Delairea odorata

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Delairea odorata
Starr-090519-8088-Delairea odorata-flowers and leaves-Kula-Maui (24325129764).jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae
Subfamily: Asteroideae
Tribe: Senecioneae
Genus: Delairea
Species:
D. odorata
Binomial name
Delairea odorata
Synonyms [2]
  • Delairea scandensLem.
  • Senecio mikanioidesOtto ex Walp.
  • Senecio scandensJuss. ex DC.

Delairea odorata is a climber within the family Asteraceae that is native to South Africa. One of the two species in the genus Delairea (the other being Delairea aparadensis ), it was previously included in the genus Senecio as Senecio mikanioides. [3] It is known as Cape ivy in some parts of the world (US) and German ivy [4] in others (Britain, Ireland). Other names include parlor ivy and Italian ivy. [5]

Contents

It is a twining perennial, herbaceous plant that grows 3 metres tall. [6] Its multi-lobed leaves somewhat resemble those of the unrelated English ivy. Originally used as an ornamental plant on trellises and as groundcover, it is now rarely cultivated because of its invasiveness, in addition to being a weed. [7]

Description

Leaf detail Starr 070621-7440 Delairea odorata.jpg
Leaf detail
Blooms pollinated by bees Delairea (Senecio Mikanioides).jpg
Blooms pollinated by bees

Delairea odorata is a fast-growing vine [8] that can climb to heights of 2–4 metres (7–13 ft). [7]

The glossy and semi-succulent leaves, which are 3–10 centimetres (1+1⁄4–4 in) long and 3–8 centimetres (1+1⁄4–3+1⁄4 in) wide, are alternately arranged along the stems. They have 3-10 rather broad lobes. The upper leaf surface is light green, usually with a somewhat purple cast, while the reverse is somewhat silvery. [9]

The plant's stems and leaves will die between late summer and early autumn, being superseded by new shoots that employ the old stems as climbing support. [10]

Inflorescence

Its sweet-scented [11] discoid flowers are yellow, and lack the petal-like ray florets found in typical daisies. They have tiny tubular florets surrounded by an involucre of 8-10 small green phyllaries (3–5 millimetres (15⁄128–25⁄128 in) long). Flower-heads (2–7 millimetres (5⁄64–35⁄128 in) across and 2–5 millimetres (5⁄64–25⁄128 in) long) occur in compact clusters at the ends of the branches (terminal corymbs), with clusters consisting of about 15-50 flower-heads. Flowering occurs mostly during winter to early spring. [9]

The seeds (or achenes) are approximately 2 millimetres (5⁄64 in) long and are reddish-brown in colour, with a pappus of silky white hairs that is 5–6 millimetres (25⁄128–15⁄64 in) long. [9] Most of its seed in North America and possibly elsewhere is unviable, which may be due to a lack of effective pollinators. However, the plant readily reproduce from stem fragments, stolons, or rhizomes as small as 2.5 centimetres (63⁄64 in). [12]

Habitat and distribution

This plant is somewhat scarce in its native country of South Africa, where it was originally found in the Drakensberg Mountains, on forest edges, at elevations above 1,500 metres (4,900 ft), in moist areas. Its presence in coastal areas (some of which are arid) in South Africa is probably more recent. In California, it is generally found in the coastal fog belt, with a few specimens found inland, particularly in subtropical riparian sites that feature permanent moisture. [12]

It is found in wetter, more temperate regions, but it may still be found in cooler subtropical environments, despite being frost tender. It prefers partial shade, but can withstand heavy shade. In cooler, damper areas, it can prosper in full sun. Despite its invasive nature, the plant is grown as an ornamental houseplant for its foliage. [12] Its active growth is from early autumn to late spring, with a dormant period in summer. [13]

Ecological impact

Covering native woodland in Hawaii Starr 070308-5481 Delairea odorata.jpg
Covering native woodland in Hawaii

D. odorata has been an invasive species in coastal California [14] [15] [16] [17] since 1892, [18] Hawaii, [17] coastal Oregon, [17] New Zealand [17] and southern Australia [17] (particularly in Victoria). The plant will cover shrubs and trees, inhibiting growth, and will also cover ground intensively over a wide area, thereby impeding the germination and growth of native seeds. It is toxic to animals who eat it and to fish, where it trails into waterways. [14]

D. odorata reaches reproductive maturity in two years, and can produce over 30,000 seeds annually. [7] In Hawaii, a purposely-introduced species of arctiinid moth ( Galtara extensa ), for the biological control of Senecio madagascariensis – both species originally from Madagascar – proved to feed also on D. odorata. [19]

D. odorata is the host of the ascomycete leaf spot fungus Cercospora delaireae, a species nova first described in 2013. [20] It is presently known only from the same South African native range as its host. [20] Due to the pathogen's effects – especially its leaf spot damage –C. delaireae is proposed as a potential biocontrol for D. odorata in its invasive ranges. [20]

Another organism from D. odorata's native range, the acrolepiid moth Digitivalva delaireae , can also be used as a biocontrol for D. odorata. [21] Mehelis et al., 2015 test its food preferences and find it is very selective for D. odorata. [21] Because it avoids any vulnerable native plants in California and Oregon it is a good choice specifically to control the infestations there. [21]

A report originating in California has claimed that, after walking through a thicket of Cape ivy in full bloom at his ranch, a man became lightheaded, fainted and had a seizure. Prior to this event, he had had coughing fits whilst trying to eradicate the plant, which had not been in flower at the time. [5]

Cultivation

Cultivated as a pot plant in India Senecio mikanioides-1-bsi-yercaud-salem-India.JPG
Cultivated as a pot plant in India

Germany ivy is grown as a vine or groundcover, where it can vigorously climb up posts, hedges, trees and shrubs, fences, banks, and walls. [5] The plant is cultivated in landscaping for its ivy-like leaves and scented flowers in bright light or light shade away from abundant sunlight. Propagation is done by cuttings as its stems root readily both in water and soil, without the need for a rooting hormone. Pruning is encouraged for a bushy and compact growth. [22]

Although it can tolerate drought, it thrives better in moist soils, but it cannot withstand soggy soils. When overwatered, its leaves turn brown and have curled edges. Conversely, underwatering will cause its leaves to fall. The plant flourishes in moister winter months and particularly after rainfalls where it displays bright green foliage. During the dry months it may die back to its stems or maintain a minimal growth. [5] Pests include mealy bugs and aphids, and diseases include leaf spot and root rot. [22]

History

The plant was introduced to the United States in the 19th century as a Victorian era-style houseplant. [5] In the 1850s, in Geelong, the plant was described in the Geelong Advertiser, "the great stumps, over which the little boys played leap-frog, are either gone or covered with the Cape ivy". Furthermore, 1856 and 1864 columns in the Sydney Morning Herald mention a Cape Ivy observed on the dunes at Newcastle, New South Wales and Gulaga. [23] In 1909, it was introduced as an ornamental to Kailua-Kona, Hawaii. Neal (1965) described the plant as, "both a weed and an ornamental." [5]

Similar species

German ivy is very similar to Senecio angulatus , Senecio tamoides and Senecio macroglossus . [9] A feature that distinguishes this plant from Senecio angulatus and S. tamoides are the small ear-shaped appendages at the base of the stalks of the leaves and its pompom-like flowers which do not have obvious 'petals', whereas S. angulatus and S. tamoides have daisy-like flowers. [9] [24] Atlas of Living Australia has misapplied S. tamoides for its D. odorata observations in Australia. [25]

Leaf comparison of S. angulatus, D. odorata and S. tamoides Senecio vines leaf comparison.jpg
Leaf comparison of S. angulatus, D. odorata and S. tamoides

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Asteraceae</span> Large family of flowering plants

Asteraceae is a large family of flowering plants that consists of over 32,000 known species in over 1,900 genera within the order Asterales. The number of species in Asteraceae is rivaled only by the Orchidaceae, and which is the larger family is unclear as the quantity of extant species in each family is unknown. The Asteraceae were first described in the year 1740 and given the original name Compositae. The family is commonly known as the aster, daisy, composite, or sunflower family.

<i>Jacobaea vulgaris</i> Flowering plant, daisy family Asteraceae

Jacobaea vulgaris, syn. Senecio jacobaea, is a very common wild flower in the family Asteraceae that is native to northern Eurasia, usually in dry, open places, and has also been widely distributed as a weed elsewhere.

<i>Senecio vulgaris</i> Species of flowering plant in the daisy family Asteraceae

Senecio vulgaris, often known by the common names groundsel and old-man-in-the-spring, is a flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It is an annual herb, native to the Palaearctic and widely naturalised as a ruderal species in suitable disturbed habitats worldwide.

<i>Hedera</i> Genus of flowering plants in the family Araliaceae

Hedera, commonly called ivy, is a genus of 12–15 species of evergreen climbing or ground-creeping woody plants in the family Araliaceae, native to Western Europe, Central Europe, Southern Europe, Macaronesia, northwestern Africa and across central-southern Asia east to Japan and Taiwan. Several species are cultivated as climbing ornamentals, and the name ivy especially denotes common ivy, known in North America as "English ivy", which is frequently planted to clothe brick walls.

<i>Delairea</i> Genus of flowering plants in the daisy family Asteraceae

Delairea is a genus of flowering plants within the family Asteraceae. Currently, it only features two species: Delairea odorata from Southern Africa, and the recently discovered Delairea aparadensis from Southern Brazil, which is critically endangered. D. odorata formerly belonged to the genus Senecio as Senecio mikanioides.

<i>Senecio brasiliensis</i> Species of flowering plant in the daisy family Asteraceae

Senecio brasiliensis, known by the common name flor-das-almas, (flower-of-souls), is a perennial species of the genus Senecio and family Asteraceae. It is native to fields and meadows of central South America.

Cape ivy or German ivy or parlor ivy or Italian ivy is probably:

<i>Senecio angulatus</i> Species of flowering plant in the daisy family Asteraceae

Senecio angulatus, also known as creeping groundsel and Cape ivy, is a succulent flowering plant in the family Asteraceae that is native to South Africa. Cape ivy is a scrambling herb that can become an aggressive weed once established, making it an invasive species. It is grown as an ornamental plant for its satiny foliage and sweet-scented flowers.

<i>Senecio tamoides</i> Species of vine

Senecio tamoides, also known as Canary creeper, is a climbing member of the genus Senecio of the family Asteraceae that is native to Southern Africa. It is used as an ornamental plant for its showy yellow, daisy-like flowers in late autumn through to winter. Other names for the plant include golden shower vine, false grapevine, and parlor ivy.

<i>Ageratina riparia</i> Species of flowering plant

Ageratina riparia, commonly known as mistflower, is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae, native to Mexico. The species is widely adventive and has spread to Cuba, Jamaica, and other parts of the Caribbean. It has also been introduced as an ornamental plant and naturalized in a variety of regions, including parts of Hawaii, South Africa, Southeast Asia, Macaronesia, Oceania, Peru, and the Indian subcontinent. In tropical climates, A. riparia is highly invasive and a variety of control methods have been developed to reduce its spread.

<i>Senecio madagascariensis</i> Species of flowering plant

Senecio madagascariensis, also known as Madagascar ragwort, is a species of the genus Senecio and family Asteraceae that is native to Southern Africa. Other common names include Madagascar groundsel and fireweed. It has been included on the noxious weeds list for Hawaii and the reject list for Australia. S.madagascariensis is the diploid cytotype of S.inaequidens.

<i>Pereskia aculeata</i> Species of cactus

Pereskia aculeata is a scrambling shrub in the family Cactaceae. Common names include Barbados gooseberry, blade-apple cactus, leaf cactus, rose cactus, and lemonvine. It is native to tropical America. The leaves and fruits are edible, containing high quantities of protein, iron and other nutrients, and it is a popular vegetable in parts of the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais under the name of ora-pro-nóbis.

<i>Diota rostrata</i> Species of moth

Diota rostrata is a species of moth of the subfamily Arctiinae first described by Wallengren in 1860. It is found in South Africa, Eswatini, Zimbabwe, Kenya and Ethiopia.

Digitivalva delaireae is a moth of the family Acrolepiidae that is endemic to South Africa.

<i>Galtara extensa</i> Species of moth

Galtara extensa is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae first described by Arthur Gardiner Butler in 1880. It is found on the Comoros and in Madagascar.

<i>Pseudogynoxys chenopodioides</i> Species of plant

Pseudogynoxys chenopodioides, known commonly as Mexican flamevine, orange-flowered groundsel and orange glow vine, is a climber in the family Asteraceae, native to Central America and the West Indies. It is a vigorous vine with thick evergreen, deep green leaves and bright orange daisy-like flowers, which are borne in clusters, and usually bloom all year round.

<i>Senecio tropaeolifolius</i> Species of plant

Senecio tropaeolifolius, which is known as false nasturtium or nasturtium-leaf spearhead is a succulent plant in the family Asteraceae that is native to South Africa.

<i>Senecio deltoideus</i> Species of vine in Senecio genus

Senecio deltoideus, also known as Canary creeper or climbing ragwort, is a climbing herb native to Southern Africa and Eastern Africa. Its name "deltoideus" refers to the leaves being shaped like a triangle.

<i>Delairea aparadensis</i> Species of flowering plant in the daisy family Asteraceae

Delairea aparadensis is a species of plant in the family Asteraceae that is native to Brazil and was described in 2021.

References

  1. ↑ Integrated Taxonomic Information System Organization (ITIS) (1999). "Delairea Lem". Integrated Taxonomic Information System on-line database. Retrieved 2008-03-31.
  2. ↑ The Plant List, Delairea odorata Lem.
  3. ↑ Eda, Sayaka (1999). "The Biogeography of Cape Ivy (Delairea odorata)". Archived from the original on 2007-05-13. Retrieved 2007-05-20.
  4. ↑ BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Delairea odorata Forest Starr, Kim Starr, and Lloyd Loope. United States Geological Survey--Biological Resources Division. Haleakala Field Station, Maui, Hawai'i. January, 2003.Retrieved 31 October 2022.
  6. ↑ Delairea odorata Lem. NEW SOUTH WALES FLORA ONLINE, PlantNET. G. J. Harden, 1992. Retrieved 28 March 2023.
  7. 1 2 3 Delairea odorata PlantFileonline
  8. ↑ Cape ivy (Delairea odorata) NSW Department of Industry
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 Delairea odorata Environmental Weeds of Australia
  10. ↑ DiTomaso, J. M., Kyser, G. B., Oneto, S. R., Wilson, R. G., Orloff, S. B., Anderson, L. W., ... & Mann, J. J. (2013). Weed Report: Delairea odorata Cape-ivy In: Weed control in natural areas in the western United States. Weed Research and Information Center, University of California, 544.
  11. ↑ Cape Ivy Collated by HerbiGuide
  12. 1 2 3 "Delairea odorata (Cape ivy)". CABI (Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International). 2019-11-24. Retrieved 2022-06-23.
  13. ↑ Delairea odorata Lem. WEEDS AUSTRALIA - PROFILES. Retrieved 21 May, 2023
  14. 1 2 "Delairea odorata Profile". California Invasive Plant Council (Cal-IPC). 2017-03-20. Retrieved 2022-06-23.
  15. ↑ "Delairea odorata". Calflora . Retrieved 2022-06-23.
  16. ↑ "Delairea odorata". University and Jepson Herbaria . 2022-06-23. Retrieved 2022-06-23.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 "cape ivy, Delairea odorata Asterales: Asteraceae". Invasive.Org . Retrieved 2022-06-23.
  18. ↑ Plant Protection and Quarantine, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture (September 24, 2013). Weed Risk Assessment for Delairea odorata Lem. (Asteraceae) – Cape ivy (PDF) (Report).{{cite report}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CABI ISC 20143118470.
  19. ↑ "Miracle moth from Madagascar". North Hawaii News . October 7, 2014. Archived from the original on 2014-10-11.
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  21. 1 2 3
  22. 1 2 How to grow and care for German Ivy (Senecio mikanioides) Indoors homeplantsguide.com. Retrieved 31 October 2022.
  23. ↑ "Cape Ivy (Delairea odorata)". Weeds of Melbourne. July 4, 2019.
  24. ↑ Cape ivy (Delairea odorata) NSW WeedWise
  25. ↑ "Search: species: Senecio tamoides - Occurrence records". Atlas of Living Australia . 1994. Retrieved 2022-10-19.

Bibliography

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