.

<i>Forestiera</i> Genus of flowering plants

Forestiera is a genus of flowering plants in the olive family, Oleaceae. Members of the genus are often called swampprivets. Most are shrubs.

<i>Psorothamnus spinosus</i> Species of legume

Psorothamnus spinosus, or Delea spinosa, is a perennial legume tree of the deserts in North America. Common names include smokethorn, smoketree, smoke tree, smokethorn dalea, and corona de Cristo.

<i>Olneya</i> Genus of legumes

Olneya tesota is a perennial flowering tree of the family Fabaceae, legumes, which is commonly known as ironwood, desert ironwood, or palo fierro in Spanish. It is the only species in the monotypic genus Olneya. This tree is part of the western Sonoran Desert in Mexico and United States.

<i>Condalia globosa</i> Species of tree

Condalia globosa, also called bitter condalia, or bitter snakewood, is a perennial shrub, small tree of the family Rhamnaceae.

<i>Sambucus racemosa</i> Species of plant

Sambucus racemosa is a species of elderberry known by the common names red elderberry and red-berried elder.

<i>Rhus glabra</i> Species of flowering plant

Rhus glabra, the smooth sumac, is a species of sumac in the family Anacardiaceae, native to North America, from southern Quebec west to southern British Columbia in Canada, and south to northern Florida and Arizona in the United States and Tamaulipas in northeastern Mexico.

<i>Ceanothus pauciflorus</i> Species of flowering plant

Ceanothus pauciflorus, known by the common name Mojave ceanothus, is a species of flowering shrub in the buckthorn family, Rhamnaceae. It is native to the Southwestern United States and Mexico, where it grows primarily in shrubland communities at moderate to high elevations. It is characterized by oppositely arranged leaves, corky stipules and white flowers. It was formerly known as Ceanothus greggii.

<i>Populus fremontii</i> Species of tree

Populus fremontii, commonly known as Frémont's cottonwood, is a cottonwood native to riparian zones of the Southwestern United States and northern through central Mexico. It is one of three species in Populus sect. Aigeiros. The tree was named after 19th-century American explorer and pathfinder John C. Frémont.

<i>Quercus turbinella</i> Species of plant

Quercus turbinella is a North American species of oak known by the common names shruboak, turbinella oak, shrub live oak, and gray oak. It is native to Arizona, California, New Mexico, Utah, Colorado, and Nevada in the western United States. It also occurs in northern Mexico.

<i>Quercus arizonica</i> Species of oak tree

Quercus arizonica, the Arizona white oak, is a North American tree species in the beech family. It is found in Arizona, New Mexico, western Texas, Sonora, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Sinaloa, and Durango.

<i>Salix laevigata</i> Species of willow

Salix laevigata, the red willow or polished willow, is a species of willow native to the southwestern United States and northern Baja California.

References

  1.  C. reticulata was first described and published in Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York 1: 247. 1824. "Name - Celtis reticulata Torr". Tropicos. Saint Louis, Missouri: Missouri Botanical Garden . Retrieved August 25, 2010.
  2. "Celtis reticulata". Germplasm Resources Information Network . Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved January 12, 2018.
  3. DeBolt, Ann M. (2002) "Celtis reticulata Torr. netleaf hackberry" United States Forest Service
  4. Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower database
  5. "Netleaf Hackberry" Archived June 28, 2011, at the Wayback Machine Tree New Mexico
  6. 1 2 3 http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=CELAR&mapType=large&photoID=celar_001_ahp.tif USDA: profile
  7. 1 2 3 4 Arno, Stephen F.; Hammerly, Ramona P. (2020) [1977]. Northwest Trees: Identifying & Understanding the Region's Native Trees (field guide ed.). Seattle: Mountaineers Books. pp. 249–251. ISBN   978-1-68051-329-5. OCLC   1141235469.
  8. "Index of Species Information: Celtis reticulata" United States Forest Service
  9. 1 2 http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?7729,7730,7731 Jepson
  10. Benson, Lyman D. and Darrow, Robert A. (1981) "Celtis: Hackberry, Palo Blanco" Trees and Shrubs of the Southwestern Deserts (3rd edition) University of Arizona Press, Tucson, Arizona, pages 154-155 ISBN   0-8165-0591-8
  11. Jepson, Willis Linn (1993) The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California (edited by James C. Hickman) University of California Press, Berkeley, California, p. 1081, ISBN   0-520-08255-9
  12. C. Michael Hogan. 2009
  13. 1 2 Little Jr., Elbert L. (1976). "Map 33, Celtis reticulata". Atlas of United States Trees. Vol. 3 (Minor Western Hardwoods). US Government Printing Office. LCCN   79-653298. OCLC   4053799.
  14. Little, Elbert L. (1994) [1980]. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees: Western Region (Chanticleer Press ed.). Knopf. p. 416. ISBN   0394507614.
  15. http://plants.usda.gov/java/charProfile?symbol=CELAR USDA: Plant Characteristics
  16. http://herb.umd.umich.edu/herb/search.pl?searchstring=Rhus+microphylla U.Michigan: Ethnobotany
  17. Peattie, Donald Culross (1953). A Natural History of Western Trees. New York: Bonanza Books. p. 470.