The Islamic Human Rights Commission (IHRC) is a non-profit organisation based in London. Its stated mission is to "champion the rights & duties revealed for human beings" and to "promote a new social [and] international order, based on truth, justice, righteousness [and] generosity, rather than selfish interest."[1] The group was established in 1997. The organisation, since 2007, has held consultative status with the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs.[2]
The organisation has been accused of ties with the government of Iran and spreading Islamic extremism in the United Kingdom. In the British government’s independent 2023 review of its Prevent counter-extremism programme, directed by William Shawcross, the final report described the organisation as "an Islamist group ideologically aligned with the Iranian regime, that has a history of ‘extremist links and terrorist sympathies’ ".[3]Amnesty International UK’s Racial Justice Director Ilyas Nagdee described Shawcross’ review as “riddled with biased thinking, errors and plain anti-Muslim prejudice” and “has no legitimacy.”[4] He accused the Prevent counter-extremism programme of unfairly targeting British Muslims, a claim which has been contested by policy experts.[4][5]
Qur'anic injunctions that command believers to rise up in defence of the oppressed. "And what reason have you that you should not fight in the way of Allah and of the weak among the men and the women and the children, (of) those who say: Our Lord! cause us to go forth from this town, whose people are oppressors, and give us from Thee a guardian and give us from Thee a helper." Qur'an 4:75[9]
According to the now defunct Awaaz, the IHRC is "a radical Islamist organisation that uses the language of human rights to promote an extremist agenda including the adoption of shariah law".[11] In a 2006 report entitled "The Islamist Right – key tendencies", Awaaz stated the IHRC is part of a corpus of right-wing Islamist and neo-Khomeiniist organisations,[12] a claim which the IHRC rejected.[13] Awaaz's claims were echoed by journalist Melanie Phillips, who stated in The Spectator that the IHRC was, "the most conspicuous promoter of Khomeinijihadism in the UK, ... [and] is said to be close to Iran."[14]
Public intellectual and journalist Stuart Weir wrote that the IHRC is one of the representative voices of Muslims in the UK stating:
...the staff and voluntary workers of the Islamic Human Rights Commission – ... put the lie to the common idea that Islam and human rights are irreconcilable.[15]
Activities
The organisation states it is a campaign, research and advocacy organisation.[16] It also engages in ad hoc and one-off projects.
Campaigns
The campaigns section features heavily on the organisation's website.[17][18]
Its current campaigns focus on repealing anti-terrorism legislation and counter-radicalisation legislation in the UK.[19] Other main campaigns include one for political prisoners in Saudi Arabia.[20] During the 2014 Gaza War, the IHRC held a high-profile campaign to get people to show solidarity with Palestinians by flying a Palestinian flag.[21]
Other campaigns include the ‘Prisoners of Faith’ project, which has included campaigns to release various religious figures from imprisonment for their religious beliefs. Among these are Mu'allim Ibrahim Zakzaky released 1998, Gul Aslan released 1999,[22][23] Nureddin Sirin, released 2004.[24] The organisation also states the following have been released as a result of their campaigning: Mallam Turi, Zeenah Ibrahim from Nigeria; Sheikh Al-Jamri, Bahrain; Huda Kaya, Bekir Yildiz, Recep Tayyep Erdogan, Nurilhak Saatcioglu, Nurcihan Saatioglu, Turkey; Sheikh Ahmed Yassine, Abdul Aziz Rantissi, Rabbi Biton, Sheikh Abdulkareem Obeid, Mustafa Dirani from Israeli detention; Mohammed Mahdi Akef, Egypt; Dr. Muhammad Osman Elamin, Sudan; Cehl Meeah, Mauritius; Abbasi Madani and Ali Behadj, Algeria.[25]
Other campaign work includes thematic and country based campaigns e.g. for release of detainees in Bahrain,[26] against brutalisation of immigrant women in France,[27] and against niqāb bans in France, Bosnia,[28] Belgium[29] and Spain.[30]
In 2000 the IHRC "protested against a government-backed European directive, which, according to them, would force Muslim charities and schools to employ non-believers and homosexuals".[31]
After a BBCdocumentary broadcast on 15 July 2004 exposed very strong anti-Islamic opinions within the far-rightBritish National Party, the IHRC has campaigned for the prohibition of that party.[37]
Advocacy
The bulk of IHRC's advocacy work, it claims, is undertaken away from the public glare and involves helping individuals with discrimination cases involving Islamophobia and anti-Muslim racism.[38] Some public testimonies and case reports exist highlighting this section of IHRCs work. In 2004 PhD student Yasir Abdelmouttalib was viciously assaulted in a race hate attack and left severely disabled.[39] His mother states:
'Fortunately... I got support from... Islamic Human Rights Commission (IHRC), the only community group in London with case workers to help Muslim victims of hate crimes like Yasir, and that helped us to pull through'.[40]
On 3 August 2006, the IHRC asked for judicial review of its allegations that the British government assisted with military shipments to Israel,[41][42] which was eventually denied.[43]
In 2010, IHRC publicly advocated against the introduction of full body scanners at UK ports.[44]
In 2013 it claimed victory in the case, after the British government made a U-turn on the introduction of the full naked body scanners, before the matter came to court. The case, which IHRC supported objected to the scanners on the grounds of:
the dissolution of civil liberties, health issues, the explicit nature of the body scanners and storage of images, as well as the fact that the scanners could not detect plastics and liquids which was given as a reason for their introduction.[45]
In 2014, IHRC Legal, a new section of IHRC was launched, quickly claiming a victory in a discrimination case featuring university lecturer who claimed indirect racial discrimination against his employers. His case was settled out of court.[46]
The advocacy section is also involved in trial monitoring, with observer trips to Turkey,[47] Mauritius[48] and Bahrain[49] featuring in this field.
IHRC's chairman, Massoud Shadjareh criticised the prosecution of Abu Hamza al-Masri in 2006, his extradition in 2012 to the US, and his conviction in 2014 in the US.[50]
IHRC has been deeply critical of the treatment of Abu Hamza al-Masri on various counts. It has highlighted what it calls "double standards" in his treatment by the press, politicians and the legal system, arguing that the case of al-Masri highlighted societal and judicial double standards, averring to the failure to convict British National Party leader Nick Griffin and his colleague in the same week as convicting al-Masri of similar crimes. IHRC's chair, Massoud Shadjareh stated:
Notwithstanding Abu Hamza's controversial character and views, it seems astounding that this week Nick Griffin and his co-defendant from the BNP walked free from court and Abu Hamza has been convicted.
At a time when we are witnessing free speech mania directed at Muslims who have been told to put up with any insult, offence and abuse in the name of free speech, this verdict sends yet another signal that Muslims are not equal in the eyes of the law of this country.[51]
In 2006, a British court found Abu Hamza al-Masri guilty of inciting violence, and sentenced him to seven years' imprisonment. On 5 October 2012, after an eight-year legal battle, he was extradited from the UK to the United States to face terrorism charges[52][53] and on 14 April 2014 his trial began in New York.[54]
On 19 May 2014, Hamza was found guilty of eleven terrorism charges by a jury in Manhattan.[55]
On 9 January 2015, he was sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole.[55]
The Islamic Human Rights Commission presented Stewart with an award for her "fight against Islamophobia" in February 2014.[59]
On Abdel-Rahman's death in 2017, the IHRC described him as "a rare man of principle…[whose] death will only make him a martyr and more of an inspiration."[60]
Research
Hate crimes and discrimination
The organisation published several reports which were based on third party reporting of anti-Muslimhate crimes in the UK, including statistics which were published one month after the September 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center in New York and statistics which were published one year after the attacks.[61]
Previously, it had employed basic survey methods to generate statistics for 1999 and 2000.[62]
In 2009–10, it launched a pilot project in the UK and France by using a survey method, resulting in the publication of its findings in Getting the Message: The Recurrence of Hate Crimes in the UK (2011)[63] and France and the Hated Society: Muslims Experiences (2012).[64]
The project was refined and rerun in California, the rest of the US and Canada, resulting in the publication of Once Upon a Hatred: Anti-Muslim experiences in the USA (2013)[65] and Only Canadian: The Experience of Hate Moderated Differential Citizenship for Muslims (2014).[66]
In 2014, the organisation undertook data collection in the UK once more.[citation needed]
Its methodology involves surveying a sample of the Muslim population in each country and assessing the levels of negative experience encountered. It assesses levels of physical attack (hate crimes), verbal abuse, seeing negative depiction of Islam and Muslims in the media.[citation needed]
The statistics for physical assault in the various surveys showed that in the UK, nearly 14% had experienced a violent physical assault. In France, 11%, in the US (California) nearly 30% and in Canada, 11%. If the UK figures are extrapolated to the entire UK population of Muslims (nearly 3 million), it suggest that some 420,000 Muslims have experienced a physical hate attack.[citation needed]
Country reports
IHRC produces country reports on human rights abuses e.g. Nigeria.[67][68] It also submits reports to the Universal Periodic Review (UPR) mechanism at the United Nations. The list of countries it has submitted reports on in the period 2007–2010 are: Iraq, China, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, France, Sri Lanka, The Philippines, Tunisia, Morocco, India, Bahrain, United Kingdom.[69]
Thematic reports
It also produces thematic reports e.g. on hijab and freedom of religious expression, even submitting some of these to UN committees such as the Committee for the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW).[70]
Anti-terrorism laws
It has also produced several critical works opposing anti-terrorism legislation, particularly in the UK. Its 2006 report 'Anti-terrorism: A Modern day Witch-hunt' by Fahad Ansari was praised by Tony Benn and Bruce Kent. According to Benn:
Scholarly work of this kind helps us by emphasising the importance of Civil Liberties to all communities.[71]
Kent stated it was a:
... most interesting – and shocking – terrorism report... it will do much good.[71]
Further reports, briefings and submissions to the government's consultations tackled various anti-terrorism laws and policies including the CONTEST and PREVENT strategies, moves to remove citizenship from terror suspects, stops and searches, and stops at ports and airports. They have also expressed the importance for 'reform' of Schedule 7 on the basis that it was 'discriminatory' towards Muslims.[72][73]
In 2014 it produced a response to the UK government's Tackling Extremism in the UK report.[74]
The organisation started 2015 by stating that it was pulling out of the consultative process on the anti-terror laws with the government, claiming that participation only legitimated the raft of unjust laws. It announced this move in conjunction with the launch of its briefing Proposed Counter Terrorism and Security Bill: an Orwellian Possibility.[75]
Citizenship
In 2004, IHRC launched the British Muslims' Expectations of the Government (BMEG) research project.[76] It culminated in six reports on citizenship, discrimination, education, hijab, law and media and representation. The focus on theoretical aspects of citizenship in this project has become a key theme in IHRC research work. According to Professor D. Ray Heisey, the project:
... examined 1125 responses to a questionnaire and the responses from 52 personal interviews of Muslims living in various cities within the UK. They included a range of respondents in age, education, gender, and economic class... The strength of these studies is in the intercultural approach taken and the comprehensive nature of the investigation in looking at the topics as seen in the literature as well as the results of their extensive array of questions on numerous topics related to their perceptions of the consequences of living in a majority culture. Each volume ends with the views of leading citizens on the given topic and a list of recommendations for the British government to consider at the policy level as a result of the findings.
In addition to the BMEG project, IHRC's research section has used the idea of citizenship as a critical lens through which to discuss social issue. It looks both at the technical specificity of citizenship and its denial (in a crossover of concern with the advocacy and campaigns departments) e.g. on issues of citizenship stripping in countries as diverse as the UK, Bahrain, UAE and Kuwait.[77] It also looks at the sociological implications and discriminatory aspects of citizenship tests as they have developed e.g. in the UK and Germany.[78]
Human rights theory
Other theoretical work includes papers on human rights discourse,[79] as well as Islam and human rights represented in reports, papers presented at seminars, participation in wider research projects e.g. Trust Building in Conflict Transformation with the Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Contemporary Political Violence.[80]
Collaborative work
In 2006, IHRC issued a joint statement signed by various public figures calling for an immediate ceasefire in the Israel-Lebanon war, and calling on the British government to be evenhanded.[81] Signatories included Vanessa Redgrave, various other MPs including David Gottlieb, Ann Cryer, Clare Short, Frank Dobson, Ian Gibson, John Austin and Jeremy Corbyn, as well as various Islamic, Christian and Jewish groups and individuals including Muslim Council of Britain, Jews Against Zionism, Rev Fr. Frank Gelli, Rev Steven Sizer, Roland Rance, and Lord Nazir Ahmed. This statement and IHRC's research work and participation in protest events during the war attracted controversy in the right-wing press (see Controversy and Criticism below).
The IHRC has on a number of occasions organised joint statements with various Islamic groups about British terror legislation, and has collaborated with prominent civil liberties lawyers Gareth Peirce and Louise Christian.[82]
Other projects
Institutional Islamophobia Conference
In December 2014, the organisation is organised the conference Institutional Islamophobia, subtitling it 'A conference to examine state racism and social engineering of the Muslim community'.[83] Speakers slated to talk on the day were Hatem Bazian (co-founder of Zaytuna College, and Professor at UC Berkeley), Malia Bouattia – Black Students' Officer at the National Union of Students, author and academic Marie Breen Smyth from the University of Surrey, Ramon Grosfoguel a professor from UC Berkeley, Les Levidow from the Campaign Against Criminalising Communities and Jews for Boycotting Israeli Goods, Richard Haley, the Chair of Scotland Against Criminalising Communities, Peter Oborne, the Chief political commentator of the Daily Telegraph and associate editor of The Spectator, Salman Sayyid the author and academic based at the University of Leeds, AbdoolKarim Vakil who is Chair of the Research and Documentation Committee of the Muslim Council of Britain, and an academic at King's College London, Lee Jasper, former adviser to the London Mayor, and co-chair of Black Activists Rising Against Cuts & National Black Members Officer for the Respect Party, and the organisation's Head of Research, Arzu Merali.
The conference was part of an initiative by Decoloniality Europe where several organised across Europe as part of the International Day Against Islamophobia Initiative, launched on 9 December in Brussels, Belgium.[84]
Other conferences took place in Paris, Amsterdam and Brussels.[citation needed]
Two days before the conference was scheduled to take place, Birkbeck, University of London cancelled the organisation's booking for the conference[85] (see Controversies below), forcing the event to be relocated to the P21 Gallery. Birkbeck were roundly criticised for the cancellation with academics[86] and teaching unions[87][bettersourceneeded] protesting the move, claiming that the cancellation was itself evidence of Islamophobia and racism.
The New Colonialism: The American Model of Human Rights
The New Colonialism: The American Model of Human Rights was a 2018 conference[88] by IHRC, the papers presented at which were published in 2019 in a book of the same name.[89] Speakers at the conference were: Saied Reza Ameli, Laurens de Rooij, Saeed A. Khan, Ramon Grosfoguel, Sandew Hira, Mary K. Ryan, Sohail Daulatzai, Tasneem Chopra and Rajeesh Kumar. The stated aim of the conference and book was to look at how human rights discourse has been co-opted and adulterated by the US in both its domestic and foreign policy.
Annual Islamophobia Awards
The Annual Islamophobia Awards is the name of a spoof awards ceremony held by the organisation in 2003–2006 and again from 2014 onwards. The organisation seek nominations from the public and open a public voting system to find the 'Islamophobes' of the year from any sector of public life.
In the Islamophobia Awards there are two divisions of awards given, one division is the spoof division given to the public vote for Islamophobes for being 'Islamophobic', the other is given to people who have dedicated their work to tackling Islamophobia and to recognize them.
During the 2003 Annual Islamophobia Awards, Ariel Sharon was announced as the winner of the "Most Islamophobic International Politician of the Year'", for an interview allegedly given in 1956.[90]
The Islamophobia Awards were revived in the 2010s by the organisation and ran from 2013 to 2018.
In 2022, IHRC, alongside the Jewish Network for Palestine and the Peacemakers Trust set up the Convivencia Alliance, an interfaith group setup to help bring about a "just peace in Palestine".[97] The alliance is supported by organisations including Ahlulbayt Islamic Mission, Decolonial International Network, Israeli Committee Against House Demolitions, One Democratic State, The Palestinian Forum in Britain, Scottish Palestine Solidarity Campaign, and Simon Bolivar Institute. [98]
Controversies
2006 Lebanon War
During the 2006 Lebanon War, IHRC undertook various actions in opposition to the war and called on the British government to be evenhanded in its treatment of the parties. It issued a briefing entitled 'The Blame Game: International Law and the Current Crisis in the Middle East'.[99] The IHRC also brought a court challenge against the British government over its decision to allow military supply flights from the USA to Israel to land and refuel in the UK.[100] The challenge was unsuccessful.[101]
Melanie Phillips in The Spectator claimed that in the briefing 'The Blame Game: International Law and the Current Crisis in the Middle East', IHRC Chair Massoud Shadjareh asked "his followers" and "British Muslims" to provide financial assistance to Hezbollah, and called for the occupation of Israel and "regime change" by Hezbollah on self-defence grounds. She also highlighted that banners were seen at IHRC demonstrations saying "We are all Hezbollah now".[102]
Israeli professor and historian Ilan Pappe supported the IHRC and its briefing in a letter to the editor of The Spectator, asserting that it was accurate and similar to those "one can find in the annual reports of Amnesty international and the Israeli human rights societies reports", describing Philips' accusations as "vicious and unfounded".[103]
In a 2008 essay, "Brixton, Berkley and Other Roads to Radicalisation", Shadjareh states:
The primary slaughter was of a people of another nation, and for that reason, back in '68, "We were all Ho Chi Minh", and for the same reason in 2006, aside from any other affiliations the authors may have, we authorised IHRC to add its name to the posters of dead and injured Lebanese children during the 33-day war, because then and now, "We are All Hizbullah." The Spectator and various parts of the right wing press declared that this was a sign that an Iranian backed spate of terror attacks on the UK were imminent, citing in particular the posters and IHRC. They failed to note that Hizbullah flags at said demonstrations were sported by many including orthodox Rabbis, and the now infamous banners held by amongst others middle class English women appalled at the slaughter.[104]
2007 Apology from The Sunday Times
On 2 December 2007, in The Sunday Times, Shiraz Maher wrote an article entitled "A failure to confront radical Islam". The article claimed that IHRC Chair Massoud Shadjareh, whilst appearing on the Today programme, made moral equivalents between Muslims in Guantanamo Bay and the fate of Gillian Gibbons in Sudan. The Sunday Times subsequently issued a correction, which held that this and other suggestions that Shadjareh had condoned the Sudanese government's actions were "totally untrue", and that he had in fact "condemned outright" Gibbons' treatment by the Sudanese government.[105] Shadjareh brought a libel complaint against the newspaper which he won. The newspaper published an apology and agreed to pay Shadjareh "substantial damages".[106]
2015 Charlie Hebdo award
In March 2015, IHRC gave the French satirical magazine Charlie Hebdo their "International Islamophobe of the Year" award, less than two months after 12 members of staff at the magazine had been killed by Islamist extremists.[107] According to The Independent, "The controversial commendation has been branded 'insensitive', as it comes in the wake of the massacre on January 7 this year, in which brothers Saïd and Chérif Kouachi forced their way into the Paris offices and killed a dozen journalists and cartoonists."[107]
The group was also criticised for giving counter extremism campaigner and Muslim Maajid Nawaz its "UK Islamophobe of the Year" award.[108]
2017 Nazim Ali's Grenfell Tower comments
In June 2017 after the Grenfell Tower fire, Nazim Ali, a director of the IHRC, was videotaped telling a group of protestors that "It is the Zionists who give money to the Tory party, to kill people in high rise blocks" and "Careful, careful, careful of those rabbis who belong to the Board of Deputies, who have got blood on their hands." Ali later said that The Sunday Telegraph had "not presented what I said accurately in the wider context of what was said in the prelude to the minute's silence for Grenfell. As presented it sounds somewhat inelegant... To say that some of Theresa May or the Tory party's supporters are Zionists is hardly controversial."[109][110] An attempt by the Campaign Against Antisemitism to bring a private prosecution for inciting racial or religious hatred, was blocked by the Crown Prosecution Service as they determined there was no "realistic prospect of conviction".[111]
Criticisms
Alleged connections with Iranian government and support for Hezbollah
In 2022 it was also alleged that as secretary of the Council, Saied Reza Ameli had played a key role in drawing up the government’s tougher rules on the mandatory wearing of the hijab in Iran while serving as Director of the IHRC in Britain.[114] He said the laws on “chastity and hijab” in 2019, were needed for "social health, protection of the family" and that foreign television shows were designed to “weaken chastity and hijab”.[114]
The investigation also claimed that co-director of the IHRC Azru Merali said in a speech at a 2014 conference that “We know who the enemy is. It’s the West, Nato countries [and] . . . the white supremacist or liberal structure we’re all suffering at the hands of.”[115] The third director of the IHRC, Nazim Ali, speaking at a rally after the Grenfell Tower fire, condemned “Zionists who give money to the Tory party to kill people in high-rise blocks”.[115]
The Iranian-American women’s rights activist Masih Alinejad has described the organisation as a “propaganda tool” of the Iranian government.[116]
According to a 2021 report in The Times, in 2008 the chair of the IHRC, Massoud Shadjareh, who was born in Iran, co-authored a paper in which he wrote: “We are all Hezbollah”, had described the AyatollahKhomenei as “a torch of light for the whole of mankind”, and said that he “aspired to become like” Iranian General Qasem Soleimani, the head of Iran’s elite Quds Force who was assassinated in a US drone strike in 2020.[117] The IHRC is one of the chief organisers of the yearly pro-Palestine and anti-Israel Quds Day marches.[117]
There is disagreement over the organisation's stance on Muslim countries. Its supporters, including British MPs, US academics and others state that it is a source of good and reliable information for abuses in Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Turkey, Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Malaysia. Anthony McRoy, in his 2006 book From Rushdie to 7/7: The Radicalisation of Islam in Britain writes that
... an interesting aspect of IHRC radicalism is that the group does not restrict criticism of human rights abuses to Western governments... it also condemns 'militant' Islamic regimes, such as Sudan for human rights abuses in Darfur...[121]
In a 2008 article published in the Harvard Human Rights Journal, Eric Heinze writes that:
On the whole, the more oppressive an Islamic state is, and the more it officially propagates pro-Islamic doctrines or institutions, the less likely the Islamic Human Rights Commission has been to criticize it. That approach offends any concept of fairness in the application of human rights.[122]
The pro-Israel group Stephen Roth Institute critiqued IHRC's opposition to the Saudi Arabian government, including links it claims the organisation has with UK based Saudi dissident Muhammad al-Mas'ari. The institute also criticised IHRC for working with Imam Muhammad al-'Asi (whom they incorrectly refer to as an American convert),[123] who was the elected Imam of the Washington D.C. Mosque but who was locked out of the premises and banned by the Saudi Embassy.[124]
Alcohol investment
On 23 August 2013, an article in The Independent reported that the IHRC held shares in the Baa Bar Group, a Liverpool-based bar chain that sells alcoholic beverages.[125] The article contrasted this with the IHRC's own publication that warned people against the use of alcohol, stating that "the greatest underminer and saboteur of discipline and confidence is alcohol and so-called social drinking", and stating that "alcohol is the curse of the oppressed people and a boon for the oppressors. Not only is the oppressor making enormous profits from liquor but it also totally immobilizes and paralyses the critical faculties of the oppressed".[126] The IHRC responded to the article four days later, explaining that the shares were a gift from a supporter, who told the Commission that they were shares in property. It pointed out that "some considerable time later, we came to know that the company was related to a company that dealt in alcohol, by which time the company had been delisted from the stock exchange, and the shares were deemed almost worthless". It stated that the commission has "sought advice as to how best to dispose of these shares without financially benefiting from this trade".[127]
The IHRC's letter was condemned by the British government and by 50 peers in the House of Lords as "primitive, dangerous and disgraceful antisemitism".[131]
↑ Pragna Patel, Hannana Siddiqui, "Shrinking Secular Spaces", in Ravi K. Thiara, Aisha K. Gill (2010) Violence against women in South Asian communities: issues for policy and practice, Jessica Kingsley Publishers, p125.
↑ Awaaz – South Asia Watch (June 2006). "The Islamic Right – key tendencies"(PDF). Archived from the original on 28 September 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)(355KB), p8.
↑ Pragna Patel, Hannana Siddiqui, "Shrinking Secular Spaces", in Ravi K. Thiara, Aisha K. Gill (2010). Violence against women in South Asian communities: issues for policy and practice. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. p. 115.
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Islamophobia in the United Kingdom refers to a set of discourses, behaviours and structures which express feelings of hatred, anxiety, fear, hostility and rejection towards Islam or Muslims in the United Kingdom. Islamophobia can manifest itself in a wide range of ways; including, discrimination in the workforce, negative coverage in the media, and violence against Muslims.
Zaria Quds massacres refers to an incident on 25 July 2014, when the Nigerian Army opened fire on members of the Islamic Movement who were taking part in Quds day rallies, and killed 35 people, including three sons of Ibrahim Zakzaky, leader of the movement. The Islamic Movement and Islamic Human Rights Commission claimed that Nigerian government's ties with Israel were responsible for the attacks on the pro-Palestinian group.
S. Sayyid is currently Professor of Rhetoric and Decolonial Thought at the University of Leeds, and Head of the School of Sociology and Social Policy. He pioneered Critical Muslim Studies. He is the author of numerous works on political theory and its interface with the post-Western: Islamism, Islamophobia, decolonial thought, and the founding editor of ReOrient: The Journal of Critical Muslim Studies. His work has been translated into nearly a dozen languages. He has lived in Australia, the United States, and London.
Allegations of Islamophobia in the UK Conservative Party have been made, including against senior politicians, such as Boris Johnson, Michael Gove and Zac Goldsmith. Baroness Warsi, former co-chair of the Conservative Party, said in 2018 that anti-Muslim prejudice had "poisoned" the party. Many Muslim party members welcomed Warsi's comments, saying that they felt the issue had been marginalised within the party.
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