Casualties of the Libyan civil war (2011)

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Estimates of deaths in the 2011 Libyan civil war vary with figures from 15,000 to 30,000 given between March 2 and October 2, 2011. [1] An exact figure is hard to ascertain, partly due to a media clamp-down by the Libyan government. Some conservative estimates have been released. Some of the killing "may amount to crimes against humanity" according to the United Nations Security Council [2] and as of March 2011, is under investigation by the International Criminal Court. [3]

Contents

Deaths caused by government forces

On February 22, the International Coalition Against War Criminals gave an estimate that 519 people had died, 3,980 were wounded and over 1,500 were missing. [4]

Human Rights Watch has estimated that at least 233 people had been killed by February 22. [5]

On February 23, Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs Franco Frattini stated that according to his information 1,000 people had died so far. [6] [7]

On February 24, the IFHR said that 130 soldiers had been executed in Benghazi and Bayda, after they mutinied and sided with the protesters. [8]

On February 25, Navi Pillay, the High Commissioner for Human Rights of the United Nations, said that reports indicated that "thousands may have been killed or injured". [9]

Deaths caused by rebel forces

Among the security forces there had been more than 1,700 dead, including civilians in support of the government, alleged mercenaries [10] and government soldiers. There have been many reports that members of the security forces have been killed by both the government and the opposition.

On February 18, two policemen were hanged by protesters in Benghazi. [11] Also, on the same day, 50 black Africans, mostly from Chad, were executed by the protesters in Bayda. Some of them were killed when protesters burned down the police station in which they locked them up [12] and at least 15 were lynched in front of the courthouse in Bayda. [13] The bodies of some of them were put on display and caught on video. [14] [15] By February 23, the government confirmed that 111 soldiers had been killed. [16]

On February 23, a group of 22 government soldiers attempted to make a breakout from an air base near Derna, which had been under siege for days by rebel fighters. Within hours, all of them were captured and eventually 14 of them were shot execution style while a 15th was hanged by the opposition forces. [17] Between February 15 and May 22, 37 former government loyalists were killed in Benghazi in revenge killings by some opposition groups. [18]

Toward the end of the Battle of Misrata (February 18, 2011 – May 15, 2011), at least 27 sub-Saharan Africans from Mali, Niger or Chad, who were accused of being mercenaries, were executed by rebel forces. [19]

Deaths caused by Coalition forces

The Libyan official sources claimed that at least between 64 and 90 people were killed during the bombardments on the first two days of the U.N. intervention and another 150 had been wounded. [20] The Vatican news agency claimed that in Tripoli alone, at least 40 civilians died as a result of the bombing campaign. [21] According to the Libyan Health office, the airstrikes killed 1,108 civilians and wounded 4,500 by July 13. [22]

On February 26, 2011, the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) stated in UNSC Resolution 1970, "the widespread and systematic attacks currently taking place in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya against the civilian population may amount to crimes against humanity" [2] and referred "the situation" in Libya since February 15, to the International Criminal Court (ICC), [2] a permanent tribunal that presently can prosecute individuals for genocide, crimes against humanity or war crimes. On March 4, the ICC assigned investigation of the case to Pre-trial Chamber I, consisting of Judge Cuno Tarfusser from Italy, Judge Sylvia Steiner from Brazil and Judge Sanji Mmasenono Monageng from Botswana. [3]

NATO Secretary General Anders Fogh Rasmussen stated on March 28 that NATO was impartial and that it interpreted the terms of UNSC Resolution 1973 on the protection of civilians to apply to both rebel and government forces. The BBC stated that "the rebels felt they had a 'private understanding' of the NATO mission, [believing] that the western world has joined them in a campaign of regime change." The NATO Secretary General described the possibility that NATO would attack rebel forces who endanger civilian populations as "hypothetical" as of the date of the interview. [37]

Timeline of reported deaths per event

Combatant deaths

DateOpposition fatalitiesGovernment fatalitiesDetail
February 161None reportedProtests in Roujdane. [38]
February 17–20332–479163 First Battle of Benghazi
February 17–25300–700None reported Tripoli clashes
February 174–10None reportedProtests in Ajdabiya. [39]
February 182None reportedProtests in Qubah. [40]
February 18 – May 15366358 Battle of Misrata
February 204None reportedProtests in Tobruk. [41]
February 203None reportedProtests in Zintan. [42]
February 201None reportedProtests in Zuwara. [43]
February 21 – May 22None reported37Revenge killings against loyalists in Benghazi. [18]
February 21153Rebel capture of the La Abraq Airport in Bayda. [44]
February 22–249None reportedProtests in Gharyan. [45] [46]
February 23215Capture and execution of loyalist fighters at Derna. [17]
February 24 – March 1015165 First Battle of Zawiya
February 2622None reportedCapture and execution of rebel fighters at Sirte. [47]
Late February3None reportedRebel attack on a military base at Gariyat. [48]
March 1 – August 18517–534397 Nafusa Mountains Campaign
March 1 – July 2027None reportedFighting at the Algerian-Libyan border. [49]
March 2142–10 First Battle of Brega
March 4–1271–814–27 Battle of Ra's Lanuf
March 434–100None reportedExplosion at an arms depot in Benghazi. [50] [51]
March 6182–2301 Battle of Bin Jawad
March 13–15725 Second Battle of Brega
March 14716Government re-taking of Zuwara. [52]
March 15–2613641 Battle of Ajdabiya
March 151None reportedRebel fighter plane crashes. [53]
March 17None reported1–2Bombing run on the Benghazi military air base. [54]
March 183None reportedFighting in Zuwetina. [55]
March 19–2026127–30 Second Battle of Benghazi
March 201None reportedKilling of a rebel activist in Benghazi. [56]
March 22–24None reported19–28Coalition air-strikes on Tripoli. [57]
March 26–30127 First Gulf of Sidra offensive
March 281NoneExecution of captured rebel at Sirte. [58]
March 31 – April 746–4928 Third Battle of Brega
April 3 – June 15253 East Libyan Desert Campaign
April 8 – July 1375–8794–95 Battle of Brega–Ajdabiya road
April 17None reported20Rebel attack on a military headquarters in Zawiya. [59]
May 41None reportedRebel fighter dies of wounds in Benghazi. [60]
May 121None reportedRebel French mercenary killed in Benghazi. [61]
May 16 – August 19435522–532 Battle of the Misrata frontline
May 28123Suppression of an opposition protest in Bani Walid. [62]
May 2923Suppression of an opposition protest in Tripoli. [63] [64]
May3None reportedExecution of rebel prisoners in Khoms. [65]
May40None reportedExecution of rebel prisoners near Tripoli. [66]
June 2None reported2NATO air-strike in 'Aziziya. [67]
June 7None reported1NATO air-strike in Tripoli. [68]
June 9–162212 Zliten uprising
June 11–12302 Zawiya raid
June 111None reported Sabha clashes [69]
June 136None reportedFighting west of Zawiya. [70]
June 16None reported1Attack on a military patrol in Tripoli. [71]
June 173None reportedSuppression of an opposition protest in Tripoli. [72]
June 18None reported1Rebel sniper fire in Tripoli. [73]
June 19None reported4NATO air-strike in Sabha. [74]
June 23None reported9NATO air-strike near Zliten. [75]
July 13 – August 2214442 Fourth Battle of Brega
July 17 – September 272851 Fezzan campaign
July 22None reported6NATO air-strike on a pipeline production plant south of Brega. [76]
July 24–26None reported7NATO air-strikes on Zliten. [77]
July 283None reportedKilling of the rebel commander-in-chief in Benghazi. [78]
July 2945Loyalist attack on a prison in Benghazi. [79]
July 313–64–11Attack on a loyalist hideout in Benghazi. [80] [81] [82]
August 43None reported Msallata clashes
August 13–289595 Rebel coastal offensive
August 20–281,700128 Battle of Tripoli
August 23 – October 20437236–903 Second Gulf of Sidra offensive
August 28None reported5NATO air-strike in Taruna. [83]
August 28None reported20NATO air-strike in Bani Walid. [84]
August 29153None reportedDiscovery of a killing site for mutinous soldiers in Tripoli. [85]
September 31None reportedExecution of a rogue rebel in Tripoli. [86]
September 4None reported1NATO air-strike near Tripoli. [87]
September 4–1810None reportedRebel firearms accidents in Tripoli. [88]
September 8 – October 1785–917–9 Battle of Bani Walid
September 1112None reportedRebel inter-factional fighting in the Nafusa mountains. [89]
September 1215–17None reported Ra's Lanuf raid
September 249–11None reported Ghadames raid
October 4–1110None reportedRebel inter-factional fighting in Zuwara. [90]
October 1412Clashes in Tripoli. [91]

Based on the numbers, between 5,904 and 6,626 opposition members/fighters (including some civilian supporters) and between 3,309 and 4,227 Gaddafi loyalists had been killed by October 23, 2011.

In addition, another 1,350 opposition fighters and activists have been confirmed as missing in the fighting in the east, [92] 781–900 were reported to be missing in the Battle of Misrata, of which 163 were later confirmed dead when found in two mass graves, [93] [94] 136 went missing during the Nafusa Mountains Campaign, 74 were missing following the Battle of Brega–Ajdabiya road and up to 700 rebels were missing following the Battle of Bin Jawad, of which 170 were later found in a mass grave, [95] for a total of 2,708–2,827 rebels reported missing.

In January 2013, the new Libyan government stated, based on unfinished research, that 4,700 rebel fighters and a similar number of loyalist soldiers were killed during the conflict. An estimated 2,100 rebels and loyalists were missing. No count was given on the number of killed and missing civilians. [96]

Civilian deaths

DateCivilian fatalitiesDetail
February 24 – March 1084–449 First Battle of Zawiya
February 18 – May 15871 Battle of Misrata
March 1–1339Shelling of Zuwara. [90]
March 61Shooting in Bayda. [97]
March 121Killing of Al Jazeera cameraman near Benghazi. [98]
March 15–2625–30 Battle of Ajdabiya
March 183Fighting in Zuwetina. [55]
March 19 – July 131,108NATO bombing campaign. [22]
Late March – early May1,400Sinking of refugee boats while they were trying to reach Italy. [99]
April 51 Third Battle of Brega
April 8 – June 2527 Battle of Brega–Ajdabiya road
April 121Woman refugee dies before reaching Malta. [100]
April 21 – May 255 East Libyan Desert Campaign
May 16 – August 1914 Battle of the Misrata frontline
May 224Fire at a refugee camp in Tunisia near the border. [101]
May 242Clashes at a refugee camp in Tunisia near the border. [102]
May 311Refugee dies before reaching Malta. [103]
June 2272Refugee immigrant boat sinks while it was trying to reach Italy. [104]
June 21One person killed by loyalists in Tripoli. [64]
June 51One person tortured and killed by rebels in Benghazi. [105]
June 619Mass suffocation of detainees by loyalists in Al-Khoms. [106]
June 11–121 Zawiya raid
July 13 – August 221 Fourth Battle of Brega
July 2511NATO air-strike on Zliten. [107]
July 303NATO air-strike on Tripoli. [108]
July 3025Refugees die of asphyxiation on a boat while trying to reach Italy. [109]
August 33Loyalist killings of civilians in Zawiya. [110]
August 43NATO air-strike on Zliten. [108]
August 835–85NATO air-strike on the village of Majer, near Zliten. [111]
August 13–2826 Rebel coastal offensive
August 1927NATO air-strike on Tripoli. [112]
August 20–28275 Battle of Tripoli
August 221Loyalist shelling of Zliten. [113]
August 23 – October 20800-2,151 Second Gulf of Sidra offensive
September 4–1820Random rebel fire in Tripoli. [88]
September 6 – October 612Landmine explosions near Zliten. [114]
September 8 – October 1719–22 Battle of Bani Walid
September 304Random rebel fire in Tripoli. [115]
October 13Rebel inter-factional fighting in the Nafusa mountains and Tripoli. [116]
October 51One person shot and killed by rebels in Tripoli. [117]
October 121One person tortured and killed by rebels in Taworgha. [105] [118]

There had been at least 5,637 to 7,046 reported civilians killed by October 23, 2011. However, a number of civilians were also killed during the Second Battle of Benghazi and during the campaign in the Nafusa mountains, so the number could be far higher. Also, the number of civilians reported to had been killed in NATO air-strikes could be smaller because it was proven that some of the previous government-announced tolls from individual strikes were exaggerated.[ citation needed ]

Overall deaths

In the end, according to the numbers presented, a total of 14,572 to 18,873 deaths have been reported, of which some have not been independently confirmed.

The opposition stated near the end of the war that 25,000 people had been killed [119] and 4,000 had been reported as missing. [120]

In January 2013, the new Libyan government, based on figures still being checked, estimated the number of killed to be actually far lower than previous estimates, with 4,700 of the dead being rebel fighters, a similar number loyalist soldiers and an undefined number civilians. An estimated 2,100 rebels and loyalists were missing. [96]

Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project, which compiles a database of all reported fatalities due to political violence on the African continent, listed 6,109 fatalities from 15 February to 23 October 2011, of which 1,319 prior to NATO intervention. [121] Alan Kuperman, associate professor of Public Affairs at the University of Austin, calculated that about 1,000 Libyans, including civilians, rebels and soldiers, died between the start of the rebellion in mid-February and NATO intervention in mid-March. [122]

The Uppsala Conflict Data Program, a public data resource that includes information on different types of organized violence (e.g. actors involved, casualties, date, location, etc.), reported that between 1,914 and 3,466 people were killed during the 2011 fighting. [123] In addition their data shows that between 152 and 168 civilians were deliberately killed by the pro-Gaddafi forces in 2011. [124]

A September 2015 study in the African Journal of Emergency Medicine found that 21,490 people were killed between February 2011 and February 2012 as a result of both direct (people killed in combat) and indirect deaths (damage to infrastructure and higher mortality rates). [125]

Deaths overall

The total number of people killed includes protesters, armed belligerents, and civilians:

SourceLibyan casualtiesTime period
World Health Organization 2,000 killed [126] February 15 – March 2, 2011
International Federation for Human Rights 3,000 killed [127] February 15 – March 5, 2011
Libyan League for Human Rights 6,000 killed [128] February 15 – March 5, 2011
Alan Kuperman1,000 killed [122] February 15 – March 15, 2011
National Transitional Council 10,000 killed [129] February 15 – April 12, 2011
UN Human Rights Council 10,000–15,000 killed [130] February 15 – June 9, 2011
Al Jazeera English 13,000 killed [131] February 15 – June 18, 2011
National Transitional Council 30,000 killed [120] February 15 – September 8, 2011
National Transitional Council 25,000 killed [1] February 15 – October 2, 2011
Zeidan Cabinet 9,400 killed [96] February 15 – October 23, 2011
ACLED 6,109 killed [121] February 15 – October 23, 2011
UCDP 2,082 killed [123] 2011

Notable deaths, disappearances and other cases

[ clarification needed ]

See also

Casualty recording

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References

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