Senecio angulatus | |
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Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Asterids |
Order: | Asterales |
Family: | Asteraceae |
Genus: | Senecio |
Species: | S. angulatus |
Binomial name | |
Senecio angulatus L.f. (1781) | |
Native range of S. angulatus | |
Synonyms | |
Sources: IPNI, [1] GRIN, [2] NZPND, [3] The Plant List [4] Contents |
Senecio angulatus, also known as creeping groundsel [5] and Cape ivy, [6] [7] is a succulent flowering plant in the family Asteraceae that is native to South Africa. Cape ivy is a scrambling [8] herb that can become an aggressive weed once established, making it an invasive species. [3] [9] It is grown as an ornamental plant for its satiny foliage and sweet-scented flowers. [10] [3] [8]
It is a problem weed in New Zealand, [11] and is naturalised in parts of North Africa [12] and Southern Europe. [13] In Australia, Senecio tamoides (Canary creeper) may usually be misapplied and is considered to be Senecio angulatus. Cape ivy is very similar to Delairea odorata , Senecio tamoides and Senecio macroglossus . [14] Other common names include climbing groundsel, [5] angled senecio, [15] Algerian senecio, [16] Jordanian senecio [17] and scrambling groundsel. [18]
Its form is a dense tangled shrub 2 metres (6.6 ft) tall [19] or a climber that can reach 6 metres (20 ft) high, if suitable support is available.
The alternate leaves are rhombic to ovate (diamond-shaped or egg-shaped), [20] 3 to 5 centimetres (1.2 to 2.0 in) long and 1 to 5 centimetres (0.39 to 1.97 in) wide and occur in 1-4 pairs. They are thick, glossy, fleshy and coarsely toothed, with one to three teeth each side [3] and bluntly lobed, [19] with upper leaves becoming smaller with fewer teeth or none at all. [3] They have a frosted look from a powdery coating on the lower side.
Leaf stalks are 1 to 4 centimetres (0.39 to 1.57 in) long. [8]
The stems are succulent, and are often variegated with pale yellow green and purple, which become woody as they age. [21] They are slightly angular (not upright) and usually sparingly branched. [3] Neither stems nor leaves are hairy. [3] [8]
Senecio angulatus produces numerous flowers in open clusters at the end of its branches or stems. [3] The honey-scented flowers are on an elongated stem and open in succession from the base up as the stem continues to grow. The flower clusters are more flat at the top than pyramid-like, and are 4 to 8 centimetres (1.6 to 3.1 in) in diameter. [8] Often the cluster droops with the flower heads at the end of the cluster turning upwards.
Flower stalks are mostly hairless or with some short hairs, 6.5 to 10.5 millimetres (0.26 to 0.41 in) long. Attached to flower stalks are 8-11 fine pointed bracts 5 to 6 millimetres (0.20 to 0.24 in) [3] which are surrounded by 4-7 pale green and sometimes purple tinged supplementary bracts at the base, 1.5 to 2.5 millimetres (0.059 to 0.098 in) which make a cup shape around the base of the involucre.
Individual flower-heads are radiate and urn-shaped. [8] The corolla has a disc [3] comprising 10-15 dull golden yellow disc florets. [8] Each disc floret is a hairless tube with a slight expansion below the middle and lobes 1.3 to 2 millimetres (0.051 to 0.079 in) wide. 4-6 ray florets surround the disc florets and have yellow [3] ligules (that look like petals) 5.5 to 9.5 millimetres (0.22 to 0.37 in) long that make the flowers look daisy-like. [19]
An autumn-winter bloomer, the plant flowers from April to May in Southern Africa and May to July in Australia and New Zealand. [8] In the northern hemisphere, particularly in Italy and Spain, it flowers from November to the end of January. [22] [23]
Cape ivy is easily dispersed by wind-blown seed, stem fragments, dumped garden waste and by the expansion of the plant through runners. [19] Achenes are 3 to 4 millimetres (0.12 to 0.16 in) long, [3] ribbed or grooved with short hairs in the grooves [3] and a tapering cylindrical shape. [3] [8] The parachute-like hairs, the pappus, are 5 to 7 millimetres (0.20 to 0.28 in) long. [3] [8]
Due to its drought-tolerance and succulent nature, [24] [25] Cape ivy thrives in areas with a Mediterranean climate, [26] where it has been cultivated in parts of North Africa, Southern Europe [27] and the Levant.
Cape ivy was introduced in Malta in the 15th century as an ornamental plant. [28] In Queensland, the plant may have increased in popularity following the Boer War, as there were anecdotal accounts that it was introduced from South Africa by the soldiers who returned to Australia after 1902. Moreover, it was displayed in garden pillars in Brisbane newspapers between 1906 and 1910, praising the plant for the beauty of both its foliage and its yellow clusters of blooms. Though these reports may have falsely applied the S. angulatus name to Senecio tamoides , which was a weed at that time on the east coast. [29]
It was most likely introduced to the United States after 1930, as it is not listed in the first edition of Hortus , although it is rarely cultivated in that country. [30] The plant was collected as a weed in Melbourne's southern suburb of Mornington in 1936, and was displayed in newspaper column submissions in areas between Bendigo and Swan Hill in the 1940s and 1950s. In Melbourne metropolitan area, it became prevalent on coastal banks and on decomposed rock gullies of suburban creeks. [29] It was introduced in New Zealand in 1940 as an ornamental. [9]
Cape ivy grows in USDA hardiness zones 9a through 11b and is medium to fast-growing. Drought and heat tolerant, it would flourish better with some water in the summer and would bloom more often in full sun. It can grow indoors as a houseplant, provided it gets some sunlight. Pruning is necessary as the plant can become limp when it gets taller. [31]
Propagation can be done by cuttings (as the plant easily roots from the branch tips), and this is to be conducted between spring and fall. [32] [33] Seeds prefer consistent moisture and warm temperatures to germinate. Although some sources indicate that its seeds are unviable. [34] Annual fertilisation is necessary, though not mandatory. Pests include aphids.
Phytochemical profiling showed antioxidant and anti-acetylcholinesterase activities in extracts from Algerian Senecio angulatus. The hydro-methanolic and the acetate extracts have exhibited antioxidant potential of acetate for FRAP and phenanthroline methods. Furthermore, a high amount of cynarin and trans-ferulic acid was found in the extract whereas butanolic infusion had recorded the highest amount of chlorogenic acid. Though phenolic compounds tend to have hydroxyl in their composition, contributing to the antioxidant activity. [16]
Cape ivy is native to the Cape Province in South Africa, hence its name, and it has been naturalized in parts of South Italy, France, Spain, Croatia, Portugal [13] [30] and some coastal areas in southeastern Australia (particularly the Mornington Peninsula), [35] where it is spreading. [8] It is reported to be invasive in New Zealand, and an emerging environmental weed in Victoria, Australia. [9] It is declared an alien species in Western Australia. [36] In California, Albania and Chile, it is reported to be escaping. [30]
It can become aggressive when it is established, where it may smother the existing native vegetation both in the ground layer and canopy, thus altering the light climate in the invaded community and sometimes suppress the regeneration of native plants. [19] As such, the plant is targeted by the Oregon Department of Agriculture for early detection and fast response if it were to escape from cultivation. [30]
On the Costa Brava in Spain, it was one of the five most recorded species, where it was found in large assemblage, usually close to human residence, invading and colonizing the clifftops, roadsides and the proximate scrubland, including the undergrowth, replacing native flora species such as Pistacia lentiscus . It was introduced to Catalonia in the 1970s as a groundcover plant in home gardens, before escaping. Although it is not recorded as an invasive species in the Spanish Catalogue of Invasive Species, it is one of the most common alien species present on the Catalan coast as it clearly possesses invasive behaviour. [37]
Sources: GRIN, [2] NSWF, [8] NZPND, [3] BGB
Cape ivy prefers soils of black calcareous and grey sand, sandy clay and limestone. It finds homes with these soils in coastal areas on cliff faces, mudflats, wet depressions in dunes, near swamps, in landfills, scrubland and near settlements, [8] especially near the sea. [3]
The family Asteraceae, with the original name Compositae, consists of over 32,000 known species of flowering plants in over 1,900 genera within the order Asterales. Commonly referred to as the aster, daisy, composite, or sunflower family, Compositae were first described in the year 1740. The number of species in Asteraceae is rivaled only by the Orchidaceae, and which is the larger family is unclear as the quantity of extant species in each family is unknown.
Senecio is a genus of flowering plants in the daisy family (Asteraceae) that includes ragworts and groundsels.
Senecio vulgaris, often known by the common names groundsel and old-man-in-the-spring, is a flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It is an annual herb, native to the Palaearctic and widely naturalised as a ruderal species in suitable disturbed habitats worldwide.
Asparagus asparagoides, commonly known as bridal creeper, bridal-veil creeper, gnarboola, smilax or smilax asparagus, is a herbaceous climbing plant of the family Asparagaceae native to eastern and southern Africa. Sometimes grown as an ornamental plant, it has become a serious environmental weed in Australia and New Zealand.
Senecio cambrensis is a flowering plant of the family Asteraceae. It is endemic to Great Britain and currently known only from North Wales. It is a recently evolved plant that arose as a result of hybridization between two related species.
Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata is a subspecies of the well-known olive tree, which until recently was considered a separate species and is still mentioned as such in many sources. Native to northeast of Africa and the drier parts of subtropical Asia, it has various common names, including wild olive, African olive, brown olive and Indian olive.
Delairea odorata is a climber within the family Asteraceae that is native to South Africa. One of the two species in the genus Delairea, it was previously included in the genus Senecio as Senecio mikanioides. It is known as Cape ivy in some parts of the world (US) and German ivy in others. Other names include parlor ivy and Italian ivy.
Senecio ampullaceus, also known as Texas ragwort, Texas squaw-weed, Texas groundsel, and Texas butterweed, is a species of Senecio in the family Asteraceae, receiving its Latin name ampullaceus from its flask shaped flower-head. It is recommended for landscape use in its native Texas.
Atop of Mount Kenya Senecio keniophytum is one of the endemic groundsel (Senecio) found at high altitudes in Kenya, such as the Afro-alpine zone of Mount Kenya, but not one of the giant Dendrosenecio that also live there.
Senecio barbertonicus, the Barberton groundsel or succulent bush senecio, is an evergreen succulent shrub of the family Asteraceae and genus Senecio, native to Southern Africa, named after one of its native localities Barberton and is now also being cultivated elsewhere for its drought resistance, clusters of sweetly scented, golden-yellow, tufted flower heads in winter and attractiveness to butterflies, the painted lady butterfly in particular.
Senecio tamoides, also known as Canary creeper, false grapevine, and parlor ivy, is a climbing member of the genus Senecio of the family Asteraceae that is native to Southern Africa. It is used as an ornamental plant for its showy yellow, daisy-like flowers in late autumn through to winter.
Gazania rigens, sometimes called treasure flower, is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae, native to coastal areas of southern Africa. It is naturalised elsewhere and is widely cultivated as an ornamental plant.
Senecio madagascariensis, also known as Madagascar ragwort, is a species of the genus Senecio and family Asteraceae that is native to Southern Africa. Other common names include Madagascar groundsel and fireweed. It has been included on the noxious weeds list for Hawaii and the reject list for Australia. S.madagascariensis is the diploid cytotype of S.inaequidens.
Curio archeri, syn. Senecio toxotis is a species of succulent plant in the family Asteraceaethat is indigenous to the south-western Cape, South Africa.
Dichondra repens, commonly known as kidney weed, Mercury Bay weed, tom thumb, or yilibili in the Dharawal language, is a species of flowering plant in the family Convolvulaceae and is native to Australia, New Zealand, and the Indian Ocean islands, Mauritius, Réunion and Rodrigues. It is a perennial, herb with kidney-shaped to round leaves and small, greenish-yellow, star-shaped flowers.
Senecio elegans is a species of flowering plant in the aster family known by the common names redpurple ragwort, purple groundsel, wild cineraria and purple ragwort.
Senecio hispidulus, the hill fireweed or rough groundsel, is a species of flowering plant in the daisy family. It is found in many parts of Australia.
Senecio tropaeolifolius, which is known as false nasturtium or nasturtium-leaf spearhead is a succulent plant in the family Asteraceae that is native to South Africa.