Exorcism in the Catholic Church

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Painting in the Valencia Cathedral by Francisco de Goya of Saint Francis Borgia performing an exorcism. St. Francis Borgia Helping a Dying Impenitent by Goya.jpg
Painting in the Valencia Cathedral by Francisco de Goya of Saint Francis Borgia performing an exorcism.

The Catholic Church authorizes the use of exorcism for those who are believed to be the victims of demonic possession. Initial guidelines were issue in 1614. [1] In Roman Catholicism, exorcism is a sacramental [2] [3] but not a sacrament, unlike baptism or confession. Unlike a sacrament, exorcism's "integrity and efficacy do not depend ... on the rigid use of an unchanging formula or on the ordered sequence of prescribed actions. Its efficacy depends on two elements: authorization from valid and licit Church authorities, and the faith of the exorcist." [4] The Catechism of the Catholic Church states: "When the Church asks publicly and authoritatively in the name of Jesus Christ that a person or object be protected against the power of the Evil One and withdrawn from his dominion, it is called exorcism." [3]

Contents

The Catholic Church revised the Rite of Exorcism in January 1999. [5] The traditional Rite of Exorcism in Latin remains as an option. The ritual assumes that possessed persons retain their free will, though the demon may hold control over their physical body, and involves prayers, blessings, and invocations with the use of the document Of Exorcisms and Certain Supplications .[ citation needed ]

Solemn exorcisms, according to the Canon law of the Church, can be exercised only by an ordained priest (or higher prelate), with the express permission of the local bishop, and only after a careful medical examination to exclude the possibility of mental illness. [6] The Catholic Encyclopedia (1908) enjoined: "Superstition ought not to be confounded with religion, however much their history may be interwoven, nor magic, however white it may be, with a legitimate religious rite." Things listed in the Roman Ritual as being indicators of possible demonic possession include: speaking foreign or ancient languages of which the possessed has no prior knowledge; supernatural abilities and strength; knowledge of hidden or remote things which the possessed has no way of knowing; an aversion to anything holy; and profuse blasphemy and/or sacrilege.[ citation needed ]

History

The first official guidelines for exorcism in Catholicism were established in 1614, [1] whereas grimoires were widely known and used since the Ancient period. Those guidelines were later revised by the Vatican in 1999 as the demand for exorcisms increased. In the 15th century, Catholic exorcists were both priestly and lay, since every Christian was considered as having the power to command demons and drive them out in the name of Christ. These exorcists used the Order of Saint Benedict's formula " Vade retro satana " ("Step back, Satan") around this time (this prayer is inscribed on the Saint Benedict Medal sacramental). By the late 1960s, Roman Catholic exorcisms were seldom performed in the United States, but by the mid-1970s, popular film and literature revived interest in the ritual, with thousands claiming demonic possession. Maverick priests who belonged to fringes took advantage of the increase in demand and performed exorcisms with little or no official sanction. The exorcisms that they performed were, according to Contemporary American Religion, "clandestine, underground affairs, undertaken without the approval of the Catholic Church and without the rigorous psychological screening that the church required. In subsequent years, the Church took more aggressive action on the demon-expulsion front. The practice of exorcism without consent from the Catholic Church is what prompted the official guidelines from 1614 to be amended. The amendment established the procedure that clergy members and each individual who claims to be impacted by demonic possession must follow. This includes the rule that the potentially possessed individual must be evaluated by a medical professional before any other acts are taken. The primary reason for this action is to eliminate any suspicion of mental illness, before the next steps of the procedure are taken. Since demonic possession, according to Roman Catholic teachings, is extremely rare, and mental health issues are often mistaken for demonic possession, the Vatican requires that each diocese have a specially trained priest who is able to diagnose demonic possession and perform exorcisms when necessary." [5]

Pseudodiagnosis

Exorcism of St Benedict by Spinello Aretino, 1387. Spinello Aretino - Stories from the Legend of St Benedict - WGA21677.jpg
Exorcism of St Benedict by Spinello Aretino, 1387.

According to the Vatican's guidelines issued in 1999, "the person who claims to be possessed must be evaluated by doctors to rule out a mental or physical illness". [7] Most reported cases are not seen as requiring an exorcism because twentieth-century Catholic officials regarded genuine demonic possession as an extremely rare phenomenon that is easily confused with mental illness. Demand for exorcisms increased in the early twenty-first century and the number of trained exorcists increased. Prior to the late twentieth century, exorcists were mainly anonymous, and the performance of exorcisms remained a secret. Some exorcists[ who? ] attributed the rise in demand of exorcisms to a rise in drug abuse and violence, leading to the suggestion that the two were related. The Church point of view is that some people need only spiritual or medical help, especially if drugs or other addictions are present, and not exorcism. The Church view is that trained priest and medical professionals can work together to help a patient, and to be able to determine if the patient is suffering from an illness or not. Spiritual needs are dealt with by prayers, the laying on of hands or a counselling session. Particular sacramentals, such as the wearing of a cross necklace or usage of blessed salt, are believed by the Church to offer protection against Satan when used with faith. Certain theologians have held that the wearing of a headcovering by Christian females confers protection against fallen angels, which they teach are referenced in 1 Corinthians 11:3–10. [8]

Characteristics

Saint Philip of Agira with the Gospel in his left hand, the symbol of the exorcists, in the May celebrations in his honor at Limina, Sicily Ottava di San Filippo d'Agira a Limina - Province of Messina, Sicily, Italy - Sunday 19 May 2013.jpg
Saint Philip of Agira with the Gospel in his left hand, the symbol of the exorcists, in the May celebrations in his honor at Limina, Sicily

What the Church views as signs of demonic invasion vary depending on the type of demon and its purpose, including: [9]

Exorcism procedure

In the exorcism procedure the person possessed may be restrained so that, in the view of the Church, they do not harm themselves or any person present. The exorcist then prays and commands for the demons to retreat. The Catholic priest recites certain prayers – the Lord's Prayer, Hail Mary, and the Athanasian Creed. Exorcists use a cross and holy water and follow procedures listed in the Roman Ritual of the exorcism revised by the Vatican in 1999. Seasoned exorcists use the Rituale Romanum as a starting point, not always following the prescribed formula exactly. [10] The official practice of exorcism is governed by the Vatican document De Exorcismis et Supplicationibus Quibusdam. The Vatican offers a course on exorcism, which in 2019 for the first time was opened to members of other Christian denominations. [11] The course is called "Exorcism and Prayer of Liberation" and is offered by the Sacerdos Institute at the Regina Apostolorum Pontifical Atheneum. [12] According to Brad Steiger, after the exorcism has been finished the person possessed feels a "kind of release of guilt and feels reborn and freed of sin." Not all exorcisms are interpreted by the priests as "successful" the first time; days, weeks, or even months and years of constant prayer and exorcisms may be needed before the priest considers the exorcism to be "successful".[ citation needed ]

Literature

On this subject, there is the book by journalist Matt Baglio [13] called The Rite: The Making of a Modern Exorcist, first edited in 2009 and then in 2010, which inspired the 2011 film The Rite [14] [15] [16] [17] and which mentions Psychiatrist Dr. Richard E. Gallagher, who has also written a book on the subject, published in 2020 by HarperCollins, called Demonic Foes, A Psychiatrist Investigates Demonic Possession in the Modern United States. [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24]

An Exorcist Tells His Story (published on March 1, 1999), [25] An Exorcist: More Stories (published on February 1, 2002), [26] An Exorcist Explains the Demonic: The Antics of Satan and His Army of Fallen Angels (published on October 20, 2016), [27] Father Amorth: My Battle Against Satan (published on November 15, 2018) [28] and The Devil is Afraid of Me: The Life and Work of the World's Most Popular Exorcist (published on January 19, 2020) [29] were some of the books written by Father Gabriele Amorth, chief exorcist of the Vatican from 1986 until his death in 2016 (aged 91) which describes his experiences as an exorcist, which inspired the 2023 film The Pope's Exorcist.

By country

Germany

One prominent example of a German exorcism is the 1976 death of Anneliese Michel, for which two priests were convicted of negligent homicide. [30]

Poland

In 2008, the Catholic Church approved plans to establish an exorcism centre in Poczernin. [30] In 2018, Poland had 150 exorcists. Their role was seen as fighting the "demons of homosexuality" and the "demons of esotericism." [31]

Piotr Glas is a Polish exorcist. As of December 2017, according to a Polish Church official from Płock, Glas was disqualified from exorcism and from using techniques that are forbidden under the Church's rules of exorcism. [32] Other Polish Church officials stated in 2017 that their informal opinion was that Glas was "not an exorcist" as he was affiliated with the Diocese of Portsmouth, not with a Polish diocese. [33]

Notable examples

Films about Catholic exorcists

FilmU.S. release dateDirector(s)Screenwriter(s)Story byProducer(s)
The Devils July 16, 1971 Ken Russell Ken Russell John Whiting and Aldous Huxley Robert H. Solo and Ken Russell
The Exorcist December 26, 1973 William Friedkin William Peter Blatty William Peter BlattyWilliam Peter Blatty
Exorcist II: The Heretic June 17, 1977 John Boorman William GoodhartWilliam Peter BlattyJohn Boorman and Richard Lederer
Amityville II: The Possession September 24, 1982 Damiano Damiani Tommy Lee Wallace and Dardano Sacchetti Hans Holzer Ira N. Smith, Stephen R. Greenwald, and José López Rodero
The Exorcist III August 17, 1990William Peter BlattyWilliam Peter BlattyWilliam Peter BlattyCarter DeHaven and James G. Robinson
Repossessed September 14, 1990 Bob Logan Bob LoganBob LoganSteve Wizan and Mario Kassar
Amityville 4: The Evil Escapes May 12, 1999 Sandor Stern Sandor SternJohn G. JonesSteve White
Possessed October 22, 2000 Steven E. de Souza Michael Lazarou and Steven E. de Souza Thomas B. Allen Barbara Title
Exorcist: The Beginning August 20, 2004 Renny Harlin Alexi Hawley William Wisher and Caleb Carr James G. Robinson
Dominion: Prequel to the Exorcist May 20, 2005 Paul Schrader William Wisher Jr. and Caleb Carr James G. Robinson
The Exorcism of Emily Rose September 9, 2005 Scott Derrickson Scott Derrickson and Paul Harris Boardman Scott Derrickson and Paul Harris Boardman Tom Rosenberg, Gary Lucchesi, Paul Harris Boardman, Tripp Vinson, and Beau Flynn
The Rite January 28, 2011 Mikael Håfström Michael Petroni Matt BaglioBeau Flynn and Tripp Vinson
Deliver Us / Libera Nos September 7, 2016Federica Di GiacomoFederica Di Giacomo
Amityville Exorcism January 3, 2017 Mark Polonia Billy D'AmatoMark Polonia
The Devil and Father Amorth April 20, 2018William FriedkinWilliam Friedkin and Mark Kermode Mickey Liddell, Pete Shilaimon, and Francesco Zippel
Prey for the Devil October 28, 2022 Daniel Stamm Robert ZappiaRobert Zappia, Earl Richey Jones, and Todd R. Jones Paul Brooks, Earl Richey Jones, Todd R. Jones, and Jessica Malanaphy
The Pope's Exorcist April 6, 2023 Julius Avery Michael Petroni and Evan Spiliotopoulos R. Dean McCreary, Chester Hastings, Jeff Katz, and Father Gabriele Amorth Doug Belgrad, Michael Patrick Kaczmarek, and Jeff Katz
The Exorcist: Believer October 13, 2023 David Gordon Green David Gordon Green and Peter Sattler Scott Teems, Danny McBride, and David Gordon Green Jason Blum, David Robinson, and James G. Robinson

See also

Related Research Articles

Spirit possession is an unusual or an altered state of consciousness and associated behaviors which are purportedly caused by the control of a human body and its functions by spirits, ghosts, demons, angels, or gods. The concept of spirit possession exists in many cultures and religions, including Buddhism, Christianity, Haitian Vodou, Dominican Vudú, Hinduism, Islam, Judaism, Wicca, and Southeast Asian, African, and Native American traditions. Depending on the cultural context in which it is found, possession may be thought of as voluntary or involuntary and may be considered to have beneficial or detrimental effects on the host. The experience of spirit possession sometimes serves as evidence in support of belief in the existence of spirits, deities or demons. In a 1969 study funded by the National Institute of Mental Health, spirit-possession beliefs were found to exist in 74% of a sample of 488 societies in all parts of the world, with the highest numbers of believing societies in Pacific cultures and the lowest incidence among Native Americans of both North and South America. As Pentecostal and Charismatic Christian churches move into both African and Oceanic areas, a merger of belief can take place, with demons becoming representative of the "old" indigenous religions, which Christian ministers attempt to exorcise.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Spiritual warfare</span> Christian concept of fighting against the work of preternatural evil forces

Spiritual warfare is the Christian concept of fighting against the work of preternatural evil forces. It is based on the belief in evil spirits, or demons, that are said to intervene in human affairs in various ways. Although spiritual warfare is a prominent feature of neo-charismatic churches, various other Christian denominations and groups have also adopted practices rooted in the concepts of spiritual warfare, with Christian demonology often playing a key role in these practices and beliefs, or had older traditions of such a concept unrelated to the neo-charismatic movement, such as the exorcistic prayers of the Catholic Church and the various Eastern Orthodox churches. The term spiritual warfare is used broadly by different Christian movements and in different contexts: "by charismatics, evangelicals, and Calvinists, and applied to missiology, counseling, and women."

In some religions, an exorcist is a person who is believed to be able to cast out the devil or performs the ridding of demons or other supernatural beings who are alleged to have possessed a person, or (sometimes) a building or object. An exorcist can be a specially prepared or instructed person including: priest, a nun, a monk, a witch doctor (healer), a shaman, a psychic or a geomancer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gabriele Amorth</span> Italian Roman Catholic priest and exorcist

Gabriele Amorth was an Italian Catholic priest of the Paulines and an exorcist for the Diocese of Rome. Amorth, along with five other priests, founded the International Association of Exorcists.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Prayer to Saint Michael</span> Catholic prayer

The Prayer to Saint Michael the Archangel usually refers to one specific Catholic prayer to Michael the Archangel, among the various prayers in existence that are addressed to him. It falls within the realm of prayers on spiritual warfare. From 1886 to 1964, this prayer was recited after Low Mass in the Catholic Church, although not incorporated into the text or the rubrics of the Mass. Other prayers to Saint Michael have also been officially approved and printed on prayer cards. Prayer to St. Michael the Archangel by Pope Leo XIII:

Saint Michael the Archangel, defend us in battle; be our protection against the wickedness and snares of the devil. May God rebuke him, we humbly pray: and do thou, O Prince of the heavenly host, by the power of God, thrust into hell satan and all of the other evil spirits who prowl about the world seeking the ruin of souls. Amen

Jeremy Ponsonby Meredyth Davies was an English Roman Catholic priest and physician. Davies was a leading exorcist and co-founder of the International Association of Exorcists.

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Father Giancarlo Gramolazzo was an Italian Roman Catholic priest who served as an exorcist. He was the president of the International Association of Exorcists until his death.

Of Exorcisms and Certain Supplications is an 84-page document of the Catholic Church containing the current version of the Rite of Exorcism authorised for use in the Latin Church.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anneliese Michel</span> Woman who died from malnutrition after attempted exorcisms

Anna Elisabeth "Anneliese" Michel was a German woman who underwent 67 Catholic exorcism rites during the year before her death. She died of malnutrition, for which her parents and priest were convicted of negligent homicide. She was diagnosed with epileptic psychosis and had a history of psychiatric treatment that proved ineffective.

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Exorcism is the religious or spiritual practice of evicting demons, jinns, or other malevolent spiritual entities from a person, or an area, that is believed to be possessed. Depending on the spiritual beliefs of the exorcist, this may be done by causing the entity to swear an oath, performing an elaborate ritual, or simply by commanding it to depart in the name of a higher power. The practice is ancient and part of the belief system of many cultures and religions.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Exorcism in Christianity</span> Practice of casting out one or more demons from a person

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References

  1. 1 2 Radford, Benjamin (7 March 2013). "Exorcism: Facts and Fiction About Demonic Possession". LiveScience. Retrieved 27 December 2020.
  2. ↑ p.43 An Exorcist Tells His Story by Fr. Gabriele Amorth; Ignatius Press, San Francisco, 1999.
  3. 1 2 Catechism of the Catholic Church, paragraph 1673
  4. ↑ Martin M. (1976) Hostage to the Devil: The Possession and Exorcism of Five Contemporary Americans. Harper San Francisco. Appendix one "The Roman Ritual of Exorcism" p.459 ISBN   0-06-065337-X
  5. 1 2 Cuneo, Michael W. (Jan 1999). "Exorcism". Contemporary American Religion. 1 (New York: Macmillan Reference USA): 243.
  6. ↑ "THE ROMAN RITUAL Translated by PHILIP T. WELLER, S.T.D." Archived from the original on 2017-08-16. Retrieved 2010-08-27.
  7. ↑ Goodstein, Laurie (Nov 13, 2010). "For Catholics, Interest in Exorcism is Revised". New York Times.
  8. ↑ Richmond, Raymond Lloyd (11 November 2018). The Veil of Purity: The Supernatural Purpose of the Chapel Veil. R. Richmond, Ph.D. pp. 3–6. ISBN   978-0-9831171-6-2.
  9. ↑ Church, Catholic (2000-01-27). "Paragraph 1673". Catechism Of The Catholic Church Popular Revised Edition (2nd ed.). Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN   978-0-86012-327-9.
  10. ↑ The Rite, by Matt Baglio; Doubleday, New York, 2009.
  11. ↑ Vyse, Stuart (2019). "The New Wave of Exorcism". Skeptical Inquirer . Vol. 43, no. 5. Center for Inquiry. pp. 22–24.
  12. ↑ "Exorcism and Prayer of Liberation Course". Sacerdos Institute. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
  13. ↑ "Matt Baglio". www.mattbaglio.com. Retrieved 2020-09-23.
  14. ↑ Cruz, Gilbert (2009-03-16). "The Story of a Modern-Day Exorcist". Time. ISSN   0040-781X . Retrieved 2020-09-23.
  15. ↑ "CS#125: Matt Baglio the Rite | Catholic Spotlight". Archived from the original on 2014-05-17. Retrieved 2014-11-29.
  16. ↑ "Interview with an exorcist". Archived from the original on 2014-05-17. Retrieved 2014-11-29.
  17. ↑ "The Rite (2011)". Chasing the Frog. 2009-03-16. Retrieved 2022-10-20.
  18. ↑ "Demonic possession is real and victims seeking exorcism should not be ignored': Prominent psychiatrist on the world beyond". yahoo.com. 3 June 2018. Retrieved 2022-10-20.
  19. ↑ "Psychiatrist: Demonic possession is real". Churchmilitant.com. Retrieved 2022-10-20.
  20. ↑ "Psychiatrist says demonic possession is real, recalls encounter with cult priestess". Christiantoday.com. 6 June 2018. Retrieved 2022-10-20.
  21. ↑ "Dr. Richard Gallagher, Demonic Possession Expert, Isn't Trying to Convince You". Esquire.com. 2 October 2020. Retrieved 2022-10-21.
  22. ↑ "When exorcists need help, they call him". edition.cnn.com. 4 August 2017. Retrieved 2022-10-22.
  23. ↑ "As a psychiatrist, I diagnose mental illness. Also, I help spot demonic possession". Washingtonpost.com. Retrieved 2022-10-22.
  24. ↑ "A Case of Demonic Possession". newoxfordreview.org. Retrieved 2023-12-31.
  25. ↑ Amorth, Fr Gabriele (2015-07-20). An Exorcist Tells His Story. Ignatius Press. ISBN   978-1-68149-669-6.
  26. ↑ Amorth, Fr Gabriele (2015-09-14). An Exorcist: More Stories. Ignatius Press. ISBN   978-1-68149-670-2.
  27. ↑ Amorth, Gabriele (2016). An Exorcist Explains the Demonic: The Antics of Satan and His Army of Fallen Angels. Sophia Institute Press. ISBN   978-1-62282-345-1.
  28. ↑ Amorth, Fr Gabriele (2018-10-31). Father Amorth: My Battle Against Satan. Sophia Institute Press. ISBN   978-1-62282-609-4.
  29. ↑ Amorth, Fr Gabriele (2020-02-20). The Devil is Afraid of Me: The Life and Work of the World's Most Popular Exorcist. Sophia Institute Press. ISBN   978-1-62282-625-4.
  30. 1 2 3 "Planned Polish Exorcism Center Sparks Interest in Germany". DW . Retrieved 31 July 2013.
  31. ↑ Artur Nowak (27 December 2018). "Krucyfiksem w gardło. Media katolickie promują egzorcyzmy, przemoc i religijny analfabetyzm". OKO.press (in Polish). Wikidata   Q117207250. Archived from the original on 1 February 2023.
  32. ↑ "Komunikat ws. byłego egzorcysty ks. Piotra Glasa". DEON.pl (in Polish). 2017-12-12. Archived from the original on 2024-01-01. Retrieved 2023-06-12.
  33. ↑ "Czy ks. Piotr Glas jest egzorcystą? Wyjaśniamy zamieszanie i komunikat Episkopatu". Aleteia Polska (in Polish). 13 December 2017. Archived from the original on 2024-01-01. Retrieved 12 June 2023.
  34. ↑ Hagler, Carolyn (21 April 2023). "Who Was the Real Pope's Exorcist?". Smithsonian Magazine . Retrieved 28 April 2023.

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