History of agriculture in California

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The history of agriculture in California began with California's indigenous peoples and was radically altered by colonization and statehood. Throughout its history agriculture has formed an important part of the state's economy. California has been the largest agricultural producer in the United States for over 60 years. [1]

Contents

Pre-1850

Peake & Fleure 1927 propose that many crop wild relatives and a climate with both a rainy season and a dry season are necessary for an area to become a center of agriculture. [2] : 8  Before human arrival a wide variety of crop wild relatives were already found here – and although most of land has a monotonously desert or near-desert rain supply – some has a climate type called Mediterranean. [2] : 8 

Since initial contact between Europeans and Indigenous American peoples, the topic of Native American agriculture has been debated. While agriculture in pre-contact California certainly did not fit into the Western definition of agriculture, the keen stewardship of California's natural ecosystem by Indigenous Californians to achieve the best possible output of resources is "agricultural," with California's ecosystems acting as a large, unbounded agricultural site. [3] [4] Because of this difference in ideology, agricultural practices in pre-contact California often took a different form than those of Europe.

A basket cap made by the Karuk, Yurok, or Hupa peoples, using stems of plants that would have been harvested as a result of cultural burning. Basket cap, maker unknown, Yurok Hupa Karuk - Mount Shasta Sisson Museum - DSC02800.JPG
A basket cap made by the Karuk, Yurok, or Hupa peoples, using stems of plants that would have been harvested as a result of cultural burning.

Some California hunter-gatherer tribes, including the Owens Valley Paiute, developed irrigation. [5] Native Californians were skilled at gathering materials from plants at all times of the year, allowing the consistent gathering of materials from any and all local plants. Depending on when various plants—including succulents, flowers, and trees—bloomed or became ripe, different aspects of the plant could be accessed or harvested by Native California peoples. [6]

Native Californians also developed strategies when it came to competing with animals for resources. The Kashaya Pomo, for example, timed their harvest of dogwood to be before insects and worms would be able to access the inner parts of the plant. [6] Indigenous Californians also developed strategies for acquiring black oak acorns directly from tree branches using a long pole, increasing harvest yields that would otherwise have been disturbed by animals. [6]

Black oak acorn harvests were further increased by cultural burning, which stimulated acorn growth and increased biodiversity in the area. [7] Cultural burning was commonly practiced by throughout California to maintain a healthy landscape that produced quality resources, as the Karuk, Yurok, Hupa peoples all regularly burned areas of bear grass and California hazelnut and to encourage the growth of stronger stems that could be used for basketry. [8] [9]

1893 engraving of a Mission with nectarine trees Illustrated album of Alameda County, California; its early history and progress-agriculture, viticulture and horticulture-educational, manufacturing and railroad advantages-Oakland and (14758619134).jpg
1893 engraving of a Mission with nectarine trees

In the late 1700s, Franciscan missionaries established Spanish missions in California. Like earlier Spanish missions established in Baja California, these missions were surrounded by agricultural land, growing crops from Europe and the Americas, and raising animals originating from Europe. Indigenous workers from Baja California made up a large part of the initial labor force on California missions. [10] In the early 1800s, this flow of laborers from Baja California had largely stopped, and the missions relied on converts from local tribes. By 1806, over 20,000 Mission Indians were "attached" to the California missions. As missions were expected to become largely self-sufficient, farming was a critically important Mission industry. George Vancouver visited Mission San Buenaventura in 1793 and noted the wide variety of crops grown: apples, pears, plums, figs, oranges, grapes, peaches, pomegranates, plantain, banana, coconut, sugar cane, indigo, various herbs, and prickly pear. [11] Livestock was raised for meat, wool, leather, and tallow, and for cultivating the land. In 1832, at the height of their prosperity, the missions collectively owned over 150,000 cattle and over 120,000 sheep. They also raised horses, goats, and pigs. [12]

While the Spanish were the most successful farmers active in California in the early 1800s, they were not the only ones. In 1812, the Russians established Fort Ross in what is now Sonoma County, California, and intended the fort in part as an agricultural supply point for other Russian activity on the west coast. Despite Russian plans for the colony, agriculture at Fort Ross had low yields, significantly lower than the California missions. Inefficient farming methods, labour shortages, coastal fog, and rodents all contributed to limit agriculture at the fort. [13]

The Spanish (1784–1810) and Mexican (1819–1846) governments made a large number of land grants to private individuals from 1785 to 1846. These ranchos included land taken from the missions following government-imposed secularization in 1833, after which the missions' productivity declined significantly. The ranchos were focused on cattle, and hides and tallow were their main products. There was no market for large quantities of beef (before refrigeration and railroads) until the California Gold Rush.

1850–1900

Yokuts, Tule River Reservation ~1900AD Yokut Indian women and two boys preparing peaches, Tule River Reservation near Porterville, California, ca.1900 (CHS-3796).jpg
Yokuts, Tule River Reservation ~1900AD

In 1848, before the Gold Rush, the population of CA was approximately 15,000, not counting Native Americans. By 1852, there were over 250,000 people in the state. [14] and by 1870, 560,000 people. [15] This rapid population growth drove an increase in importation of agricultural products, and, within a few years, a massive growth in in-state agriculture. In the first years of the gold rush, the state relied on agricultural imports arriving by ship, from Australia, Chile, and Hawaii. During these years, there was rapid growth in vegetable farming for local markets. This was followed by an expansion of grain farming. [14] A shift in the economic dominance of grain farming over cattle raising was marked by the passage of the California "No-Fence Law" of 1874. This repealed the Trespass Act of 1850, which had required farmers to protect their planted fields from free-ranging cattle. The repeal of the Trespass Act required that ranchers fence stock in, rather than farmers fencing cattle out. The ranchers were faced with either the high expense of fencing large grazing tracts or selling their cattle at ruinous prices. [16] [17] By the 1890s, California was second in US wheat production, producing over one million tons of wheat per year, [14] but monocrop wheat farming had depleted the soil in some areas resulting in reduced crops. [18]

The Wakamatsu Tea and Silk Farm Colony (1869 - 1871) is believed to be the first permanent Japanese settlement in North America. The group exhibited their produce during the 1869 California State Agricultural Fair in Sacramento and the 1870 Horticultural Fair in San Francisco.

Irrigation was almost nonexistent in California in 1850, but by 1899, 12 percent of the state's improved farmland was irrigated. [18]

Luther Burbank moved to Santa Rosa, California in 1875, and developed numerous commercially successful varieties of plants over the next 50 years.

1900–1950

Drying prunes, 1908 or 1909 Campbell Prune Drier, California (NYPL b12647398-70043).tiff
Drying prunes, 1908 or 1909

The 1902 Newlands Reclamation Act funded irrigation projects on arid lands in 20 states including California.

In 1905, the California legislature passed the University Farm Bill, which called for the establishment of a farm school for the University of California (at the time, Berkeley was the sole campus of the university). [19] The commission took a year to select a site for the campus, a tiny town then known as Davisville. [19] UC Davis opened its doors as the "University Farm" to 40 degree students (all male) from UC Berkeley in January 1909.

In 1915, the Pure Milk Act defined margarine and pasteurization and established statewide milk grading. [20]

In 1919, the California Department of Food and Agriculture was established. The department covers state food safety, state protection from invasive species, and promoting the state's agricultural industry.

In 1924, a major foot-and-mouth disease outbreak lead to quarantines, interstate embargos, and the culling of over 100,000 animals. [18]

The Dust Bowl of the 1930s drove many people from the American prairie, and a significant number of these economic migrants relocated to California. Poor migrants from Oklahoma and nearby states were sometimes referred to as Okies, generally a pejorative term. In 1933, the state saw a number of agricultural labor strikes, with the largest actions against cotton growers. Cherry, grape, peach, pear, sugar beet, and tomato workers were also involved.

In 1942, the United States began the Bracero program. Lasting until 1964, this agreement established decent living conditions and a minimum wage for Mexican workers in the United States.

1950–2000

Mexican farm workers along the Colorado River (1970s) IN LETTUCE FIELDS ALONG THE COLORADO RIVER, MEXICAN FARM WORKER CARRIES BOXES TO FIELD PICKERS - NARA - 549084.jpg
Mexican farm workers along the Colorado River (1970s)

In 1965, the Williamson Act became law, providing property tax relief to owners of California farmland and open-space land in exchange for agreement that the land will not be developed.

The 1960s and 1970s saw major farm worker strikes including the 1965 Delano grape strike and the 1970 Salad Bowl strike. In 1975, the California Agricultural Labor Relations Act of 1975 was enacted, [21] establishing the right to collective bargaining for farmworkers in California, a first in U.S. history. [22] Individuals with prominent roles in farm worker organizing in this period include Cesar Chavez, Dolores Huerta, Larry Itliong, and Philip Vera Cruz.

In 1973, California Certified Organic Farmers is established, one of the first organic certification entities in the United States. [23] [24]

In the late 1980s the Ives flower ranch was the site of a notorious employment case. [25] This ranch was in Ventura and involved Mixtec farm workers (from the southern Mexican state of Oaxaca) and illegal employment conditions. [25] The ranch paid $1.5 million in unpaid wages and fines. [25]

Through 1995 there were 50,000 Mixtecs every year in California agriculture. [25] They were about 70% of the 10,000 agricultural laborers in San Diego County, and had been spreading northwards to also work in Oxnard, Santa Maria and Madera County, and even into Oregon and Washington. [25] They were usually not the only indigenous Mexican ethnic groups – Zapotecs and Mayans were also usually working the same jobs. [25] In the 1990s it was common to arrive in Arizona first, work on an Arizonan farm, and then move here. [25]

In 1993, the first year registered organic farms were counted under 1990 California Organic Foods Act, there were 1157 Organic farms covering over 40,000 acres. [26] By 2000, there were 1,903 farms covering almost 150,000 acres. [27]

2001–present

In 2007-2008, the light brown apple moth controversy involved arial spraying or a pheromone formulation to try to eradicate an agricultural pest in Monterey and Santa Cruz counties and the subsequent legal challenges and public pushback.

In the 2000s and 2010s, Californians voted for propositions which established new protections for farm animals. 2008 California Proposition 2 and 2018 California Proposition 12 both established minimum requirements for farming egg-laying hens, breeding pigs, and calves raised for veal. Few veal and pig factory farm operations exist in California, so these propositions mostly affect farmers who raise California's 15 million egg-laying hens. [28]

See Also

Related Research Articles

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Agriculture encompasses crop and livestock production, aquaculture, and forestry for food and non-food products. Agriculture was a key factor in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that enabled people to live in the cities. While humans started gathering grains at least 105,000 years ago, nascent farmers only began planting them around 11,500 years ago. Sheep, goats, pigs, and cattle were domesticated around 10,000 years ago. Plants were independently cultivated in at least 11 regions of the world. In the 20th century, industrial agriculture based on large-scale monocultures came to dominate agricultural output.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Farmer</span> Person engaged in agriculture, raising living organisms for food or raw materials

A farmer is a person engaged in agriculture, raising living organisms for food or raw materials. The term usually applies to people who do some combination of raising field crops, orchards, vineyards, poultry, or other livestock. A farmer might own the farmland or might work as a laborer on land owned by others. In most developed economies, a "farmer" is usually a farm owner (landowner), while employees of the farm are known as farm workers. However, in other older definitions a farmer was a person who promotes or improves the growth of plants, land, or crops or raises animals by labor and attention.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Farm</span> Area of land for farming, or, for aquaculture, lake, river, or sea, including various structures

A farm is an area of land that is devoted primarily to agricultural processes with the primary objective of producing food and other crops; it is the basic facility in food production. The name is used for specialized units such as arable farms, vegetable farms, fruit farms, dairy, pig and poultry farms, and land used for the production of natural fiber, biofuel, and other commodities. It includes ranches, feedlots, orchards, plantations and estates, smallholdings, and hobby farms, and includes the farmhouse and agricultural buildings as well as the land. In modern times, the term has been extended to include such industrial operations as wind farms and fish farms, both of which can operate on land or at sea.

Organic farming, also known as organic agriculture or ecological farming or biological farming, is an agricultural system that emphasizes the use of naturally occurring, non-synthetic inputs such as compost manure, green manure, and bone meal and places emphasis on techniques such as crop rotation, companion planting, and mixed cropping. Biological pest control methods such as the fostering of insect predators are also encouraged. Organic agriculture can be defined as "an integrated farming system that strives for sustainability, the enhancement of soil fertility and biological diversity while, with rare exceptions, prohibiting synthetic pesticides, antibiotics, synthetic fertilizers, genetically modified organisms, and growth hormones". It originated early in the 20th century in reaction to rapidly changing farming practices. Certified organic agriculture today accounts for 70 million hectares globally, with over half of that total in Australia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sustainable agriculture</span> Farming approach that balances environmental, economic and social factors in the long term

Sustainable agriculture is farming in sustainable ways meeting society's present food and textile needs, without compromising the ability for current or future generations to meet their needs. It can be based on an understanding of ecosystem services. There are many methods to increase the sustainability of agriculture. When developing agriculture within sustainable food systems, it is important to develop flexible business processes and farming practices. Agriculture has an enormous environmental footprint, playing a significant role in causing climate change, water scarcity, water pollution, land degradation, deforestation and other processes; it is simultaneously causing environmental changes and being impacted by these changes. Sustainable agriculture consists of environment friendly methods of farming that allow the production of crops or livestock without causing damage to human or natural systems. It involves preventing adverse effects on soil, water, biodiversity, and surrounding or downstream resources, as well as to those working or living on the farm or in neighboring areas. Elements of sustainable agriculture can include permaculture, agroforestry, mixed farming, multiple cropping, and crop rotation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Agriculture in the United States</span> Major industry in the United States

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of agriculture in the United States</span>

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Agriculture in New Zealand</span> Overview of agriculture in New Zealand

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Agriculture in the United Kingdom</span> Economic sector in the United Kingdom

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Agriculture is a significant sector in California's economy, producing nearly US$50 billion in revenue in 2018. There are more than 400 commodity crops grown across California, including a significant portion of all fruits, vegetables, and nuts in the United States. In 2017, there were 77,100 unique farms and ranches in the state, operating across 25.3 million acres of land. The average farm size was 328 acres (133 ha), significantly less than the average farm size in the U.S. of 444 acres (180 ha).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Agriculture in Wisconsin</span> Farming in Wisconsin

Agriculture is a significant sector in Wisconsin's economy, producing nearly $104 billion in revenue annually. The significance of the state's agricultural production is exemplified by the depiction of a Holstein cow, an ear of corn, and a wheel of cheese on Wisconsin's state quarter design. In 2017 there were 64,800 farms in the state, operating across 14.3 million acres of land.

References

  1. ↑ "California State Fact Sheet" (PDF). United States Department of Agriculture. May 2011. Retrieved 2 January 2025.
  2. 1 2 Janick, Jules (2004). Plant Breeding Reviews. Vol. 24, Part 2. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. xiii+290. ISBN   978-0-470-65028-8. OCLC   654787130.
  3. ↑ Devon A. Mihesuah; Elizabeth Hoover, eds. (2019). Indigenous food sovereignty in the United States: Restoring cultural knowledge, protecting environments, and regaining health. Foreword by Winona LaDuke. Norman, Oklahoma, U.S: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN   978-0-8061-6321-5. OCLC   1098218408.
  4. ↑ Akins, Damon B. (2021). We are the land: a history of Native California. William J., Jr. Bauer. Oakland, California. ISBN   978-0-520-28049-6. OCLC   1176314767.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  5. ↑ Bettinger, Robert (December 3, 2005). "Agriculture, Archaeology, and Human Behavioral Ecology". In Kennett, Douglas; Winterhalder, Bruce (eds.). Behavioral Ecology and the Transition to Agriculture. University of California Press. p. 320. ISBN   0520246470 . Retrieved October 7, 2019.
  6. 1 2 3 Anderson, Kat (2005). Tending the wild: Native American knowledge and the management of California's natural resources. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN   978-0-520-93310-1. OCLC   62175673.
  7. ↑ Long, Jonathan W.; Goode, Ron W.; Gutteriez, Raymond J.; Lackey, Jessica J.; Anderson, M. Kat (September 15, 2017). "Managing California Black Oak for Tribal Ecocultural Restoration". Journal of Forestry. 115 (5): 426–434. doi: 10.5849/jof.16-033 . ISSN   0022-1201.
  8. ↑ Marks-Block, Tony; Lake, Frank K.; Bliege Bird, Rebecca; Curran, Lisa M. (February 19, 2021). "Revitalized Karuk and Yurok cultural burning to enhance California hazelnut for basketweaving in northwestern California, USA". Fire Ecology. 17 (1): 6. Bibcode:2021FiEco..17a...6M. doi: 10.1186/s42408-021-00092-6 . ISSN   1933-9747. S2CID   231971687.
  9. ↑ Hunter, John (1988). "Prescribed burning for cultural resources". Fire Management Notes. 49: 8–9 – via ResearchGate.
  10. ↑ Street, Richard (Winter 1996–1997). "First Farmworkers, First Braceros: Baja California Field Hands and the Origins of Farm Labor Importation in California Agriculture, 1769-1790". California History. 75 (4): 306–321. JSTOR   25177614. Archived from the original on November 11, 2002. Retrieved October 1, 2019.
  11. ↑ Ruther, Walter (1967). The Citrus Industry: History, world distribution, botany, and varieties. University of California, Division of Agricultural Sciences. p. 25.
  12. ↑ Krell, Dorothy (December 1996). The California Missions: A Pictorial History. Menlo Park, California: Sunset Publishing Corporation. p. 316. ISBN   9780376051721.
  13. ↑ Lightfoot, Kent (2006). Indians, Missionaries, and Merchants: The Legacy of Colonial Encounters on the California Frontiers. University of California Press. p. 259. ISBN   0520249984 . Retrieved October 8, 2019.
  14. 1 2 3 Gerber, Jim (July 2010). "The Gold Rush origins of California's wheat economy". América Latina en la historia económica. 34. Retrieved October 21, 2019.
  15. ↑ Rawls, James; Orsi, Richard (1999). A Golden State: Mining and Economic Development in Gold Rush California. University of California Press. pp. 185–187. ISBN   9780520217713 . Retrieved October 21, 2019.
  16. ↑ Ludeke, John (1980). "The No Fence Law of 1874: Victory for San Joaquin Valley Farmers". California History. 59 (2): 98–115. doi:10.2307/25157972. JSTOR   25157972.
  17. ↑ "Decimation of the Herds, 1870–1912". San Diego History Journal. January 1965.
  18. 1 2 3 Olmstead, Alan; Rhode, Paul. "A History of California Agriculture" (PDF). Giannini Foundation of Agricultural Economics. University of California. Retrieved October 30, 2019.
  19. 1 2 Dubgenans, Dennis (2013). University of California, Davis. Charleston: Arcadia. p. 7. ISBN   978-0-7385-9699-0.
  20. ↑ "Milk And Dairy Food Safety: Branch History". California Department of Food and Agriculture. California Department of Food and Agriculture. Retrieved 2 January 2025.
  21. ↑ "Governor Signs Historic Farm Labor Legislation." Los Angeles Times. June 5, 1975.
  22. ↑ Hurt, R. Douglas. American Agriculture: A Brief History. Lafayette, Ind.: Purdue University Press, 2002. ISBN   1-55753-281-8
  23. ↑ Klonsky, Karen (2000). "Forces impacting the production of organic foods". Agriculture and Human Values. 17 (3): 233–243. doi:10.1023/A:1007655312687. S2CID   56461987.
  24. ↑ Guthman, Julie (1998). "Regulating Meaning, Appropriating Nature: The Codification of California Organic Agriculture". Antipode. 30 (2): 135–154. Bibcode:1998Antip..30..135G. doi:10.1111/1467-8330.00071.
  25. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Mixtec Farm Workers". Migration Dialogue. 1 (4). Regents of the University of California, Davis. 1995. Retrieved August 28, 2022.
  26. ↑ Tourte, Laura; Klonsky, Karen (July 1998). Statistical Review of California's Organic Agriculture 1992-1995 (PDF). Davis, CA: UC Davis. p. viii. Retrieved 11 January 2025.
  27. ↑ Klonsky, Karen; Richter, Kurt (March 2007). Statistical Review of California’s Organic Agriculture 2000-2005 (PDF). Davis, CA: University of California Agricultural Issues Center. p. 4. Retrieved 12 January 2025.
  28. ↑ Hall, Carla (February 4, 2015). "Egg-laying hens in California win another court battle". Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 8, 2015.
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