During the early stages of the Libyan Civil War of 2011, the Gaddafi regime was still in power: but there was widespread withdrawal of support from that regime by influential persons and organisations within the country. Among those who no longer supported the regime, the main concern they expressed was what they regarded as its use of excessive force against peaceful protestors. There were many resignations by ministers of the governing council and other senior officials, diplomats posted abroad, and senior military officers. Islamic clerics, tribal leaders, and members of the former royal family expressed their opposition, while the two leading Libyan oil companies also withdrew support for the regime.
This is a list of officials who resigned or refused to take orders from the Gaddafi regime during the 2011 Libyan civil war.
Host Country/ Organization | Official | Date | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
![]() | Ambassador Abdulmoneim al-Honi [ citation needed ] | 20 February 2011 | The reason for his resignation was the "oppression against protesters". [17] |
The Libyan delegation to the Arab League in Cairo has renounced Gaddafi and now represents 'the people' [18] | 25 February 2011 | They condemned his attack on "unarmed citizens". [19] | |
![]() | Ambassador Abdel Rahman Shalgham | 25 February 2011 | Did not resign, but denounced Gaddafi in a speech before the Security Council and no longer supports the regime. [20] |
Deputy Ambassador Ibrahim Dabbashi | 21 February 2011 | Did not resign, but no longer supports government. [21] [22] On 26 February 2011, he stated that he supported "in principle" the alternative government being formed in Benghazi. [23] | |
Delegation to the Human Rights Council Entire mission to the UN in Geneva [19] | 25 February 2011 | ||
UNESCO | Ambassador Abdoulsalam El Qallali | 25 February 2011 | [24] |
![]() | Musbah Allafi [ citation needed ] | 20 February 2011 | |
![]() | Embassy staff | 23 February 2011 | The Libyan Embassy in Austria condemned 'excessive violence against peaceful demonstrators', stated that they represent the Libyan people and offered condolences to the families of the victims. [25] |
![]() | Ambassador AH Elimam | 20 February 2011 | |
![]() | Ambassador | 21 February 2011 | [26] |
![]() | Counsellor Ihab Al-Mismari | 23 February 2011 | Son of Gaddafi's former protocol chief Nuri al-Mismari told the Toronto Star he resigned because embassy's chargé d'affaires was "hiding" the gravity of the deadly crackdown back home. “...killing the friends with whom I grew up, they are killing my brothers and sisters.” [27] |
![]() | Second Secretary to the ambassador Hussein Sadiq al Musrati | 20 February 2011 | He also called on the army to intervene and called for all Libya's diplomats to resign [28] |
![]() | Consular employees in Alexandria | 22 February 2011 | Staff at the Libyan consulate in Alexandria removed the Gaddafi-era green flag and joined protestors outside [29] |
Consul in Cairo Faraj Saeed al-Aribi | 12 May 2011 | The consul in Cairo said that he had quit his job and joined the rebels [30] [31] | |
![]() | Ambassador Hadeiba Alhadi and Embassy staff | 25 May 2011 | [32] |
![]() | Ambassador Mohamed Salaheddine Zarem | 25 February 2011 | [24] |
![]() | Embassy staff (undefined) | 22 February 2011 | Two members of the staff left the embassy to join the protesters in front of the building. [33] On 21 March, the Libyan embassy in Budapest is seen flying the old tricolor flag which indicates that they have officially changed sides in favor of the National Transitional Council. [34] |
![]() | Ambassador Ali al-Essawi | 21 February 2011 | [35] |
![]() | Ambassador Salaheddin M. El Bishari | 21 February 2011 | [35] [36] |
![]() | Ambassador Mohammed Hassan Al Barghathi | 24 February 2011 | [ citation needed ] |
![]() | Embassy staff | 22 February 2011 | Distanced themselves from the government and called the protests a "massacre." [37] |
![]() | Consul general Musa Al-Koni (later referred as "Musa Kuni") | 5 March 2011 | Later accused by Malian officials of being an "impostor" who initially recruited Tuareg mercenaries before fleeing to Paris with the money entrusted to him for that purpose. [38] |
![]() | Embassy staff | 22 February 2011 | Left the embassy to join the protestors in front of it. The embassy is now flying the flag of the protestors.[ citation needed ] |
![]() | Embassy staff | 23 February 2011 | Staff destroyed images of Muammar Gaddafi and destroyed the Gaddafi-era flag.[ citation needed ] |
![]() | Second-highest ranking diplomat Saad Bakar | 3 March 2011 | The second-highest ranking diplomat in Namibia, Saad Bakar, his wife and four children has left for a Mediterranean country to join the opposition movement.[ citation needed ] |
![]() | Embassy staff | 8 March 2011 | Replacement of the Gaddafi-era flag with the Libyan 1951–1969 flag as used by the 2011 protesters; no further comments were made. [39] |
![]() | Ambassador | 22 February 2011 | [40] |
![]() | Ambassador Ali Ibrahim Emdored | 25 February 2011 | [41] |
![]() | Ambassador Issa Ashur | 26 February 2011 | Announced he is "joining the revolution", and would continue to carry out his duties "as a representative of the Libyan people" [42] |
![]() | Ambassador; Deputy Ambassador Abdelmagid Buzrigh; non-diplomatic staff | 23 February 2011 | After days of protests, the embassy announced on 23 February that they no longer support Gaddafi and lifted the former Libyan flag [43] [44] |
![]() | Embassy staff | 11 March 2011 | "The members of the embassy no longer have any link to the regime of Muammar Gaddafi, and call on all countries to follow the example set by the Republic of France in recognising the National Transitional Council which represents the interests of the Libyan people". [45] |
![]() | Ambassador Ali Suleiman Aujali; | 22 February 2011 | However, he resigned on 22 February saying he does not serve the "dictatorship." [46] On 26 February 2011, he stated that he supported the efforts to form an alternative government in Benghazi. [47] |
Contrary to previous reports, the Ambassador of Libya to the United Kingdom has not resigned, but did not want to discuss his support for Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi. [35]
According to the Toronto Star, the Ambassador of Libya to Canada is on "sick leave".[ citation needed ] According to the CNN Library, which was updated on March 29, 2017 "Libyan diplomats at the United Nations, including Libyan Deputy Ambassador Ibrahim Dabbashi, took the side of the opposition and demanded the removal of "the tyrant Moammar Gadhafi."
On February 25, 2011, the full Libyan delegation to the Arab League resigned. [6] [48]
A growing number of Libyan embassies around the world have started to fly the former flag of Libya used between 1951 and 1969. [49]
The Arabian Gulf Oil Company, the second largest state-owned oil company in Libya, announced plans to use oil funds to support anti-Gaddafi forces. [56] On April 6, 2011, an oil tanker led by Libyan opposition was captured and sent to Qatar. The head of the National Oil Corporation and former prime minister, Shokri Ghanem, defected in Italy. [6]
By 27 February, Libya's biggest oil company, Agaco, turned against the Gaddafi government. [57]
Islamic leaders and clerics in Libya, notably the Network of Free Ulema – Libya urged all Muslims to rebel against Gaddafi. [58] [59]
The Warfalla, Tuareg and Magarha tribes have announced their support of the protesters. [16] [60] The Zuwayya tribe, based in eastern Libya, have threatened to cut off oil exports from fields in their part of the country if Libyan security forces continued attacking demonstrators. [61]
Libyan-throne claimant, Mohammed El Senussi, sent his condolences "for the heroes who have laid down their lives, killed by the brutal forces of Gaddafi" and called on the international community "to halt all support for the dictator with immediate effect." [63] Senussi said that the protesters would be "victorious in the end" and calls for international support to end the violence. [64]
On 24 February, Senussi gave an interview to Al Jazeera English where he called upon the international community to help remove Gaddafi from power and stop the ongoing "massacre". [65] He has dismissed talk of a civil war saying "The Libyan people and the tribes have proven they are united".
Questioned about what shape a new government could take, and whether the 1951 royal constitution could be revived, Senussi said that such questions are "premature and are issues that are to be decided by the Libyan people," adding that for now the priority is to stop the "killing of innocent people." On whether he desires to return to Libya he says "The Senussi family considers itself as in the service of the Libyan people." [66] When asked about reestablishing the monarchy, he stated that he "is a servant to Libyan people, and they decide what they want". [67]
The White House said it will not specify which individuals and groups it is working and reaching out with, when asked if it supports Senussi's calls for international support. [68]
In an interview with Asharq Al-Awsat , he stated that it is too early to answer if the monarchy in Libya could be restored and if he will be active in Libyan politics. He also says the main objective is to end the violence on the streets in Libya.[ citation needed ]
On 3 March, it was announced that he planned to return to Libya. [69] On 4 March, he called the West to use airstrikes against Gaddafi after his contacts in Libya told him they need airstrikes. He also argued that a no-fly zone would be insufficient but later calls for the no-fly zone. [70]
He later stated that international community needs "less talk and more action" to stop the violence. [71] He has asked for a no-fly zone over Libya but does not support foreign ground troops. [72] He has also stated that a no-fly zone is the only way to stop Gaddafi who he has said is relying completely on the air force. [73]
In an interview with Adnkronos , a rival claimant to the throne, Idris bin Abdullah al-Senussi, announced he was ready to return to the country once change had been initiated. [74] On 21 February 2011, Idris made an appearance on Piers Morgan Tonight to discuss the uprising. [75]
On 24 February, his brother Hashem called on Gaddafi "to have mercy" on the demonstrators, just as he did with members of the former Royal Family in 1969 when he allowed them to leave the country unharmed after the coup that overthrew the monarchy. [76]
On 3 March, it was reported that Prince Al Senussi Zouber Al Senussi had fled Libya with his family and was seeking asylum in Totebo, Sweden. [77]
On 17 March, Prince Mohamed Hilal El Senussi returned to Libya after 41 years in exile. [78]
During the Battle of Sirte, residents of Sirte expressed condemnation against the rebels and NATO. According to one resident, "The rebels are worse than rats. NATO is the same as Osama bin Laden." According to another local woman, "We lived in democracy under Muammer Gaddafi, he was not a dictator. I lived in freedom, Libyan women had full human rights. It isn't that we need Muammer Gaddafi again, but we want to live just as we did before." A local elderly woman stated "They are killing our children. Why are they doing this? For what? Life was good before!" [79]
Mohammed El Senussi is the son of Crown Prince Hasan as-Senussi of Libya, and of Crown Princess Fawzia bint Tahir Bakeer. Born in Tripoli, he is considered by Libyan royalists to be the legitimate heir to the Senussi Crown of Libya.
Abuzed Omar Dorda was a Libyan politician who was the General Secretary of the People's Committee of Libya from 7 October 1990 to 29 January 1994, and Libya's Permanent Representative to the United Nations from 1997 to 2003.
Brega, also known as Mersa Brega or Marsa al-Brega, is a complex of several smaller towns, industry installations and education establishments situated in Libya on the Gulf of Sidra, the most southerly point of the Mediterranean Sea. It is located in the former Ajdabiya District, which in 2007 was merged into the Al Wahat District. The town is the center of Libya's second-largest hydro-carbon complex.
The Libyan civil war, also known as the First Libyan Civil War, was an armed conflict in 2011 in the North African country of Libya that was fought between forces loyal to Colonel Muammar Gaddafi and rebel groups that were seeking to oust his government. The war was preceded by protests in Zawiya on 8 August 2009 and finally ignited by protests in Benghazi beginning on Tuesday 15 February 2011, which led to clashes with security forces who fired on the crowd. The protests escalated into a rebellion that spread across the country, with the forces opposing Gaddafi establishing an interim governing body, the National Transitional Council.
Abdullah Senussi is a Libyan national who was the intelligence chief and brother-in-law of Colonel Muammar Gaddafi. He was married to Gaddafi's sister-in-law.
The international reactions to the Libyan Civil War were the responses to the series of protests and military confrontations occurring in Libya against the government of Libya and its de facto head of state Muammar Gaddafi.
Abu-Bakr Yunis Jabr was a Libyan military officer and politician was the Libyan Secretary of the Libyan General Committee for Defence during the rule of Muammar Gaddafi. His official position was Secretary of the Libyan General Interim Committee for Defence.
The Libyan Civil War began on 17 February 2011 as a civil protest and later evolved into a widespread uprising. By mid-August, anti-Gaddafi forces effectively supported by a NATO-led international coalition were ascendant in Tripolitania, breaking out of the restive Nafusa Mountains in the south to mount an offensive toward the coast and advancing from Misrata on loyalist-held cities and villages from the north and east.
The National Transitional Council (NTC) was a transitional government established in the 2011 Libyan civil war. The rebel forces overthrew the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya of Muammar Gaddafi. The NTC governed Libya for a period of ten months after the end of the war, holding elections to a General National Congress on 7 July 2012, and handing power to the newly elected assembly on 8 August.
Khamis Gaddafi was the seventh and youngest son of former Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi, and the military commander in charge of the Khamis Brigade of the Libyan Army. He was part of his father's inner circle. During the Libyan Civil War in 2011, he was a major target for opposition forces trying to overthrow his father.
The First Gulf of Sidra offensive was the second major rebel offensive of the Libyan Civil War. It was mounted by anti-Gaddafi forces immediately after their victory in the Battle of Ajdabiya. The offensive was meant to have the rebel forces quickly reach Gaddafi's hometown of Sirte.
The Battle of Ajdabiya was an armed battle in and near the city of Ajdabiya that took place as part of the Libyan Civil War. It was fought between anti-government rebels and military forces loyal to the Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi. Following the Second Battle of Brega, in which pro-Gaddafi forces captured the town, Ajdabiya was the only major rebel-held city left en route to the rebel capital of Benghazi. The battle for Ajdabiya had been cited as a potential turning point in the conflict on which the fate of the whole rebellion against the Gaddafi government may be decided. On 26 March 2011, Libyan rebels, backed by extensive allied air raids, seized control of the frontline oil town of Ajdabiya from Colonel Muammar Gaddafi's forces. During the first phase of the battle, pro-Gaddafi forces seized the strategic road junction leading to Benghazi and Tobruk, and captured most of the city. The city centre remained in rebel hands but was surrounded by pro-government forces and cut off from outside assistance. After the second phase, anti-Gaddafi forces recaptured the road junction and cleared loyalist forces from the city, sending them retreating down the Libyan Coastal Highway towards Sirte.
The Libyan Civil War began on 15 February 2011 as a chain of civil protests and later evolved into a widespread uprising against the regime of Muammar Gaddafi. On 25 February, most of eastern Libya was reported to be under the control of protesters and rebel forces. Gaddafi remained in control of the cities of Tripoli, Sirte and Sabha. By 15 March, however, Gaddafi's forces had retaken more than half a dozen lost cities. Except for most of Cyrenaica and a few Tripolitania cities the majority of cities had returned to Gaddafi government control.
The timeline of the Libyan civil war begins on 15 February 2011 and ends on 20 October 2011. The conflict began with a series of peaceful protests, similar to others of the Arab Spring, later becoming a full-scale civil war between the forces loyal to Muammar Gaddafi's government and the anti-Gaddafi forces. The conflict can roughly be divided into two periods before and after external military intervention authorized by United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973.
The 2011 Libyan rebel coastal offensive was a major rebel offensive of the Libyan Civil War. It was mounted by anti-Gaddafi forces with the intention of cutting off the supply route from Tunisia for pro-Gaddafi loyalist forces in Tripoli.
The Libyan Civil War began on 15 February 2011 as a civil protest and later evolved into a widespread uprising. However, by 19 March, Libyan forces under Colonel Muammar Gaddafi were on the brink of a decisive victory over rebels in Libya's east. That day, leading NATO members acted on United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973 which authorized member states "to take all necessary measures... to protect civilians and civilian populated areas under threat of attack in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, including Benghazi, while excluding an occupation force".
The Battle of Sirte was the final and most decisive battle of the First Libyan Civil War, beginning when the National Liberation Army attacked the last remnants of the Libyan army still loyal to Muammar Gaddafi in his hometown and designated capital of Sirte, on the Gulf of Sidra. As of September 2011, Sirte and Bani Walid were the last strongholds of Gaddafi loyalists and the National Transitional Council hoped that the fall of Sirte would bring the war to an end. The battle and its aftermath marked the final collapse of the four-decade Gaddafi regime. Both Gaddafi and his son, Mutassim, were wounded and captured, then tortured and killed in custody less than an hour later. The month-long battle left Sirte almost completely in ruins, with many buildings damaged or totally destroyed.
The 2011 Libyan Civil War began on 17 February 2011 as a civil protest and later evolved into a widespread uprising. After a military intervention led by France, the United Kingdom, and the United States on 19 March turned the tide of the conflict at the Second Battle of Benghazi, anti-Gaddafi forces regrouped and established control over Misrata and most of the Nafusa Mountains in Tripolitania and much of the eastern region of Cyrenaica. In mid-May, they finally broke an extended siege of Misrata.
The following lists events that happened during 2011 in Libya.
Ahmed Gaddaf al-Dam is the cousin and aide of former Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi. He is Libya's former Special Envoy to Egypt and a leading figure of the Gaddafi regime. He was a key member of Gaddafi's inner circle.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)