City of San Francisco (train)

Last updated

City of San Francisco
OP-19316.jpg
Union Pacific train 101, the City of San Francisco, near Cheyenne, Wyoming on December 4, 1948
Overview
Service type Inter-city rail
StatusDiscontinued
Locale Western United States
First serviceJune 14, 1936;88 years ago (1936-06-14)
Last serviceJune 10, 1972;52 years ago (1972-06-10)
Successor San Francisco Zephyr
Former operator(s)
Route
Termini Chicago, Illinois (pre-1971)
Denver, Colorado (post-1971)
Oakland, California
San Francisco, California
Stops
  • 37 (westbound)
  • 38 (eastbound)
Average journey time
  • 45 hours 45 minutes (westbound)
  • 43 hours 44 minutes (eastbound)
Train number(s)
  • 103-101 (westbound)
  • 102-104 (eastbound)
Line(s) used Overland Route
Technical
Track gauge 4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm)
Operating speed
  • 49.5 mph (westbound)
  • 51.8 mph (eastbound)

The City of San Francisco was a streamlined through passenger train which ran from 1936 to 1971 on the Overland Route between Chicago, Illinois and Oakland, California, with a ferry connection on to San Francisco. It was owned and operated jointly by the Chicago and North Western Railway (1936–55), Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad (1955–71), the Union Pacific Railroad, and the Southern Pacific Railroad. It provided premium extra fare service from Chicago to San Francisco when introduced in 1936 with a running time of 39 hours and 45 minutes each way.

Contents

History

Southern Pacific SDP45 leads City of San Francisco west at SN overpass .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap} 38deg17'24''N 121deg57'35''W / 38.29degN 121.9597degW / 38.29; -121.9597 , Cannon CA, in April 1971-- just before Amtrak SP 3200 with 101 at Cannon April 1971xRP.jpg
Southern Pacific SDP45 leads City of San Francisco west at SN overpass 38°17′24″N121°57′35″W / 38.29°N 121.9597°W / 38.29; -121.9597 , Cannon CA, in April 1971— just before Amtrak

The City of San Francisco (TR 101-102) made its first run between Chicago and Oakland/San Francisco on June 14, 1936.

On July 26, 1941, a second set of equipment entered service allowing departures ten times per month each way. The added service replaced the short-lived steam powered Pullman-built mostly heavyweight (steel) streamline Forty-Niner that had operated an almost ten-hour slower 49-hour run five times a month between Chicago and San Francisco from July 8, 1937 to July 27, 1941. [1] [2] Under an order of the War Production Board, no new head-end or passenger cars of any type (other than "military sleepers") were built and delivered to US railroads from mid 1942 until late 1945. [3]

On October 1, 1946, service was increased to thrice weekly departures from both Chicago and San Francisco made every Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday evening. [4] On September 1, 1947, the City became daily with the creation of additional train sets to support seven-day-a-week operation in both directions of its 39-and-a-half-hour service. This change relegated the long-standing (since 1887) Overland to a secondary, no longer "limited" train in providing daily service between Chicago and Oakland/San Francisco on the Overland Route. [5] [1]

Competing streamlined passenger trains were, starting in 1949, the California Zephyr on the Western Pacific (WP), Denver and Rio Grande Western (D&RGW), and Chicago, Burlington and Quincy (CB&Q) Railroads, and starting in 1954, the San Francisco Chief on the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway (AT&SF).

On October 30, 1955, the Milwaukee Road replaced the Chicago and North Western between Chicago and Omaha. [6] In 1960 the City of San Francisco was combined with the City of Los Angeles east of Ogden.

On July 16, 1962, the SP's San Francisco Overland (TR 27-28) ended its long run as a separate San Francisco/Oakland to Ogden year-round daily train when that service was consolidated with the City of San Francisco except for occasional summer and holiday seasonal extra section runs of the Overland which service ended on January 2, 1964. [7] [8]

On May 1, 1971, Amtrak took over all long-distance inter city passenger operations in the United States, discontinuing the MILW-UP-SP City of San Francisco. Amtrak retained the name for the thrice-weekly Denver–San Francisco/Oakland portion of the run until June 1972, when the entire Chicago-San Francisco/Oakland route became daily again as the San Francisco Zephyr . [9] Amtrak replaced its service between Chicago and San Francisco/Oakland on July 16, 1983 with its current daily train, the California Zephyr, when a portion of the route was moved from Union Pacific tracks in Wyoming to those of the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad in Colorado. [10]

Incidents

On August 12, 1939, the City of San Francisco derailed near Palisade, Nevada. Two dozen passengers and crew members were killed with many more injured. The incident was ruled an act of sabotage, but remains unsolved despite years of investigation. [11]

On January 13, 1952, the westbound City of San Francisco was trapped in a blizzard at Yuba Pass in the Sierra Nevada, 17 miles (27 km) west of Donner Pass (Track #1 at 39°19′34″N120°35′35″W / 39.3262°N 120.593°W / 39.3262; -120.593 ). Snow drifts from 100-mile-per-hour (160 km/h) winds blocked the train, burying it in 12 feet (3.7 meters) of snow and stranding it for six days. The event made international headlines. During the effort to reach the train, the railroad's snow-clearing equipment and snow-blowing rotary plows became frozen to the tracks near Emigrant Gap. Hundreds of workers and volunteers, including escaped German POW Georg Gaertner, rescued stranded passengers by clearing nearby Route 40 to reach the train. The 196 passengers and 30 crewmembers were evacuated within 72 hours of rescuers reaching the train. Upon evacuation, they traveled on foot to vehicles that carried them the few highway miles to Nyack Lodge. The train itself was extricated three days later on January 19. [12] [13]

Operations and equipment

The M-10004 trainset at Reno, Nevada on a trial run City of San Francisco trial run 1936.JPG
The M-10004 trainset at Reno, Nevada on a trial run
City of San Francisco baggage label 1936 City of San Francicso baggage label 1936.jpg
City of San Francisco baggage label 1936
First run of the new (l) and last of the original (r) City train sets, January 2, 1938. Note the lower and tapered profile of the older cars. "City of San Francisco" January 2, 1938.jpg
First run of the new (l) and last of the original (r) City train sets, January 2, 1938. Note the lower and tapered profile of the older cars.
The new 17-car City consist crossing over the Great Salt Lake (Lucin Cutoff) c. 1939 City of San Francisco 17-car consist 1941.jpg
The new 17-car City consist crossing over the Great Salt Lake (Lucin Cutoff) c. 1939
SP mailer, Oct 1, 1946 City of San Francisco SP mailer October 1, 1946.jpg
SP mailer, Oct 1, 1946

A consist is the group of rail vehicles (cars plus locomotives) making up a train. [14]

The 1936 City of San Francisco had a Pullman-built 11-car articulated lightweight streamline consist: two 1,200 hp (890 kW) diesel-electric power unit cars (M-10004A/B), a baggage-mail car, a baggage-dormitory-kitchen car, a diner-lounge car, four named sleeper cars, a 48-seat chair car, and a 38-seat coach-buffet-blind end observation car. [15] [16] [17] [1] [18]

The City's original train set was replaced on January 2, 1938, with an all new 1⁄4-mile-long (400 m), semi-articulated 17-car lightweight streamline consist made up of one EMC-E2A and two EMC-E2B 1,800 hp (1,300 kW) diesel-electric power unit cars (SF 1-2-3) built by the Electro-Motive Corporation (now EMD), and 14 aluminum-alloy girder-type Pullman-built cars consisting of an auxiliary power-baggage-dormitory car, a 54-seat chair car, a 32-seat coffee shop-kitchen car, a 72-seat diner, a dormitory-buffet-lounge car, eight named sleeper cars, and an 84-foot 6-inch buffet-lounge-observation car (NOB HILL) said to be the "longest passenger car built in the United States" to that time. [19] [20] [21]

Former City of San Francisco Sleeper Civic Center Civic Center Pullman Sleeper Car.jpg
Former City of San Francisco Sleeper Civic Center

While costing over $2 million to build, operating costs (fuel, crew, etc) for the train were less than two cents per passenger-mile. [22] After both the original and new train sets made a joint run from Oakland to Chicago on that date, the older 11-car consist was shopped for a seven-month rebuild and then used over the next decade as the City of Los Angeles , City of Denver , or City of Portland before being withdrawn in spring 1948 and eventually scrapped. [1] [23]

The City of San Francisco train sets were jointly owned by the C&NW, UP and SP with the exception of the sleepers which were Pullman-owned until 1945 when two of those cars were acquired by the C&NW and a dozen by the UP. [24] [25] [26] The new train was capable of speeds up to 110 miles per hour (180 km/h) and accommodated 222 passengers. [27] Sleeping car space was double that of conventional trains with 168 berths compared to 84 while chair car space was increased to 54. [22] The new City consist had 60 compartments, drawing rooms, bedrooms, and "roomettes" instead of the regular nine for a larger variety of sleeping accommodations to choose from than on any train in America. [22] Among the premium services provided on the train were stewardess-nurses, a barber shop, a shower bath, and an internal telephone system. All regularly assigned cars were also air-conditioned. [28] Frequency remained at five trips per month each way.

From 1942 to 1946, the lounge-observation car Nob Hill and lounge-buffet car Marina were removed from the City of San Francisco's two train sets and placed in storage during WWII in compliance with a General Order of the Office of Defense Transportation (ODT) banning the carriage of strictly luxury cars without passenger revenue capacity. Those cars were replaced with sleepers. [29] [30] [31]

A fifth consist made possible by the deliveries of new post war cars was added to the City of San Francisco in 1950. [32]

As with the City of Los Angeles , many of the train's cars bore the names of locales around its namesake city, including Mission Dolores, the nickname given to San Francisco's Mission San Francisco de Asís.

Other railroad uses of the name City of San Francisco

The City of San Francisco name has been applied to a 10/6 sleeping car built by Pullman Standard in the early 1950s. The car is now owned by the Boone and Scenic Valley Railroad and operates on the line's dinner and first class trains. Union Pacific itself has a dome lounge car used on excursion and executive trains which carries the City of San Francisco name.

See also

Related Research Articles

<i>California Zephyr</i> (1949–1970) Passenger train operated from 1949 to 1970 in the U.S.

The California Zephyr was a passenger train that ran between Chicago, Illinois, and Oakland, California, via Omaha, Denver, Salt Lake City, Winnemucca, Oroville and Pleasanton in the United States. It was operated by the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy (CB&Q), Denver & Rio Grande Western (D&RGW) and Western Pacific (WP) railroads, all of which dubbed it "the most talked about train in America" on March 19, 1949, with the first departure the following day. The train was scheduled to pass through the most spectacular scenery on its route in the daylight. The original train ceased operation in 1970, though the D&RGW continued to operate its own passenger service, the Rio Grande Zephyr, between Salt Lake City and Denver, using the original equipment until 1983. In 1983 a second iteration of the California Zephyr, an Amtrak service, was formed. The current version of the California Zephyr operates partially over the route of the original Zephyr and partially over the route of its former rival, the City of San Francisco.

<i>Broadway Limited</i> Former Pennsylvania Railroad and Amtrak passenger train

The Broadway Limited was a passenger train operated by the Pennsylvania Railroad (PRR) between New York City and Chicago. It operated from 1912 to 1995. It was the Pennsylvania's premier train, competing directly with the New York Central Railroad's 20th Century Limited. The Broadway Limited continued operating after the formation of Penn Central (PC) in February 1968, one of the few long-distance trains to do so. PC conveyed the train to Amtrak in 1971, who operated it until 1995. The train's name referred not to Broadway in Manhattan, but rather to the "broad way" of PRR's four-track right-of-way along the majority of its route.

<i>City of Denver</i> (train) Streamlined passenger train of the Union Pacific Railroad

The City of Denver was a streamlined passenger train operated by the Union Pacific Railroad between Chicago, Illinois, and Denver, Colorado. It operated between 1936 and 1971. From 1936–1955 the Chicago and North Western Railway handled the train east of Omaha, Nebraska; the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad handled it thereafter. The train was the fastest long-distance train in the United States when it debuted in 1936, covering 1,048 miles (1,687 km) in 16 hours. For almost its entire career its principal competitor was the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad's Denver Zephyr. When Amtrak assumed operation of most intercity trains in the United States in 1971, it discontinued the City of Denver, preferring to use the Burlington's route between Chicago and Denver.

<i>City of Los Angeles</i> (train)

The City of Los Angeles was a streamlined passenger train between Chicago, Illinois, and Los Angeles, California via Omaha, Nebraska, and Ogden, Utah. Between Omaha and Los Angeles it ran on the Union Pacific Railroad; east of Omaha it ran on the Chicago and North Western Railway until October 1955 and on the Milwaukee Road thereafter. The train had number 103 westbound and number 104 eastbound.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dome car</span> American panoramic rail coach with en external dome

A dome car is a type of railway passenger car that has a glass dome on the top of the car where passengers can ride and see in all directions around the train. It also can include features of a coach, lounge car, dining car, sleeping car or observation. Beginning in 1945, dome cars were primarily used in the United States and Canada, though a small number were constructed in Europe for Trans Europ Express service.

<i>North Coast Limited</i> Former named passenger train

The North Coast Limited was a named passenger train operated by the Northern Pacific Railway between Chicago and Seattle via Bismarck, North Dakota. It started on April 29, 1900, and continued as a Burlington Northern Railroad train after the merger on March 2, 1970 with Great Northern Railway and the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad. The next year, it ceased operations after the trains which left their originating stations on April 30, 1971, the day before Amtrak began service, arrived at their destinations.

<i>Chief</i> (train)

The Chief was an American long-distance named passenger train of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway that ran between Chicago, Illinois and Los Angeles, California. The Santa Fe initiated the Chief in 1926 to supplement the California Limited. In 1936 the Super Chief was introduced, after the Super Chief was relaunched in 1948 with daily departures from LA and Chicago it gradually eclipsed the Chief as the standard bearer of the Santa Fe because of its timetable oriented to the Raton Pass transit. For some the Chief and San Francisco Chief as deluxe integrated trains with both Pullman sleepers and fully reclining coach seating with all facilities; lounges and pleasure domes, available to all passengers were at least equal flagships better suited to the business and executive market. From the mid 1960s the super Chief was only a small entirely separate section of the El Capitan seated vista train, the El Capitan passengers having no access to the Super Chiefs expensive eateries and bars which selling point was exclusion and service. The Chief was discontinued in 1968 due to high operating costs, competition from airlines, and the loss of Postal Office contracts.

<i>Coast Daylight</i> Southern Pacifics premier San Francisco-Los Angeles passenger train

The Coast Daylight, originally known as the Daylight Limited, was a passenger train on the Southern Pacific Railroad (SP) between Los Angeles and San Francisco, California, via SP's Coast Line. It was advertised as the "most beautiful passenger train in the world," carrying a particular red, orange, and black color scheme. The train operated from 1937 until 1974, being retained by Amtrak in 1971. Amtrak merged it with the Coast Starlight in 1974.

<i>Grand Canyon Limited</i> ATSF Railway passenger service

The Grand Canyon Limited was one of the named passenger trains of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway. It was train Nos. 23 & 24 between Chicago, Illinois, and Los Angeles, California.

<i>Denver Zephyr</i> Streamlined passenger train in the U.S.

The Denver Zephyr was a streamlined passenger train operated by the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad between Chicago, Illinois, and Denver, Colorado. In peak years it ran to Colorado Springs. It operated from 1936 to 1973. The Denver Zephyr continued operating after the Burlington Northern Railroad merger in 1970. BN conveyed the train to Amtrak in 1971; Amtrak merged it with the Denver–Oakland City of San Francisco to form the San Francisco Zephyr and dropped the "Denver" name in 1973.

<i>Rio Grande Zephyr</i> Former American passenger train

The Rio Grande Zephyr was a passenger train operated by Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad between Denver, Colorado and Ogden, Utah from 1970 until 1983. In operation after the creation of publicly-funded Amtrak, the Rio Grande Zephyr was the last privately-operated interstate passenger train in the United States.

<i>Challenger</i> (train) Former passenger train operated by the Union Pacific Railroad

The Challengers were named passenger trains on the Union Pacific Railroad and the Chicago and North Western Railway. The economy service ran between Chicago, Illinois, and the West Coast of the United States. The trains had full Pullman service and coach seating and were an attempt to draw Depression-Era riders back to the rails. Food service was advertised as "three meals for under a dollar a day."

<i>Rocky Mountain Rocket</i> 1939 to 1966 US passenger train

The Rocky Mountain Rocket was a streamlined passenger train of the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad. Rock Island's train numbers 7 and 8 ran between Chicago's LaSalle Street Station and Denver's Union Station and Colorado Springs, Colorado. The Rocky Mountain Rocket ran from 1939 to 1966; the train was discontinued prior to the creation of Amtrak in 1971.

<i>Southerner</i> (U.S. train)

The Southerner was a streamlined passenger train operated by the Southern Railway in the United States between New York City and New Orleans via Charlotte, Atlanta and Birmingham. It operated from 1941 to 1970.

<i>Texas Chief</i> Passenger train operated by the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway

The Texas Chief was a passenger train operated by the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway between Chicago, Illinois and Galveston, Texas. It was the first Santa Fe "Chief" outside the Chicago–Los Angeles routes. The Santa Fe conveyed the Texas Chief to Amtrak in 1971, which renamed it the Lone Star in 1974. The train was discontinued in 1979.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Super Dome (railcar)</span> Fleet of full-length dome cars

The Super Dome was a Dome car built by Pullman-Standard for the Milwaukee Road in 1952. The ten Super Domes were the first full-length dome cars in revenue service, first operating on the Olympian Hiawatha and Twin Cities Hiawatha in late 1952. Although a mixed blessing in passenger use, the cars garnered much publicity for the Milwaukee Road and several remain in operation.

<i>Mainstreeter</i>

The Mainstreeter was a passenger train on the Northern Pacific Railway between Chicago, Illinois, and the Pacific Northwest from 1952 to 1971. When the North Coast Limited got a faster schedule in November 1952 the Mainstreeter was introduced, running roughly on the North Coast's old schedule but via Helena. Unlike the North Coast the Mainstreeter was not a true streamliner as it carried both new lightweight and traditional heavyweight coaches. It replaced another train, the Alaskan. The name referred to the Northern Pacific's slogan, "Main Street of the Northwest." While Amtrak did not retain the train as part of its initial route structure, it created a new train named the North Coast Hiawatha several months afterwards. That train ran until 1979.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pacific series (railcar)</span>

The Pacific series is a fleet of fifty lightweight streamlined sleeping cars built by the Budd Company for the Union Pacific Railroad in 1949–1950. Each car contained ten roomettes and six double bedrooms. Union Pacific sold several to the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad in the late 1960s; Amtrak purchased most of the fleet in the early 1970s. Several remain in use as business cars.

<i>Overland Limited</i> (UP train) American named railroad service

The Overland Limited was an American named passenger train which for much of its history was jointly operated by three railroads on the Overland Route between San Francisco and Chicago. The Southern Pacific Railroad handled the train west of Ogden, Utah, the Union Pacific Railroad between Ogden and Omaha, Nebraska/Council Bluffs, Iowa, and east of the Missouri River to Chicago it was operated by the Chicago and North Western Railway as well as, for a few years starting in 1955, by the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">View series</span>

The View series was a fleet of six sleeper-observation lounges built by Pullman-Standard for use on the Pennsylvania Railroad's passenger trains. Pullman built four in 1938 and another two in 1949 after World War II. Their most prominent assignment was on the Broadway Limited, the Pennsylvania's flagship New York–Chicago train, but they were also assigned to the General and the Liberty Limited. Several of the cars have been preserved.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Heath, Erle (1945). Seventy-Five Years of Progress: Historical Sketch of the Southern Pacific. San Francisco: Southern Pacific Railroad. pp. 38–39.
  2. ↑ Wayner 1972 , p. 150
  3. ↑ "Railroads: The U.P. Trail". Time . July 30, 1945.
  4. ↑ 1942 Annual Report, The Chicago & Northwestern Railway Company, p. 7
  5. ↑ Beebe, Lucius Morris (1963). The Overland Limited. Berkeley, CA: Howell-North Books. p. 50.
  6. ↑ "Now ... Service to all the West". The Milwaukee Road Magazine, Vol. 43, No. 7. October 1955. pp. 4-6
  7. ↑ ICC Financial Docket No. 21946 (Filed February 5, 1962, decided July 6, 1962, served July 16, 1962)
  8. ↑ Southern Pacific Overland Route Time Tables (Form 4), July 16, 1962
  9. ↑ "San Francisco Zephyr route guide, 1975". Amtrak A History of America's Railroad. http://history.amtrak.com Archived January 25, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
  10. ↑ "Last passenger trains rolling across Wyoming". Spokesman-Review . July 13, 1983.[ permanent dead link ]
  11. ↑ Haine, Col. Edgar A. (1994). Train Wrecks. Cranbury, NJ: Cornwall Books. p. 107.
  12. ↑ Bull, Howard W. (January 1953). "'The Case of the Stranded Streamliner' The rescue of SP's snowbound 'City of San Francisco' at Yuba Pass, January 13-19, 1952". Trains & Travel. Vol 13, #3.
  13. ↑ Hartlaub, Peter (December 3, 2022). "1952 Sierra blizzard turned snowbound luxury train into frigid hell". San Francisco Chronicle.
  14. ↑ A railroad train "consist" is defined by 49 CFR §210.7 as "one or more locomotives coupled to a rail car or rail cars." Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Administration. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 49, Parts 200 to 299, Transportation. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office (2005), p. 59
  15. ↑ Wayner 1972 , p. 142
  16. ↑ M-10004 CITY OF SAN FRANCISCO The Coach Yard.com
  17. ↑ Schafer, Mike; Welsh, Joe (1997). Classic American Streamliners. Osceola, Wisconsin: MotorBooks International. p. 17. ISBN   978-0-7603-0377-1.
  18. ↑ Strack, Don (1999). Diesels of the Union Pacific, 1934-1982, The Classic Era, Volume 1. Halifax, PA: Withers Publishing Co.
  19. ↑ DeNevi 1977 , pp. 9–13
  20. ↑ Wayner 1972 , pp. 139, 150
  21. ↑ "Southern Pacific Passenger Trains: The City of San Francisco" Espee.Railfan.net
  22. 1 2 3 DeNevi 1977 , p. 15
  23. ↑ Wayner 1972 , pp. 142–44
  24. ↑ The Official Guide of the Railways and Steam Navigation Lines of the United States, Puerto Rico, Canada, Mexico and Cuba. Vol. 70. New York: National Railway Publication Company. 1938. p. 39.
  25. ↑ "Railway Age" Vol. 111 (1941). New York: Simmons-Boardman Publishing Corporation. p. 305
  26. ↑ Wayner 1972 , p. 152–53
  27. ↑ "NEW STREAMLINER FOR S.F.-CHICAGO RUN". San Francisco: Southern Pacific News Bureau. January 17, 1938
  28. ↑ Dubin, Arthur D. (1964). Some Classic Trains. Milwaukee: Kalmbach Books. pp. 186–189.
  29. ↑ Wayner 1972 , p. 157
  30. ↑ President Franklin D. Roosevelt: "Executive Order 8989 Establishing the Office of Defense Transportation", December 18, 1941 Archived September 24, 2015, at the Wayback Machine The American Presidency Project, University of California, Santa Barbara
  31. ↑ Eastman, Joseph B. "The Office of Defense Transportation" Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 230, Transportation: War and Postwar (Nov. 1943), pp. 1-4
  32. ↑ Wayner 1972 , p. 163

Bibliography

  • DeNevi, Don (1977). Tragic Train: The City of San Francisco -- The Development and Historic Wreck of a Streamliner. Superior Publishing. ISBN   0875645259.
  • Solomon, Brian (2000). Union Pacific Railroad. Osceola, Wisconsin: MBI. ISBN   0-7603-0756-3.
  • Wayner, Robert J. (1972). Car Names, Numbers and Consists. New York: Wayner Publications.
External videos
Nuvola apps kaboodle.svg Newsreel: Snowstorm strands dozens on Donner Pass - 1952
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.