Senecio angulatus

Last updated

Senecio angulatus
Senecio angulatus (cape ivy).jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae
Genus: Senecio
Species:
S. angulatus
Binomial name
Senecio angulatus
L.f. (1781)
Range of Senecio angulatus-Native.svg
Native range of S. angulatus
Synonyms
  • Senecio macropodusDC.
  • Cineraria laevisA.Spreng.

Sources: IPNI, [1] GRIN, [2] NZPND, [3] The Plant List [4]

Contents

Senecio angulatus, also known as creeping groundsel [5] and Cape ivy, [6] [7] is a succulent flowering plant in the family Asteraceae that is native to South Africa. Cape ivy is a scrambling [8] herb that can become an aggressive weed once established, making it an invasive species. [3] [9] It is grown as an ornamental plant for its satiny foliage and sweet-scented flowers. [10] [3] [8]

It is a problem weed in New Zealand, [11] and is naturalised in parts of North Africa [12] and Southern Europe. [13] In Australia, Senecio tamoides (Canary creeper) may usually be misapplied and is considered to be Senecio angulatus. Cape ivy is very similar to Delairea odorata , Senecio tamoides and Senecio macroglossus . [14] Other common names include climbing groundsel, [5] angled senecio, [15] Algerian senecio, [16] Jordanian senecio [17] and scrambling groundsel. [18]

Description

Leaves and stems

Leaves Senecio angulatus 006.jpg
Leaves

Its form is a dense tangled shrub 2 metres (6.6 ft) tall [19] or a climber that can reach 6 metres (20 ft) high, if suitable support is available. The stems are succulent, and are often variegated with pale yellow green and purple, which become woody as they age. [20] They are slightly angular (not upright) and usually sparingly branched. [3] Neither stems nor leaves are hairy. [3] [8]

The alternate leaves are rhombic to ovate (diamond-shaped or egg-shaped), [21] 3 to 5 centimetres (1.2 to 2.0 in) long and 1 to 5 centimetres (0.39 to 1.97 in) wide and occur in 1-4 pairs. They are thick, glossy, fleshy and coarsely toothed, with one to three teeth each side [3] and bluntly lobed, [19] with upper leaves becoming smaller with fewer teeth or none at all. [3] They have a frosted look from a powdery coating on the lower side. Leaf stalks are 1 to 4 centimetres (0.39 to 1.57 in) long. [8]

Inflorescence

Inflorescence Senecio angulatus flower racemes.jpg
Inflorescence

Senecio angulatus produces numerous flowers in open clusters at the end of its branches or stems. [3] The honey-scented flowers are on an elongated stem and open in succession from the base up as the stem continues to grow. The flower clusters are more flat at the top than pyramid-like, and are 4 to 8 centimetres (1.6 to 3.1 in) in diameter. [8] Often the cluster droops with the flower heads at the end of the cluster turning upwards. Flower stalks are mostly hairless or with some short hairs, 6.5 to 10.5 millimetres (0.26 to 0.41 in) long.

Attached to flower stalks are 8-11 fine pointed bracts 5 to 6 millimetres (0.20 to 0.24 in) [3] which are surrounded by 4-7 pale green and sometimes purple tinged supplementary bracts at the base, 1.5 to 2.5 millimetres (0.059 to 0.098 in) which make a cup shape around the base of the involucre. Individual flower-heads are radiate and urn-shaped. [8] The corolla has a disc [3] comprising 10-15 dull golden yellow disc florets. [8] Each disc floret is a hairless tube with a slight expansion below the middle and lobes 1.3 to 2 millimetres (0.051 to 0.079 in) wide. 4-6 ray florets surround the disc florets and have yellow [3] ligules (that look like petals) 5.5 to 9.5 millimetres (0.22 to 0.37 in) long that make the flowers look daisy-like. [19]

An autumn-winter bloomer, the plant flowers from April to May in Southern Africa and May to July in Australia. [8] In New Zealand, it blooms from March to August. [22] In the northern hemisphere, it flowers from November to the end of January. [23] [24] Under a full sun it can bloom in late spring as well, albeit sparingly. [25]

Achenes are 3 to 4 millimetres (0.12 to 0.16 in) long, [3] ribbed or grooved with short hairs in the grooves [3] and a tapering cylindrical shape. [3] [8] The parachute-like hairs, the pappus, are 5 to 7 millimetres (0.20 to 0.28 in) long. [3] [8]

Cultivation

Due to its drought-tolerance and succulent nature, [26] [27] Cape ivy thrives in areas with a Mediterranean climate, [28] where it has been cultivated in parts of North Africa, Southern Europe [29] and the Levant.

History

Grown towards a picket fence in Tel Aviv. Senecio angulatus bloom.jpg
Grown towards a picket fence in Tel Aviv.

Cape ivy was introduced in Malta in the 15th century as an ornamental plant. [30] In Queensland, the plant may have increased in popularity following the Boer War, as there were anecdotal accounts that it was introduced from South Africa by the soldiers who returned to Australia after 1902. Moreover, it was displayed in garden pillars in Brisbane newspapers between 1906 and 1910, praising the plant for the beauty of both its foliage and its yellow clusters of blooms. Though these reports may have falsely applied the S. angulatus name to Senecio mikanioides , which was a weed at that time on the east coast. [31]

It was most likely introduced to the United States after 1930, as it is not listed in the first edition of Hortus , although it is rarely cultivated in that country. [32] The plant was collected as a weed in Melbourne's southern suburb of Mornington in 1936, and was displayed in newspaper column submissions in areas between Bendigo and Swan Hill in the 1940s and 1950s. In Melbourne metropolitan area, it became prevalent on coastal banks and on decomposed rock gullies of suburban creeks. [31] It was introduced in New Zealand in 1940 as an ornamental. [9]

Propagation

Cape ivy grows in USDA hardiness zones 9a through 11b, tolerating temperatures between 10 °C (50 °F) and 38 °C (100 °F), [22] and is medium to fast-growing. Drought and heat tolerant, it would flourish better with some water in the summer and would bloom more often in full sun. It can grow indoors as a houseplant, provided it gets some sunlight. Pruning is necessary as the plant can become limp when it gets taller. [33] Propagation can be done by cuttings (as the plant easily roots from the branch tips). Seeds prefer consistent moisture and warm temperatures to germinate. Annual fertilisation is necessary, though not mandatory. Pests include aphids. [34] [35]

Distribution

Cultivated at an apartment complex in Jerusalem Senecio angulatus, Israel.jpg
Cultivated at an apartment complex in Jerusalem
Naturalisation at a scrubland in Jordan Senecio angulatus on fence.jpg
Naturalisation at a scrubland in Jordan

Cape ivy is native to the Cape Province in South Africa, hence its name. It has been naturalized in areas with the Mediterranean climate, such as those in, or proximate to, the Mediterranean Basin: South Italy (Sardegna, Sicilia), France (Corsica), Spain (including Balearic Islands, Canary Islands and Madeira), Croatia, Portugal, [13] [32] Albania, Tunisia and Algeria. [36] [37]

Outside of the Mediterranean, it is found in some coastal areas in southeastern Australia (particularly the Mornington Peninsula in southern Victoria), [38] where it is spreading and listed as a significant environmental weed in Victoria. [8] It is an emerging alien species in South Australia, Tasmania, New South Wales (South Coast) and southern Western Australia. [39] [40] It is reported to be invasive in New Zealand, where it has been naturalized in the Marlborough District and Chatham Island. [9] In California, Albania and Chile, it is reported to be escaping. [32]

The plant prefers soils of black calcareous and grey sand, sandy clay and limestone, where it will be found in coastal areas on cliff faces, mudflats, wet depressions in dunes, near swamps, in landfills, scrubland and near settlements, [8] especially near the sea. [3]

Invasiveness

Cape ivy is easily dispersed by wind-blown seed, stem fragments, dumped garden waste and by the expansion of the plant through runners. [19] It can become aggressive when it is established, where it may smother the existing native vegetation both in the ground layer and canopy, thus altering the light climate in the invaded community and sometimes suppress the regeneration of native plants. [19] As such, the plant is targeted by the Oregon Department of Agriculture for early detection and fast response if it were to escape from cultivation. [32]

On the Costa Brava in Spain, it was one of the five most recorded species, where it was found in large assemblage, usually close to human residence, invading and colonizing the clifftops, roadsides and the proximate scrubland, including the undergrowth, replacing native flora species such as Pistacia lentiscus . It was introduced to Catalonia in the 1970s as a groundcover plant in home gardens, before escaping. Although it is not recorded as an invasive species in the Spanish Catalogue of Invasive Species, it is one of the most common alien species present on the Catalan coast as it clearly possesses invasive behaviour. [41]

Chemistry

Seeds are reported to be unviable and that the predominate mode of dispersal is vegetative reproduction – In a 2001 Wellington study, artificially pollinated stigmata varnished with aniline blue under a UV microscope displayed that a low number of pollen grains corresponded to the stigmatic surface. [22] Callose occurred in the few pollen tubes that did adhere to the surface, hinting the presence of a sporophytic self-incompatibility mechanism, which aids the theory that S. angulatus and Delairea odorata consist of a single genotype (or are set for a single S allele), thus seed is incapable of being produced. [22] [42]

Medicinal

Phytochemical profiling showed antioxidant and anti-acetylcholinesterase activities in extracts from Algerian Senecio angulatus. The hydro-methanolic and the acetate extracts have exhibited antioxidant potential of acetate for FRAP and phenanthroline methods. Furthermore, a high amount of cynarin and trans-ferulic acid was found in the extract whereas butanolic infusion had recorded the highest amount of chlorogenic acid. Though phenolic compounds tend to have hydroxyl in their composition, contributing to the antioxidant activity. [16]

Other names

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Asteraceae</span> Large family of flowering plants

Asteraceae is a large family of flowering plants that consists of over 32,000 known species in over 1,900 genera within the order Asterales. The number of species in Asteraceae is rivaled only by the Orchidaceae, and which is the larger family is unclear as the quantity of extant species in each family is unknown. The Asteraceae were first described in the year 1740 and given the original name Compositae. The family is commonly known as the aster, daisy, composite, or sunflower family.

<i>Senecio</i> Genus of flowering plants in the daisy family Asteraceae

Senecio is a genus of flowering plants in the daisy family (Asteraceae) that includes ragworts and groundsels.

<i>Jacobaea vulgaris</i> Flowering plant, daisy family Asteraceae

Jacobaea vulgaris, syn. Senecio jacobaea, is a very common wild flower in the family Asteraceae that is native to northern Eurasia, usually in dry, open places, and has also been widely distributed as a weed elsewhere.

<i>Senecio vulgaris</i> Species of flowering plant in the daisy family Asteraceae

Senecio vulgaris, often known by the common names groundsel and old-man-in-the-spring, is a flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It is an annual herb, native to the Palaearctic and widely naturalised as a ruderal species in suitable disturbed habitats worldwide.

<i>Leucanthemum vulgare</i> Species of flowering plant

Leucanthemum vulgare, commonly known as the ox-eye daisy, oxeye daisy, dog daisy, marguerite and other common names, is a widespread flowering plant native to Europe and the temperate regions of Asia, and an introduced plant to North America, Australia and New Zealand.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Noxious weed</span> Harmful or invasive weed

A noxious weed, harmful weed or injurious weed is a weed that has been designated by an agricultural or other governing authority as a plant that is harmful to agricultural or horticultural crops, natural habitats or ecosystems, or humans or livestock. Most noxious weeds have been introduced into an ecosystem by ignorance, mismanagement, or accident. Some noxious weeds are native, though many localities define them as necessarily being non-native. Typically they are plants that grow aggressively, multiply quickly without natural controls, and display adverse effects through contact or ingestion. Noxious weeds are a large problem in many parts of the world, greatly affecting areas of agriculture, forest management, nature reserves, parks and other open space.

<i>Asparagus asparagoides</i> Species of flowering plant in the family Asparagaceae

Asparagus asparagoides, commonly known as bridal creeper, bridal-veil creeper, gnarboola, smilax or smilax asparagus, is a herbaceous climbing plant of the family Asparagaceae native to eastern and southern Africa. Sometimes grown as an ornamental plant, it has become a serious environmental weed in Australia and New Zealand.

<i>Senecio cambrensis</i> Species of flowering plant

Senecio cambrensis, the Welsh groundsel or Welsh ragwort, is a flowering plant of the family Asteraceae. It is endemic to Great Britain and currently known only from North Wales. It is a recently evolved plant that arose as a result of hybridization between two related species.

<i>Delairea odorata</i> Species of vine in the daisy family Asteraceae

Delairea odorata is a climber within the family Asteraceae that is native to South Africa. One of the two species in the genus Delairea, it was previously included in the genus Senecio as Senecio mikanioides. It is known as Cape ivy in some parts of the world (US) and German ivy in others. Other names include parlor ivy and Italian ivy.

<i>Senecio ampullaceus</i> Species of plant

Senecio ampullaceus, also known as Texas ragwort, Texas squaw-weed, Texas groundsel, and Texas butterweed, is a species of Senecio in the family Asteraceae, receiving its Latin name ampullaceus from its flask shaped flower-head. It is recommended for landscape use in its native Texas.

<i>Senecio keniophytum</i> Species of flowering plant

Atop of Mount Kenya Senecio keniophytum is one of the endemic groundsel (Senecio) found at high altitudes in Kenya, such as the Afro-alpine zone of Mount Kenya, but not one of the giant Dendrosenecio that also live there.

<i>Senecio eboracensis</i> Species of flowering plant in the daisy family Asteraceae

Senecio eboracensis, the York groundsel or York radiate groundsel, is a flowering plant in the daisy family Asteraceae. It is a hybrid between a native and a non-native introduced species, which naturalised in England but the population failed to sustain itself. It was brought back by captive cultivation. It is a self-pollinating hybrid species of ragwort and one of only six new plant species to be discovered in either the United Kingdom or North America in the last 100 years.

<i>Senecio tamoides</i> Species of vine

Senecio tamoides, also known as Canary creeper, is a climbing member of the genus Senecio of the family Asteraceae that is native to Southern Africa. It is used as an ornamental plant for its showy yellow, daisy-like flowers in late autumn through to winter. Other names for the plant include golden shower vine, false grapevine, and parlor ivy.

<i>Senecio madagascariensis</i> Species of flowering plant

Senecio madagascariensis, also known as Madagascar ragwort, is a species of the genus Senecio and family Asteraceae that is native to Southern Africa. Other common names include Madagascar groundsel and fireweed. It has been included on the noxious weeds list for Hawaii and the reject list for Australia. S.madagascariensis is the diploid cytotype of S.inaequidens.

<i>Dichondra repens</i> Species of plant

Dichondra repens, commonly known as kidney weed, Mercury Bay weed, tom thumb, or yilibili in the Dharawal language, is a species of flowering plant in the family Convolvulaceae and is native to Australia, New Zealand, and the Indian Ocean islands, Mauritius, Réunion and Rodrigues. It is a perennial, herb with kidney-shaped to round leaves and small, greenish-yellow, star-shaped flowers.

<i>Senecio elegans</i> Species of flowering plant

Senecio elegans is a species of flowering plant in the aster family known by the common names redpurple ragwort, purple groundsel, wild cineraria and purple ragwort.

<i>Senecio hispidulus</i> Species of flowering plant in the daisy family Asteraceae

Senecio hispidulus, the hill fireweed or rough groundsel, is a species of flowering plant in the daisy family. It is found in many parts of Australia.

<i>Arctotheca prostrata</i> Species of plant

Arctotheca prostrata is a rosette-forming plant in the family Asteraceae native to Namibia and the Cape Provinces of South Africa. The infertile form is often cultivated as a ground cover, while the fertile form spreads rapidly in disturbed areas like beside roads and trails, threatening native ecosystems. It is listed as an invasive weed in California and Australia.

<i>Senecio tropaeolifolius</i> Species of plant

Senecio tropaeolifolius, which is known as false nasturtium or nasturtium-leaf spearhead is a succulent plant in the family Asteraceae that is native to South Africa.

References

  1. ↑ "Senecio angulatus". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens. 2008-05-29.
  2. ↑ "Senecio angulatus". Germplasm Resources Information Network . Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved 2008-03-31.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Landcare Research. "Senecio angulatus L.f. Suppl. 369 (1781)". Flora of New Zealand: Taxa. Landcare Research Allan Herbarium and New Zealand Plant Names Database. Retrieved 2021-09-18.
  4. ↑ The Plant List. "Cineraria laevis A.Spreng". TICA. The Plant List. Retrieved 2021-03-16.
  5. 1 2 Muyt, Adam (2001). Bush invaders of south-east Australia: a guide to the identification and control of environmental weeds in south-east Australia. R.G. and F.J. Richardson. pp. 304 pages. ISBN   0-9587439-7-5 . Retrieved 2008-03-31.
  6. 1 2 Quattrocchi, Umberto (2000). "Page 2456". CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology. CRC Press. ISBN   0-8493-2673-7 . Retrieved 2008-04-14.
  7. ↑ Cape ivy (mile a minute, climbing groundsel) (Senecio angulatus) State of Victoria (Agriculture Victoria) 1996-2021
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 National Herbarium of New South Wales. "Senecio angulatus L." New South Wales FloraOnline. Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney . Retrieved 2008-03-31.
  9. 1 2 3 "Senecio angulatus". New Zealand Plant Conservation Network. Retrieved 2021-09-19.
  10. ↑ Creeping groundsel by Resto con life. Retrieved 15 December 2023.
  11. ↑ "Cape ivy (Senecio angulatus)". Controlling problem weeds in riparian zones. Greater Wellington Regional Council. 2004. Archived from the original on October 15, 2008. Retrieved 2008-03-31.
  12. ↑ "Senecio angulatus L.f. record n° 97995". African Flowering Plant Database. Archived from the original on 2013-01-16. Retrieved 2008-03-31.
  13. 1 2 Taxon: Senecio angulatus L. f. Australian Pastures Genebank Distribution Policy. Retrieved 15 December 2023.
  14. ↑ Weeds of Australia (Biosecurity Queensland Edition). "Senecio angulatus L. f." Queensland Government . Retrieved 2020-02-08.
  15. ↑ Plants of South Eastern New South Wales Lucid Central. Retrieved 12 April 2023.
  16. 1 2 LC-ESI/MS-phytochemical profiling with antioxidant and antiacetylcholinesterase activities of Algerian Senecio angulatus L.f. extracts Ahlem Bousetla, Hatice Banu Keskinkaya, Chawki Bensouici, Mostefa Lefahal, Mehmet Nuri Atalar, Salah Akkal. National Library of Medicine. 21 July 2021.
  17. ↑ Murrell, Z.E (2010). Vascular Plant Taxonomy. Kendall Hunt Publishing Compant.
  18. ↑ Climbing groundsel Senecio angulatus Brisbane City Council, Weed Identification Tool. Retrieved 6 November 2022.
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 Tom Forney, Steve Hurst (2007). "Kudzu Pueraria lobata" (PDF). Government of Oregon . Retrieved 2008-03-31.
  20. ↑ Cape ivy Asteraceae - Senecio angulatus Northland Regional Council. Retrieved 12 April 2023.
  21. ↑ Frankston City Council Invasive Species Guide Frankston City Council. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
  22. 1 2 3 4 Senecio angulatus by Julissa Rojas-Sandoval from Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International. 30 May 2024. Retrieved 24 October 2024.
  23. ↑ Senecio angulatus – Senecio rampicante by Laura Bennet from CASA E GIARDINO
  24. ↑ Senecio angulatus, il rampicante fiorito a novembre by Giovanna Rio from Cose di Casa
  25. ↑ Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607
  26. ↑ Senecio angulatus (Cape ivy, Climbing groundsel, Creeping groundsel) AUB Landscape Plant Database. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
  27. ↑ Cape ivy Northland Regional Council. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
  28. ↑ SENECIO ANGULATUS OR CREEPING GROUNDSEL | CARE AND GROWING Consulta Plantas - Gardening and plant care since 2001. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
  29. ↑ Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem. "Details for: Senecio angulatus". Euro+Med PlantBase. Freie Universität Berlin . Retrieved 2008-03-31.
  30. ↑ Senecio angulatus (Creeping Groundsel) MaltaWildPlants.com by Stephen Mifsud
  31. 1 2 Climbing Groundsel (Senecio angulatus) by Weeds of Melbourne, July 10, 2019
  32. 1 2 3 4 Weed Risk Assessment for Senecio angulatus L. f. (Asteraceae) – Cape-ivy United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 15 December 2023.
  33. ↑ Climbing Groundsel (Senecio angulatus) by Weeds of Melbourne, July 10, 2019
  34. ↑ Senecio angulatus (Climbing Groundsel) by World of Succulents, August 30, 2013
  35. ↑ Creeping or climbing groundsel (Senecio angulatus) by Eurobodalla Shire Council
  36. ↑ Apparition de Senecio angulatus (Asteraceae) en Algérie by M. D. Miara, L. Boutabia, S. Telaïlia & E. Vela, 3 September 2018. Retrieved 4 May 2020
  37. ↑ Senecio angulatus L.f. by Kew. Retrieved 8 November 2024.
  38. ↑ EFFECTIVE CONTROL OF CREEPING GROUNDSEL (SENECIO ANGULATUS) Peter M. Newton. Eleventh Australian Weeds Conference Proceedings. Dependable Services Pty. Ltd. Retrieved 21 December 2023.
  39. ↑ Senecio angulatus L. f. Environmental Weeds of Australia. Retrieved 30 September 2024.
  40. ↑ Senecio angulatus L.f. Western Australian Herbarium (1998–). Florabase—the Western Australian Flora. Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions. Retrieved 12 December 2023.
  41. ↑ THE FEATURED PLANT – Senecio angulatus LIFE medCLIFFS. 7 February 2023. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
  42. ↑ Options for restoration of Cape ivy (Senecio angulatus) – dominated sites using native coastal species, Glinks Gully, Northland David Bergin, Envirolink, 2006
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.