Heraldic authority

Last updated April 17, 2024

A heraldic authority is defined as an office or institution which has been established by a reigning monarch or a government to deal with heraldry in the country concerned. It does not include private societies or enterprises which design and/or register coats of arms. Over the centuries, many countries have established heraldic authorities, and several still flourish today.

Europe

Belgium

The Council of Nobility (1844–present) – deals with grants arms to the nobility in all of Belgium^[1] and municipal arms in the German Speaking Community of Belgium.^{[ citation needed ]}
Council of Heraldry and Vexillology ^[1] (1985–present) – supervises and advises the Government of the French Community regarding registration of non-noble personal, familial and municipal arms within the French Community of Belgium.
Flemish Heraldic Council ^[1] (1984–present) – supervises and advises the Flemish Government regarding grants of non-noble personal, official, municipal, and corporate arms within the Flemish Community of Belgium.

Burgundy

Toison d'Or King of Arms (1431–?)

Croatia

Ministry of Public Administration – Commission for approving the coat-of-arms and flags to the local self-government units

The commission deals only with municipal heraldry and vexillology. It is composed of five members appointed on a four years mandate by the Minister: jurist, heraldist, archivist, historian and visual artist.^[2] Pursuant to article 10. Law on the local self-government units, all municipal coats of arms have to be made and blazoned in accordance with heraldic rules.^[3] Ministry will issue armorial (Croatian : grbovnica) to municipality in the form of a booklet composed of 8 pages. The Armorial is made in three copies of which one is obtained by : unit of local self-government, Croatian State Archives and the Ministry of Public Administration.

Czech Republic

Chamber of Deputies of the Parliament of the Czech Republic – Subcommittee on heraldry and vexillology

The subcommittee deals only with municipal heraldry and vexillology. The grants of arms approved by the committee are signed by the Speaker of the Chamber of Deputies. The Czech Republic has no heraldic authority for personal arms.

Denmark

Statens Heraldiske Konsulent (State Heraldic Advisor) (1938– ). The National Archives of Denmark is the State Heraldry Advisor since 1985.^[4]

Finland

Heraldinen lautakunta (Heraldic Board), founded in 1957, known 1957–88 as Heraldinen toimikunta (Heraldic Committee).^[5] It operates as a part of the National Archives of Finland.^[6]

France

College d'armes (1407–1790)
Commission nationale d'héraldique (1999–present), operating as part of the National Archives of France.^[7]

Georgia

The State Council of Heraldry advises the government of Georgia on all matters related to heraldry.

State Council of Heraldry (2008–present)

Germany

Holy Roman Empire

Reichsherold (Imperial Herald) (1520–?)

Bavaria

Reichsherold (Royal Herald) (1808–1920)

Prussia

Oberheroldsamt (1706–1713) – dealt with noble and municipal arms.
Königlich Preussisches Heroldsamt (Royal Prussian Heraldry Office) (1855–1920)

Saxony

Kommissariatt für Adelsangelegenheiten (Commission for Noble Affairs) (1902–1920)

Hungary

Országos Községi Törzskönyvbizottság (National Municipal Register Committee) (1898–1949)^[8]
Képző és Iparművészeti Lektorátus (Lectorate of Visual and Applied Arts) (1970s–1990)^[8]
Nemzeti Címer Bizottság (National Coat of Arms Committee) (2016– )^[9]

Ireland

Ulster Office (1552–1943), headed by Ulster King of Arms.
Genealogical Office (1943– ), headed by the Chief Herald of Ireland and forming part of the National Library of Ireland – grants personal, official, municipal, and corporate arms.

Italy

Consulta Araldica (Heraldry Council) (1869–1947)
Istituto Nazionale del Nastro Azzurro (King Vittorio Emanuele III allowed the Istituto Nazionale to grant heraldic coats of arms to members since 1927; the Istituto was recognized by the Italian Republic in 1966)^[10]
Ufficio Cerimoniale della Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri (since 1947)^[11]

Coat of arms, granted by the Istituto Nazionale del Nastro Azzurro to one of its members, the italian Admiral Ernesto Burzagli. The Nastro Azzurro is one of the main heraldic authorities in Italy. Nastroazzurro.JPG — Coat of arms, granted by the Istituto Nazionale del Nastro Azzurro to one of its members, the italian Admiral Ernesto Burzagli. The Nastro Azzurro is one of the main heraldic authorities in Italy.

Latvia

State Heraldry Commission (1997– ), forming part of the Presidency – deals with official and municipal arms.^[12]

Lithuania

Heraldry Commission (1988– ),^[13] forming part of the Presidency – deals with official and municipal arms.

Luxembourg

Commission héraldique de l'Etat (State Heraldic Commission)

Malta

Office of the Chief Herald of Arms of Malta (2019–present), an agency of Heritage Malta — deals with personal, corporate and municipal arms.

(Note : although the office was established in 2019, the necessary legislation was passed only in 2021, and the regulations bringing it into operation were gazetted in 2022. All grants and registrations made between 2019 and 2022 were gazetted in April 2022, to make them official.)

Netherlands

Hoge Raad van Adel (High Council of the Nobility) (1815– ) – grants personal arms (to nobles only) and official, military, and municipal arms. Also provides advice regarding arms of members of the royal family.

Norway

Ministry of Foreign Affairs – all matters concerning the Coat of arms of Norway (Norwegian: Riksvåpenet = Coat of arms of the realm)

Poland

Komisja Heraldyczna (Heraldic Commission)

Portugal

Cartório da Nobreza (Nobility Register) (1521–1910) – heraldic authority for the Kingdom of Portugal;
Comissão de Heráldica da Associação dos Arqueólogos Portugueses (Heraldic Commission of the Association of Portuguese Archeologists) (1930 – ) – heraldic authority for the municipalities of Portugal;
Gabinete de Heráldica Corporativa (Office for Corporate Heraldry) (1930–1974) – heraldic authority for the corporations (trade unions, guilds, etc.);
Secção de Heráldica da Direção de Cultura e História Militar (Heraldry Section of the Directorate of Military History and Culture) (1969 – ) – heraldic authority for the Portuguese Army;
Gabinete de Heráldica Naval (Office for Naval Heraldry) (1972 – ) – heraldic authority for the Portuguese Navy;
Adjunto de Heráldica do Arquivo Histórico da Força Aérea (Heraldry Deputy of the Air Force Historical Archive) (1977 – ) – heraldic authority for the Portuguese Air Force;
Gabinete de Heráldica Autárquica (Office for Municipal Heraldry) (foreseen in 1991, but never created) – heraldic authority for the municipalities of Portugal.^[14]

Romania

Comisia Consultativă Heraldică (The Consultative Heraldic Committee) (1921–1940) – founded in 1921 as the heraldic authority in the Kingdom of Romania and it dealt with state, civic, ecclesiastical, and scholastic coats of arms;
Comisia Națională de Heraldică, Genealogie și Sigilografie (The National Committee of Heraldry, Genealogy, and Sigillography) (1971–present) – founded in 1971 as Comisia de Heraldică, Genealogie și Sigilografie (The Committee of Heraldry, Genealogy, and Sigillography) as the heraldic authority in the Socialist Republic of Romania; since 1992, it is the heraldic authority of Romania and it deals with civic and personal heraldry;

Russia

Office of Heraldry (1722–1917), headed by the Master Herald – granted personal, official, and municipal arms.
Heraldic Council of the President of the Russian Federation or State Heraldry Service (1992– ), headed by the Master Herald and forming part of the President's Office.

Slovakia

Heraldic Commission
Heraldic Registry of the Slovak Republic (part of Ministry of Interior)^[15]

Spain

Real Academia de la Historia (Royal Academy of History). For Asturias, Cantabria, Castilla–La Mancha, La Rioja and Balearic Islands.
Consejo Asesor de Heráldica y Simbología de Aragón (Advisory Council of Heraldry and Symbology of Aragon). For Aragon.
Sociedad de Estudios Vascos/Eusko Ikaskuntza (Basque Studies Society). For Basque Country.
Instituto de Estudios Canarios (Institute for Canary Studies). For Canary Islands.
Cronistas de Armas de Castilla y León (Recorders of Arms), established in 1496. For provinces of Castile and León.
Institut d'Estudis Catalans (Institute for Catalan Studies). For Catalonia.
Comisión de Heráldica de Galicia (Galician Heraldry Commission). For Galicia.
Real Academia Matritense de Heráldica y Genealogía (Royal Matritense Academy of Heraldry and Genealogy), together with the Real Academia de la Historia, for Madrid.
Real Academia Alfonso X el Sabio (Royal Academy Alfonso X the Wise). For the Region of Murcia.
Consell Tècnic d'Heràldica i Vexil·logia (Technical Council of Heraldry and Vexilogy). For Valencian Community.

Sweden

Riksheraldiker (National Herald) (1734–1953)
Statens Heraldiska Nämnd (State Heraldry Office) (1953– ), headed by a State Herald, and forming part of the Royal Archives. registered with the Swedish Patent and Registration Office (Patent- och registreringsverket or PRV). Only official arms (royal and civic arms) are handled. Burgher and commoner arms are less strictly controlled and may be recognized by publication in the annual Scandinavian Roll of Arms .

United Kingdom

England and Wales

College of Arms (1484- ), headed by the Garter Principal King of Arms, under the general jurisdiction of the Earl Marshal – grants personal, municipal, and corporate arms, also records pedigrees and genealogies.

Northern Ireland

Until 1943, Northern Ireland came under the Ulster Office; since then, it has fallen under the College of Arms part of the jurisdiction of the Norroy and Ulster King of Arms which also covers the counties of England and Wales North of the River Trent.

Scotland

Court of the Lord Lyon, headed by the Lord Lyon (c. 1399?- ) – grants personal, municipal, and corporate arms; it is illegal to bear arms in Scotland unless they have been granted or recorded by the Lord Lyon.

Africa

Kenya

Kenya College of Arms (1968– ), headed by a Registrar, and forming part of the Attorney-General's Office – grants and registers personal, municipal, and corporate coats of arms. It was established by the College of Arms Act of 1968.

South Africa

Department of the Interior (1935–1959) – inter alia registered the arms of associations and institutions, as "badges".
Provincial administrations (1949–1963) – inter alia registered the arms of municipalities in their respective provinces.
Department of Education, Arts & Sciences (1959–1963) – inter alia registered the arms of associations and institutions, as "badges".
Bureau of Heraldry (1963– ), headed by the National Herald (formerly State Herald), and forming part of the National Archives & Records Service – registers personal, official, military, municipal, and corporate arms. Together with the Heraldry Council, it forms part of the National Archives and Records Service (formerly called the State Archives Service), which is currently under the authority of the Minister of Arts & Culture.

The Heraldry Act 1962, which governs the Bureau of Heraldry, has not been changed to replace "State herald" with "National Herald".^[16] Announcements in the Government Gazette of South Africa still use "State Herald".

Zambia

Colours Control Board (1958– ) – inter alia registers the arms of associations and institutions, as "badges".

Zimbabwe

Registrar of Names, Uniforms, Badges and Heraldic Representations (1971– ), forming part of the Patents Office – registers official, municipal, corporate, and personal arms.

Bunyoro-Kitara, Uganda

Heraldry Society of Africa (2016– ), forming a repository of historic and current heraldry within the sub-monarchy of Bunyoro-Kitara, and all of the continent of Africa, and as warranted abroad.

Asia

Azerbaijan

Heraldic Council (2006– ), forming part of the Presidency.

Philippines

Philippine Heraldry Committee (1940–1972) – government coat of arms, seals, and other symbols of state
National Historical Commission of the Philippines (1972–) – absorbed responsibilities of the Philippine Heraldry Committee after the Reorganization Act of 1972. Final approval of works required from the Office of the President

North America

Canadian Heraldic Authority

The Institute of Heraldry

Canada

Canadian Heraldic Authority (1988– ), headed by the Chief Herald of Canada and forming part of the Governor General's office– grants personal, corporate, governmental, military and other organizational arms.

United States

Carolina Herald was an English herald responsible for heraldry in Carolina in early and mid 18th Century colonial times.
The Institute of Heraldry, U.S. Army, is the organization responsible for furnishing heraldic services to the President of the United States and all federal government agencies.

Oceania

New Zealand

New Zealand Herald Extraordinary (1978– ) in the Governor-General's Household – represents the English College of Arms.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coat of arms</span> Heraldic design on a shield, surcoat or tabard

A coat of arms is a heraldic visual design on an escutcheon, surcoat, or tabard. The coat of arms on an escutcheon forms the central element of the full heraldic achievement, which in its whole consists of a shield, supporters, a crest, and a motto. A coat of arms is traditionally unique to the armiger. The term "coat of arms" itself, describing in modern times just the heraldic design, originates from the description of the entire medieval chainmail "surcoat" garment used in combat or preparation for the latter.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Genealogical Office</span> Office of the Government of Ireland

The Genealogical Office is an office of the Government of Ireland containing genealogical records. It includes the Office of the Chief Herald of Ireland, the authority in Ireland for heraldry. The Chief Herald authorises the granting of arms to Irish bodies and Irish people, including descendants of emigrants. The office was constituted on 1 April 1943 as successor to the Ulster King of Arms, established during the Tudor period of the Kingdom of Ireland in 1552. The Ulster King of Arms' duties in relation to Northern Ireland were taken over by the Norroy and Ulster King of Arms.

The Bureau of Heraldry is the South African heraldic authority, established in Pretoria on 1 June 1963. It is headed by a State Herald and its functions are to register arms, badges, flags and seals, to keep a public register, to issue registration certificates and, since 1980, to advise the government on heraldic matters. Together with the Heraldry Council, it forms part of the National Archives and Records Service, which is currently under the authority of the Minister of Sports, Arts and Culture.

The Canadian Heraldic Authority is part of the Canadian honours system under the Canadian monarch, whose authority is exercised by the Governor General of Canada. The authority is responsible for the creation and granting of new coats of arms, flags, and badges for Canadian citizens, government agencies, municipal, civic and other corporate bodies. The authority also registers existing armorial bearings granted by other recognized heraldic authorities, approves military badges, flags, and other insignia of the Canadian Forces, and provides information on heraldic practices. It is well known for its innovative designs, many incorporating First Nations symbolism.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Law of heraldic arms</span>

The law of heraldic arms, sometimes simply laws of heraldry governs the possession, use or display of arms, called bearing of arms. That use includes the coats of arms, coat armour or armorial bearings. Originally with the sole function of enabling knights to identify each other on the battlefield, they soon acquired wider, more decorative uses. Today they are used by countries, public and private institutions or individuals. The first laws regarding arms were written by Bartolus de Saxoferrato and the officials who administer these matters today are called pursuivants, heralds, or kings of arms. The law of arms is part of the law in countries which regulate heraldry, although not part of common law in England and in countries whose laws derive from English law. In most European countries without monarchies, much like in the United States, there are no laws against assuming arms, with the closest legal authenticity mechanism being a pictorial copyright protection.

Portuguese heraldry encompasses the modern and historic traditions of heraldry in Portugal and the Portuguese Empire. Portuguese heraldry is part of the larger Iberian tradition of heraldry, one of the major schools of heraldic tradition, and grants coats of arms to individuals, cities, Portuguese colonies, and other institutions. Heraldry has been practiced in Portugal at least since the 12th century, however it only became standardized and popularized in the 16th century, during the reign of King Manuel I of Portugal, who created the first heraldic ordinances in the country. Like in other Iberian heraldic traditions, the use of quartering and augmentations of honor is highly representative of Portuguese heraldry, but unlike in any other Iberian traditions, the use of heraldic crests is highly popular.

The tradition and art of heraldry first appeared in Spain at about the beginning of the eleventh century AD and its origin was similar to other European countries: the need for knights and nobles to distinguish themselves from one another on the battlefield, in jousts and in tournaments. Knights wore armor from head to toe and were often in leadership positions, so it was essential to be able to identify them on the battlefield.

The Flemish Heraldic Council advises the Flemish Government on all matters relating to heraldry. The Council was created on 11 April 1984, as the successor to the Subcommittee for Heraldry or Subcommissie Heraldiek, established in 1978. Its prime task was to supervise the granting of a coat of arms and a flag to all municipalities of the Flemish Region. Following the reorganization of the Belgian provinces, the council's field of action was extended to provincial arms and flags in 1994. Since 2000, the Council has likewise advised the Flemish Government on grants of arms to Flemish individuals and corporations. In the meantime, more than 200 such grants have received official sanction. Grants of arms by the Flemish Government are published in the Belgian official journal.

Heraldry in the United States was first established by European settlers who brought with them the heraldic customs of their respective countries of origin. As the use of coats of arms may be seen as a custom of royalty and nobility, it had been debated whether the use of arms is reconcilable with American republican traditions. Families from English, Scottish, Irish, Welsh, German, and other European nations with a heraldic tradition have retained their familial coat of arms in the United States. Several founding fathers also employed personal arms and a great number of Americans continue to do so.

South African heraldry dates back to the 1650s, inheriting European heraldic traditions. Arms are borne by individuals, official bodies, local authorities, military units, and by a wide variety of organisations. South Africa has had its own heraldic authority since 1963, to provide armigers with legal protection, and to promote high standards of armorial practice.

Burgher arms or bourgeois arms are coats of arms borne by persons of the burgher social class of Europe since the Middle Ages. By definition, however, the term is alien to British heraldry, which follows other rules.

Frederick Gordon Brownell was a South African herald, vexillologist, and genealogist.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Canadian heraldry</span> Canadian coats of arms and other heraldic achievements

Canadian heraldry is the cultural tradition and style of coats of arms and other heraldic achievements in both modern and historic Canada. It includes national, provincial, and civic arms, noble and personal arms, ecclesiastical heraldry, heraldic displays as corporate logos, and Canadian blazonry.

English heraldry is the form of coats of arms and other heraldic bearings and insignia used in England. It lies within the so-called Gallo-British tradition. Coats of arms in England are regulated and granted to individuals by the English kings of arms of the College of Arms. An individual's arms may also be borne 'by courtesy' by members of the holder's nuclear family, subject to a system of cadency marks, to differentiate those displays from the arms of the original holder. The English heraldic style is exemplified in the arms of British royalty, and is reflected in the civic arms of cities and towns, as well as the noble arms of individuals in England. Royal orders in England, such as the Order of the Garter, also maintain notable heraldic bearings.

The Court of the Lord Lyon, or Lyon Court, is a standing court of law, based in New Register House in Edinburgh, which regulates heraldry in Scotland. The Lyon Court maintains the register of grants of arms, known as the Public Register of All Arms and Bearings in Scotland, as well as records of genealogies.

For the purposes of this article, heraldry societies are defined as private associations of people who are interested in heraldry. Heraldic authorities, which have been established by reigning monarchs or governments, are dealt with in a separate article.

Civic heraldry is heraldry used by municipalities.

The Macedonian Heraldic Society (MHS) is the only professional body in the field of heraldry, vexillology, phaleristics, chivalristics and nobiliar issues in North Macedonia. The society was founded on 2 July 2003 in Skopje under the name Macedonian Heraldry Society, and changed to its current name in 2018.

The Council of Heraldry and Vexillology is the Heraldic authority for the French-speaking Community of Belgium. It is the institution that advises the Government of the French-speaking Community on all matters concerning civic, personal, and familial arms and flags. Grants of arms from the Council are published in the Belgian official journal.

Belgian heraldry is the form of coats of arms and other heraldic bearings and insignia used in the Kingdom of Belgium and the Belgian colonial empire but also in the historical territories that make up modern-day Belgium. Today, coats of arms in Belgium are regulated and granted by different bodies depending on the nature, status, and location of the armiger.

References

1 2 3 "Héraldique en Belgique | Association Royale Office Généalogique et Héraldique de Belgique". oghb.be. Retrieved 13 December 2019.
↑ "Pravilnik o postupku davanja odobrenja grba i zastave jedinici lokalne samouprave" [Regulation on the procedure for granting the coat of arms and flags to the local self-government unit]. Act of June 29, 1998 (in Croatian).
↑ Čl. 10. Grb mora biti heraldički ispravan i opisan po pravilima heraldike. Grb se sastoji isključivo od štita i sadržaja unutar njega. Jedinica lokalne i jedinica područne (regionalne) samouprave u pravilu preuzima svoj povijesni grb i zastavu. "Zakon o lokalnoj i područnoj (regionalnoj) samupravi (pročišćeni tekst)" [Law on Local and Regional Self-Government (consolidated text)]. Act of February 18, 2013 (in Croatian).
↑ "Rigsvåbenet, kongekronen og offentlig heraldik".
↑ Peltonen, Isto (April 2013). "Suomen kunnallisvaakunat – Perinteet ja käyttötaide" (PDF) (in Finnish). Jyväskylän yliopisto: 16. Retrieved 11 September 2018.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
↑ "Heraldinen lautakunta" (in Finnish). Kansallisarkisto. Retrieved 11 September 2018.
↑ "Commission nationale d'héraldique (FranceArchives)" (in French). Archives Nationales. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
1 2 Bertényi, Iván (2006). "A kommunális heraldika napjainkban". In Takács, Edit (ed.). Magyar Levéltárosok Egyesülete 2004. évi Vándorgyűlése (in Hungarian). Budapest: Magyar Levéltárosok Egyesülete. pp. 174–177. ISBN 9632182278 . Retrieved 2 March 2019.
↑ Dr. Fodros, Péter (2018). ""Magyarország nemzetiségpolitikája európai szinten is példaértékű" Interjú dr. Semjén Zsolt miniszterelnök-helyettessel" ["Hungary's national policy is exemplary at a European level" Interview with H.E. Dr Zsolt Semjén, Deputy Prime Minister](PDF). Diplomata Magazin. 18 (9). Budapest: Diplomata Magazin Kiadó Kft.: 3. ISSN 1419-1733 . Retrieved 2 March 2019.
↑ Regulation
↑ Attribuzioni
↑ "State Heraldry Commission". Latvijas Valsts Prezidents. Archived from the original on 31 October 2017. Retrieved 10 August 2014.
↑ Galkus, Juozas (2009). Lietuvos Vytis / The Vytis of Lithuania. Vilnius: Vilniaus dailės akademijos leidykla. p. 368. ISBN 9789955854449.
↑ "Portuguese Law on Municipal Heraldry (1991)".
↑ See the registry:
↑ Heraldry Act, 1962, as amended, at World Intellectual Property Organisation website.

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[:0-1] 1 2 3 "Héraldique en Belgique | Association Royale Office Généalogique et Héraldique de Belgique". oghb.be. Retrieved 13 December 2019.

[2] "Pravilnik o postupku davanja odobrenja grba i zastave jedinici lokalne samouprave" [Regulation on the procedure for granting the coat of arms and flags to the local self-government unit]. Act of June 29, 1998 (in Croatian).

[3] Čl. 10. Grb mora biti heraldički ispravan i opisan po pravilima heraldike. Grb se sastoji isključivo od štita i sadržaja unutar njega. Jedinica lokalne i jedinica područne (regionalne) samouprave u pravilu preuzima svoj povijesni grb i zastavu. "Zakon o lokalnoj i područnoj (regionalnoj) samupravi (pročišćeni tekst)" [Law on Local and Regional Self-Government (consolidated text)]. Act of February 18, 2013 (in Croatian).

[4] "Rigsvåbenet, kongekronen og offentlig heraldik".

[5] Peltonen, Isto (April 2013). "Suomen kunnallisvaakunat – Perinteet ja käyttötaide" (PDF) (in Finnish). Jyväskylän yliopisto: 16. Retrieved 11 September 2018.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

[6] "Heraldinen lautakunta" (in Finnish). Kansallisarkisto. Retrieved 11 September 2018.

[7] "Commission nationale d'héraldique (FranceArchives)" (in French). Archives Nationales. Retrieved 30 October 2020.

[bertényi-8] 1 2 Bertényi, Iván (2006). "A kommunális heraldika napjainkban". In Takács, Edit (ed.). Magyar Levéltárosok Egyesülete 2004. évi Vándorgyűlése (in Hungarian). Budapest: Magyar Levéltárosok Egyesülete. pp. 174–177. ISBN 9632182278 . Retrieved 2 March 2019.

[9] Dr. Fodros, Péter (2018). ""Magyarország nemzetiségpolitikája európai szinten is példaértékű" Interjú dr. Semjén Zsolt miniszterelnök-helyettessel" ["Hungary's national policy is exemplary at a European level" Interview with H.E. Dr Zsolt Semjén, Deputy Prime Minister](PDF). Diplomata Magazin. 18 (9). Budapest: Diplomata Magazin Kiadó Kft.: 3. ISSN 1419-1733 . Retrieved 2 March 2019.

[10] Regulation

[11] Attribuzioni

[12] "State Heraldry Commission". Latvijas Valsts Prezidents. Archived from the original on 31 October 2017. Retrieved 10 August 2014.

[13] Galkus, Juozas (2009). Lietuvos Vytis / The Vytis of Lithuania. Vilnius: Vilniaus dailės akademijos leidykla. p. 368. ISBN 9789955854449.

[hpm-14] "Portuguese Law on Municipal Heraldry (1991)".

[15] See the registry:

[16] Heraldry Act, 1962, as amended, at World Intellectual Property Organisation website.

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