Connecticut in the American Civil War

The New England state of Connecticut played an important role in the American Civil War, providing arms, equipment, technology, funds, supplies, and soldiers for the Union Army and the Union Navy. Several Connecticut politicians played significant roles in the Federal government and helped shape its policies during the war and the Reconstruction.

Connecticut at the beginning of the war

Before the Civil War, Connecticut residents such as Leonard Bacon, Simeon Baldwin, Horace Bushnell, Prudence Crandall, Jonathan Edwards (the younger) and Harriet Beecher Stowe, were active in the abolitionist movement, ^[1] and towns such as Farmington ^[2] and Middletown were stops along the Underground Railroad. ^[3] Slavery in Connecticut had been gradually phased out beginning in 1797 with less than 100 slaves in Connecticut by 1820; slavery was not completely outlawed, however, until 1848. ^[4]

The state, along with the rest of New England, had voted for Republican presidential candidate John C. Frémont in the 1856 presidential election, giving "the Pathfinder" all 6 electoral votes. The Republicans opposed the extension of slavery into the territories, and Connecticut residents embraced their slogan "Free speech, free press, free soil, free men, Frémont and victory!" ^[5] Four years later, once again Connecticut favored the Republican candidate, this time Illinois lawyer Abraham Lincoln. Residents cast 58.1% of their ballots for Lincoln, versus 20.6% for Northern Democrat Stephen Douglas and 19.2% for Southern Democrat John C. Breckinridge. A handful of voters (1,528 or 2% of the ballots cast) favored John Bell of Tennessee. ^[6]

The 1860 U.S. census enumerated 460,147 people living in Connecticut as of June 1 of that year. Of that count, 451,504 were white, with only 8,627 blacks and 16 Indians. More than 80,000 of the whites were foreign-born, with 55,000 coming from Ireland. More than 20% of the population was still engaged in farming, but industry and the trades had become major employers. ^[7] Starting in the 1830s, and accelerating when Connecticut abolished slavery entirely in 1848, African Americans from in- and out-of-state began relocating to urban centers for employment and opportunity, forming new neighborhoods such as Bridgeport's Little Liberia. ^[8]

War efforts

Governor William Buckingham was a wealthy businessman and energetic Republican; he won a narrow election in April 1860, as a moderate Republican who was temperamentally cautious. His anti-slavery attitude hardened as the war went on. Even before Fort Sumter, he collaborated with fellow Republican governors in New England, and alerted the state militia to watch out for sabotage. The state specialized in machinery, and had a strong reputation for making artillery and firearms. The opposition party, the Democrats, were largely dominated by the antiwar or peace element, led by former governor Thomas H. Seymour. When Lincoln called for troops the day after Fort Sumter, Buckingham mobilized militia units, but had no state authority for financing the war. The legislature was not in session, but the banks eagerly volunteered to loan money to the state until the Legislature made good. ^[9]

Digital remake of the flag flown in Brookfield by local copperheads to show support for peace

Military recruitment and participation

Following the bombardment of Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor in April 1861, a few days later, on the 15th, President Lincoln called for volunteers to join the new Union army. The next day, Governor William A. Buckingham, like Lincoln a Republican, issued a proclamation urging his citizens to join state-sponsored regiments and artillery batteries. ^[11] In response, by the end of the month, the 1st Connecticut Infantry and two other regiments had been raised and recruited for a term of three months (all the time that was expected to be needed to crush the rebellion and end the war). Daniel Tyler of Brooklyn was selected as the 1st Regiment's initial colonel, and the regiment arrived in Washington, D.C., on May 10. ^[12]

The state furnished thirty full regiments of infantry, including two that were made up of black men. Two regiments of heavy artillery also served as infantry toward the end of the war. Connecticut also supplied three batteries of light artillery and one regiment of cavalry. ^{[13] [14]}

Fort Trumbull in New London served as an organizational center for Union troops and headquarters for the U.S. 14th Infantry Regiment. Here, troops were recruited and trained before being sent to war. ^[15] Among the regiments trained there was the 14th Connecticut Infantry, which played a prominent role in the Army of the Potomac's defense of Cemetery Ridge during the Battle of Gettysburg. ^{[16] [17]} The 2nd Connecticut Heavy Artillery (19th Connecticut Infantry) suffered significant casualties in the 1864 Overland Campaign and the Siege of Petersburg. Among the troops from the "Nutmeg State" that fought in the Trans-Mississippi Theater was the 9th Connecticut Infantry, which aided in the capture of New Orleans, Louisiana, as part of the "New England Brigade."

During the war, the State Hospital in New Haven (a precursor to Yale-New Haven Hospital) was leased to the government to serve as the Knight U.S. Army General Hospital. 23,340 soldiers were treated in the hospital with only 185 deaths. ^[18]

One of the first officers killed in the Civil War was New Haven's Theodore Winthrop, who died in an early engagement at Big Bethel in western Virginia. ^[19]

Casualties from Connecticut military units during the war included 97 officers and 1094 enlisted men killed in action, with another 700 men dying from wounds while more than 3,000 perished from disease. Twenty-seven men were executed for crimes, including desertion. More than 400 men were reported as missing; the majority were likely held by the Confederate Army as prisoners of war. ^[20]

The homefront

Prominent among military manufacturers with Connecticut ties was the New Haven Arms Company, which provided the army with the Henry rifle, developed by New Haven's Benjamin Tyler Henry. ^[21] Colt's Manufacturing Company, founded and owned by Hartford-born industrialist Samuel Colt, was another significant arms and munitions supplier. The company shipped large quantities of sidearms to the Union Navy. ^[22] The Hartford-based firm of Pratt & Whitney provided machinery and support equipment to Army contractors to produce weapons. Most of the brass buttons used on Federal uniforms, belt buckles and other fittings, were made in Waterbury, the "Brass City", notably by the Chase Brass and Copper Company. ^[23] The shipyards at Mystic provided ships for the Union Navy. The USS Monticello (1859), USS Galena (1862), USS Varuna (1861) were all built at Mystic.

The popular late war marching song Marching Through Georgia was written by Henry Clay Work, a Middletown resident. ^[24]

Notable leaders from Connecticut

Nathaniel Lyon, lithograph possibly depicting the Battle of Wilson's Creek.

Glastonbury native Gideon Welles was a prominent member of the Lincoln Cabinet and perhaps its leading conservative. He was the Secretary of the Navy from 1861 to 1869 and was the architect of the planning and execution of the blockade of Southern ports. During his tenure, he increased the size of the United States Navy tenfold. ^[25]

Shortly after the war began, Col. Daniel Tyler of the 1st Connecticut was promoted to brigadier general. Later, other field officers in Connecticut regiments such as Alfred Terry, Henry Warner Birge (both born in Hartford), and Robert O. Tyler of the 4th Connecticut Infantry would be raised in rank to general. Some Connecticut-born men with antebellum U.S. Army service also became leading generals early in the war, including Ashford-born Nathaniel Lyon, one of the war's earliest army commanders to be killed when he was shot down at the Battle of Wilson's Creek in Missouri. Cornwall's John Sedgwick commanded the Union VI Corps for much of the war until killed at the Spotsylvania Court House. He was succeeded by Horatio G. Wright of Clinton, a long-time officer in the Regular Army. ^[26]

Major General Joseph K. Mansfield of Middletown led the II Corps of the Union Army of the Potomac during the middle of 1862. He was killed in action at the Battle of Antietam during the 1862 Maryland Campaign. ^[27] Another casualty of the fighting at Antietam was Brig. Gen. George Taylor, who had been educated at a private military academy in Middletown.

Joseph R. Hawley of New Haven commanded a division in the Army of the Potomac during the Siege of Petersburg and was promoted in September 1864 to brigadier general. Concerned over keeping the peace during the November elections, Hawley commanded a hand-picked brigade shipped to New York City to safeguard the election process. ^[28] Other Union generals with Connecticut roots included Henry W. Benham of Meriden, Luther P. Bradley of New Haven, William T. Clark of Norwich, Orris S. Ferry of Bethel, and Alpheus S. Williams of Deep River. ^[26]

New Haven native Andrew Hull Foote received the Thanks of Congress for his distinguished actions in commanding the Mississippi River Squadron gunboat flotilla in the capture of Forts Henry and Donelson and Island No. 10. ^[29]

Civil War attractions in Connecticut

The New England Civil War Museum is housed in the Memorial Building in Rockville. It includes the old headquarters of the local post of the Grand Army of the Republic. The museum includes the Hirst Brothers' Collection (14th Connecticut Volunteer Infantry), the Thomas F. Burpee Collection (colonel, 21st Connecticut Volunteer Infantry), and the Weston Collection (musician, 5th Connecticut Volunteer Infantry). The museum and library (along with the hall and its rooms) are the property of the Alden Skinner Camp #45 of the Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War. In addition, the museum contains the O'Connell-Chapman Library, which has more than a thousand volumes of Civil War literature. ^[30]

Fort Trumbull now serves as a state park with exhibits detailing its history. ^[15]

The Connecticut 29th Colored Infantry Regiment Monument is located in Criscuolo Park in New Haven, which is where more than 900 Black recruits trained.

Memorialization

There are 100 Civil War Monuments in Connecticut on average, especially in New Haven, which contains eight. ^{[31] [32]} The Soldiers and Sailors Monument is located on the 366-foot summit of East Rock in New Haven. The monument is visible for miles from the surrounding area. It honors the residents of New Haven who gave their lives in the American Revolutionary War, the War of 1812, the Mexican–American War, and the American Civil War. ^[33] Other monuments in New Haven include the Broadway Civil War Memorial (1905) and the Yale Civil War Memorial at Woolsey Hall (1915). ^[32] The memorial in Woolsey Hall honors the dead of both the Union and the Confederation. ^[34] The only other memorial honoring a confederate soldier in Connecticut is the G. W. Smith stone in New London. ^[31]

Mountain Grove Cemetery in Bridgeport contains an impressive Civil War monument and the graves of 83 veterans of the Union Army. ^[35]

There are also monuments dedicated to Connecticut soldiers at battle sites in other states, for example, the monument to the 27th Connecticut Infantry at Gettysburg ^[36] and the Joseph K. F. Mansfield monument at Antietam. ^[37]

See also

• American Civil War portal
• Connecticut portal

• Category:Units and formations of the Union army from Connecticut
• Greenwich in the American Civil War
• List of Connecticut Civil War units
• Category:People of Connecticut in the American Civil War

References

Citations

1. "Connecticut Abolitionism, Connecticuthistory.org a CThumanities Program". Connecticut History. Retrieved May 10, 2025.
2. "Underground railroad, Connecticut Freedom Trail and Amistad sites tour in Farmington". Connecticut Freedom Trail. Retrieved May 10, 2025.
3. Warner, Elizabeth A. (2001). A pictorial history of Middletown. Norfolk, VA: Greater Middletown Preservation Trust, Donning Publishers. OCLC   69172328.
4. "Timeline of Connecticut Slavery". Fortune's Story. Retrieved May 10, 2025.
5. "Presidential Election of 1856 Popular Vote Carried". multied.com. September 24, 2004. Archived from the original on December 9, 2004. Retrieved May 10, 2025.
6. Leip, David. "1860 Presidential General Election Results". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved May 10, 2025.
7. "U.S. Census of 1860" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved May 10, 2025.
8. Reitz, Stephanie (2009-11-23). "Group tries to preserve 2 historic Conn. homes". Boston Globe. Associated Press. Retrieved 2010-08-02.
9. Miller, Richard F., ed. (2013). States at war. Volume I, A reference guide for Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont in the Civil War. Hanover: University Press of New England. pp. 52–57. ISBN   978-1-61168-377-6. OCLC   862938868.
10. Singh, Vinti (April 9, 2010). "Historic Brookfield flag symbolizes intricacies of Civil War political divide". News-Times. Retrieved May 10, 2025.
11. Buckingham, Samuel G. (1894). The life of William A. Buckingham, the war governor of Connecticut, with a review of his public acts, and especially the distinguished services he rendered his country during the war of the rebellion. Springfield, MA: The W.F. Adams Company. OCLC   1048319034.
12. "Connecticut Military Department". ct.gov. Retrieved May 10, 2025.
13. Dyer, Frederick Henry (1908). A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion (PDF). Des Moines, IA: Dyer Pub. Co. p. 21. OCLC   1403309 . Retrieved August 8, 2015.
14. Federal Publishing Company (1908). Military Affairs and Regimental Histories of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, And Delaware (PDF). The Union Army: A History of Military Affairs in the Loyal States, 1861–65 – Records of the Regiments in the Union army – Cyclopedia of battles – Memoirs of Commanders and Soldiers. Vol. I. Madison, WI: Federal Publishing Company. p. 258. OCLC   694018100.
15. "History of Fort Trumbull". geocities.com. July 29, 2009. Archived from the original on October 26, 2009. Retrieved May 10, 2025.
16. Page, Charles D. (1906). History of the Fourteenth Regiment, Connecticut Vol. Infantry. Meriden, Conn.: The Horton Printing Co. pp. 135–166. LCCN   07017336. OCLC   903483400.
17. Goddard, Henry Perkins (1877). 14th C.V : regimental reminiscences of the war of the rebellion. Middletown, Conn.: C.W. Church, steam printer. pp. 2–12. LCCN   12017136. OCLC   263172967.
18. "The Knight Hospital". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2014-12-19.
19. Cousin, John W. (1910). A short biographical dictionary of English literature. London, New York: J.M. Dent ; E.P. Dutton. p. 411. LCCN   12024679. OCLC   890579990 . Retrieved May 10, 2025.
20. Croffut, William Augustus; Morris, John Moses (1869). Military and Civil History of Connecticut During the War of 1861-1865 (pdf). New York, NY: Ledyard Bill. p. 852. LCCN   02012886. OCLC   263031235 . Retrieved October 23, 2016.
21. "1860 Henry Rifle". antiquestopic.com. Retrieved May 10, 2025.
22. "Colt 1861 Navy Model". antiquestopic.com. Retrieved May 10, 2025.
23. Chase Brass and Copper Company, LLC (March 9, 2016). "Chase Brass and Copper Company History". chasebrass.com. Archived from the original on October 16, 2015. Retrieved May 11, 2025.
24. "Henry Clay Work". Public Domain Music. March 9, 2020. Retrieved May 11, 2025.
25. "Mr. Lincoln's White House: Gideon Welles". mlwh.org (in Swedish). Retrieved May 11, 2025.
26. Croffut, William Augustus; Morris, John Moses (1869). Military and Civil History of Connecticut During the War of 1861-1865 (pdf). New York, NY: Ledyard Bill. pp. 850–851. LCCN   02012886. OCLC   263031235 . Retrieved October 23, 2016.
27. Eicher, David J.; McPherson, James M. & McPherson, James Alan (2001). The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War (PDF) (1st ed.). New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. p. 363. ISBN   978-0-7432-1846-7. LCCN   2001034153. OCLC   231931020 . Retrieved 6 July 2020.
28. Wilson, James Grant; Fiske, John, eds. (1887). Appletons' Cyclopaedia of American Biography. Vol. 3. New York: D. Appleton and Company. pp. 123–124. LCCN   06043076. OCLC   659515318 . Retrieved May 11, 2025.
29. "DANFS biography of Andrew Foote". history.navy.mil. September 29, 2004. Archived from the original on February 29, 2004. Retrieved May 11, 2025.
30. "Vernon". NE Civil War Museum. January 1, 1970. Retrieved May 11, 2025.
31. "CHS: Civil War Monuments of Connecticut: List of Towns". Connecticut Museum of Culture and History. May 21, 1937. Retrieved May 11, 2025.
32. Appel, Allan (May 25, 2009). "The Dead Named". New Haven Independent. Retrieved May 11, 2025.
33. "City of New Haven Connecticut Parks Department". cityofnewhaven.com. October 21, 2007. Archived from the original on December 21, 2007. Retrieved October 11, 2008.
34. "Yale Civil War Memorial". October 21, 2007. Archived from the original on October 16, 2007. Retrieved May 29, 2009.
35. "CHS: Civil War Monuments of Connecticut". chs.org. June 15, 2006. Archived from the original on October 16, 2007. Retrieved May 29, 2009.
36. "27th Connecticut Infantry, Gettysburg Monument". virtualgettysburg.com. Retrieved May 11, 2025.
37. Parvis, Paul B. (June 10, 2007). "Update On 2 Connecticut Monuments At Antietam". civilwarnews.com. Archived from the original on August 7, 2008. Retrieved May 11, 2025.

• Buckingham, Samuel G. (1894). The life of William A. Buckingham, the war governor of Connecticut, with a review of his public acts, and especially the distinguished services he rendered his country during the war of the rebellion. Springfield, MA: The W.F. Adams Company. OCLC   1048319034. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
• Connecticut Adjutant-General's Office (1889). Smith, Stephen R.; Camp, Frederick E.; Barbour, Lucius A.; White, George M. (eds.). Record of service of Connecticut men in the army and navy of the United States during the War of the Rebellion. Hartford, Conn.: Press of the Case, Lockwood & Brainard Co. p. 1071. OCLC   1015977 . Retrieved May 9, 2025. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
• Croffut, William Augustus; Morris, John Moses (1869). Military and Civil History of Connecticut During the War of 1861-1865 (pdf). New York, NY: Ledyard Bill. p. 891. LCCN   02012886. OCLC   263031235 . Retrieved October 23, 2016. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
• Dyer, Frederick Henry (1908). A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion (PDF). Des Moines, IA: Dyer Pub. Co. pp. 11–13, 21, 40, 114, 1006–1016. OCLC   1403309 . Retrieved August 8, 2015. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
• Eicher, David J.; McPherson, James M. & McPherson, James Alan (2001). The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War (PDF) (1st ed.). New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. p. 990. ISBN   978-0-7432-1846-7. LCCN   2001034153. OCLC   231931020 . Retrieved 6 July 2020.
• Federal Publishing Company (1908). Military Affairs and Regimental Histories of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, And Delaware (PDF). The Union Army: A History of Military Affairs in the Loyal States, 1861–65 – Records of the Regiments in the Union army – Cyclopedia of battles – Memoirs of Commanders and Soldiers. Vol. I. Madison, WI: Federal Publishing Company. pp. 258–310. OCLC   694018100. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
• Goddard, Henry Perkins (1877). 14th C.V : regimental reminiscences of the war of the rebellion. Middletown, Conn.: C.W. Church, steam printer. pp. 2–12. LCCN   12017136. OCLC   263172967. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
• McSeveney, Samuel T. (November 1, 1985). "Winning the Vote for Connecticut Soldiers in the Field, 1862-1864: A Research Note and Historiographical Cpmment". Connecticut History Review. 26 (26). University of Illinois Press: 115–124. doi:10.2307/44369254. ISSN   0884-7177. JSTOR   44369254.
• Miller, Richard F., ed. (2013). A reference guide for Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont in the Civil War. States at War. Vol. I. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England. ISBN   978-1-61168-377-6. OCLC   862938868.
• Page, Charles D. (1906). History of the Fourteenth Regiment, Connecticut Vol. Infantry. Meriden, Conn.: The Horton Printing Co. pp. 135–166. LCCN   07017336. OCLC   903483400. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
• Reitz, Stephanie (2009-11-23). "Group tries to preserve 2 historic Conn. homes". Boston Globe. Associated Press. Retrieved 2010-08-02.
• Ripley, George; Dana, Charles A., eds. (1864). The American Annual Cyclopædia and Register of Important Events ... Embracing political, civil, military, and social affairs; public documents; biography, statistics, commerce, finance, literature, science, agriculture, and mechanical industry (pdf). Appleton's Annual Cyclopedia. Vol. III. New York, NY: D. Appleton and Company. pp. 329–330. hdl:2027/nyp.33433082407382. OCLC   21796262 . Retrieved May 9, 2025. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
• Silliman, Justus Mitchell (1984). Marcus, Edward (ed.). A New Canaan private in the Civil War : letters of Justus M. Silliman, l7th Connecticut Volunteers (pdf) (1st ed.). New Canaan, CT: New Canaan Historical Society. p. 132. ISBN   0-939958-01-5. LCCN   84062216. OCLC   1330617853 . Retrieved May 9, 2025.
• Warner, Elizabeth A. (2001). A pictorial history of Middletown. Norfolk, VA: Greater Middletown Preservation Trust, Donning Publishers. OCLC   69172328.
• Wilson, James Grant; Fiske, John, eds. (1887). Appletons' Cyclopaedia of American Biography. Vol. 3. New York: D. Appleton and Company. pp. 123–124. LCCN   06043076. OCLC   659515318 . Retrieved May 11, 2025.
• "Connecticut Abolitionism, Connecticuthistory.org a CThumanities Program". Connecticut History. Retrieved May 10, 2025.
• "Underground railroad, Connecticut Freedom Trail and Amistad sites tour in Farmington". Connecticut Freedom Trail. Retrieved May 10, 2025.
• "Timeline of Connecticut Slavery". Fortune's Story. Retrieved May 10, 2025.
• "Presidential Election of 1856 Popular Vote Carried". multied.com. September 24, 2004. Archived from the original on December 9, 2004. Retrieved May 10, 2025.
• Leip, David. "1860 Presidential General Election Results". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved May 10, 2025.
• "U.S. Census of 1860" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved May 10, 2025.
• Singh, Vinti (April 9, 2010). "Historic Brookfield flag symbolizes intricacies of Civil War political divide". News-Times. Retrieved May 10, 2025.
• "Connecticut Military Department". ct.gov. Retrieved May 10, 2025.
• "History of Fort Trumbull". geocities.com. July 29, 2009. Archived from the original on October 26, 2009. Retrieved May 10, 2025.
• "1860 Henry Rifle". antiquestopic.com. Retrieved May 10, 2025.
• "Colt 1861 Navy Model". antiquestopic.com. Retrieved May 10, 2025.
• Chase Brass and Copper Company, LLC (March 9, 2016). "Chase Brass and Copper Company History". chasebrass.com. Archived from the original on October 16, 2015. Retrieved May 11, 2025.
• "Henry Clay Work". Public Domain Music. March 9, 2020. Retrieved May 11, 2025.
• "Mr. Lincoln's White House: Gideon Welles". mlwh.org (in Swedish). Retrieved May 11, 2025.
• "DANFS biography of Andrew Foote". history.navy.mil. September 29, 2004. Archived from the original on February 29, 2004. Retrieved May 11, 2025.
• "Vernon". NE Civil War Museum. January 1, 1970. Retrieved May 11, 2025.
• "CHS: Civil War Monuments of Connecticut: List of Towns". Connecticut Museum of Culture and History. May 21, 1937. Retrieved May 11, 2025.
• Appel, Allan (May 25, 2009). "The Dead Named". New Haven Independent. Retrieved May 11, 2025.
• "City of New Haven Connecticut Parks Department". cityofnewhaven.com. October 21, 2007. Archived from the original on December 21, 2007. Retrieved October 11, 2008.
• "Yale Civil War Memorial". October 21, 2007. Archived from the original on October 16, 2007. Retrieved May 29, 2009.
• "CHS: Civil War Monuments of Connecticut". chs.org. June 15, 2006. Archived from the original on October 16, 2007. Retrieved May 29, 2009.
• virtualgettysburg.com http://www.virtualgettysburg.com/exhibit/monuments/pages/sr083.html . Retrieved May 11, 2025.{{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
• Parvis, Paul B. (June 10, 2007). "Update On 2 Connecticut Monuments At Antietam". civilwarnews.com. Archived from the original on August 7, 2008. Retrieved May 11, 2025.

Further reading

• Cowden, Joanna D. (1983). "The Politics of Dissent: Civil War Democrats in Connecticut". New England Quarterly. 56 (4): 538–554. doi:10.2307/365104. JSTOR   365104.
• Hamblen, Charles P. (1993). Powell, Walter Louis (ed.). Connecticut Yankees at Gettysburg (pdf) (1st ed.). Kent, OH: Kent State University Press. p. 152. ISBN   978-0-585-26225-3. LCCN   92034747. OCLC   45728924 . Retrieved May 10, 2025.
• Hines, Blaikie (2002). Civil War Volunteer Sons of Connecticut. Thomaston, ME: American Patriot Press. ISBN   978-0-9709888-7-4. OCLC   50771803.
• Keating, Ryan W. (2017). Shades of green : Irish regiments, American soldiers, and local communities in the Civil War era. New York: Fordham University Press. ISBN   978-0-8232-7659-2. OCLC   963914073.
• Lane, Jarlath Robert (1941). A Political History of Connecticut During the Civil War. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press. OCLC   4060302.
• McSeveney, Samuel T. (1986). "Re-electing Lincoln: The Union Party Campaign and the Military Vote in Connecticut" . Civil War History. 32 (2): 139–158. doi:10.1353/cwh.1986.0032. ISSN   1533-6271 . Retrieved May 10, 2025.
• Niven, John (1965). Connecticut for the Union: The Role of the State in the Civil War (1st ed.). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. p. 493. LCCN   65011186. OCLC   426812 . Retrieved May 10, 2025.
• Renda, Lex (2002). ""A White Man's State in New England": Race, Party, and Suffrage in Civil War Connecticut". In Cimbala, Paul A.; Miller, Randall M. (eds.). An Uncommon Time: The Civil War and the Northern Home Front (1st ed.). New York, NY: Fordham University Press. pp. 243–279. ISBN   978-0-8232-2195-0. OCLC   49320373.
• Talmadge, John E. (1964). "A Peace Movement in Civil War Connecticut" . The New England Quarterly. 37 (3): 306–321. doi:10.2307/364033. ISSN   0028-4866. JSTOR   364033 . Retrieved May 10, 2025.
• Teed, Paul E. (April 1, 2014). "Idealism and Ambition: Joseph R. Hawley, the 7th Connecticut, and the Battle of Olustee". Connecticut History Review. 53 (1): 63–85. doi:10.2307/44370219. ISSN   0884-7177. JSTOR   44370219.
• Teed, Paul E. (2019). Joseph and Harriet Hawley's Civil War: Partnership, Ambition, and Sacrifice. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books. ISBN   978-1-4985-0410-2. OCLC   1050962418.
• Vaill, Dudley Landon (1908). The County Regiment: A Sketch of the Second Regiment of Connecticut Volunteer Heavy Artillery, Originally the Nineteenth Volunteer Infantry, in the Civil War (pdf) (1st ed.). Winsted, CT: Litchfield County University Club. p. 107. LCCN   08018349. OCLC   559905550 . Retrieved May 10, 2025. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
• Warshauer, Matthew (2011). Connecticut in the American Civil War: Slavery, Sacrifice and Survival . Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press. p. 313. ISBN   978-0-8195-7138-0. LCCN   2010040978. OCLC   1228588127 . Retrieved May 10, 2025.
• Warshauer, Matthew (2011). Inside Connecticut and the Civil War. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press. p. 274. ISBN   978-0-8195-7395-7. OCLC   840463193.

External links

• Union Regimental Index, Connecticut, The Civil War Archive.
• Connecticut Men in the Civil War, Connecticut Military Department.