Formation | 1997 |
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Type | NGO |
Purpose | Islamic Human Rights |
Headquarters | 202 Preston Road, Wembley, London, UK |
Official language | English |
Affiliations | United Nations, European Union, Universal Justice Network, Decoloniality Europe, Convivencia Alliance |
Website | ihrc |
Part of a series on |
Islam |
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The Islamic Human Rights Commission (IHRC) is a non-profit organisation based in London. Its mission is to "work with different organisations from Muslim and non-Muslim backgrounds, to campaign for justice for all peoples regardless of their racial, confessional or political background." [1] The group is based in London and was established in 1997. The organisation, since 2007, has held consultative status with the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. [2]
The organisation has been accused of ties with the Iranian regime and spreading Islamic extremism in the United Kingdom. In the British government’s independent 2023 review of its Prevent counter-extremism programme, directed by Sir William Shawcross, the final report described the organisation as “an Islamist group ideologically aligned with the Iranian regime, that has a history of ‘extremist links and terrorist sympathies’.” [3] However, Amnesty International UK’s Racial Justice Director Ilyas Nagdee described Shawcross’ review as “riddled with biased thinking, errors and plain anti-Muslim prejudice” and “has no legitimacy.” [4] He accused the Prevent counter-extremism programme of unfairly targeting British Muslims. [4]
The IHRC states its philosophy derives from:
Qur'anic injunctions that command believers to rise up in defence of the oppressed. "And what reason have you that you should not fight in the way of Allah and of the weak among the men and the women and the children, (of) those who say: Our Lord! cause us to go forth from this town, whose people are oppressors, and give us from Thee a guardian and give us from Thee a helper." Qur'an 4:75 [5]
Jytte Klausen of Brandeis University writes that the IHRC forms part of the organized Muslim community in Europe. [6]
However, according to the now defunct Awaaz, the IHRC is "a radical Islamist organisation that uses the language of human rights to promote an extremist agenda including the adoption of shariah law". [7] In a report entitled "The Islamist Right – key tendencies", Awaaz also states the IHRC is part of a corpus of right-wing Islamist and neo-Khomeiniist organisations, [8] a charge the IHRC denies. [9] Awaaz's claims were echoed by journalist Melanie Phillips, who stated in The Spectator that the IHRC was, "the most conspicuous promoter of Khomeini jihadism in the UK, ... [and] is said to be close to Iran." [10]
However, public intellectual and journalist Stuart Weir argued that IHRC are amongst the representative voices of Muslims in the UK stating:
...the staff and voluntary workers of the Islamic Human Rights Commission – ... put the lie to the common idea that Islam and human rights are irreconcilable. [11]
The organisation states it is a campaign, research and advocacy organisation. [1] It also engages in ad hoc and one-off projects.
The campaigns section features heavily on the organisation's website. [12] [13]
Its current campaigns focus on repealing anti-terrorism legislation in the UK. [14] Other main campaigns include one for political prisoners in Saudi Arabia. [15] During the 2014 Gaza War, the IHRC held a high-profile campaign to get people to show solidarity with Palestinians by flying a Palestinian flag. [16]
Other campaigns include the ‘Prisoners of Faith’ project, which has included campaigns to release various religious figures from imprisonment for their religious beliefs. Among these are Mu'allim Ibrahim Zakzaky released 1998, Gul Aslan released 1999, [17] [18] Nureddin Sirin, released 2004. [19] The organisation also states the following have been released as a result of their campaigning: Mallam Turi, Zeenah Ibrahim from Nigeria; Sheikh Al-Jamri, Bahrain; Huda Kaya, Bekir Yildiz, Recep Tayyep Erdogan, Nurilhak Saatcioglu, Nurcihan Saatioglu, Turkey; Sheikh Ahmed Yassine, Abdul Aziz Rantissi, Rabbi Biton, Sheikh Abdulkareem Obeid, Mustafa Dirani from Israeli detention; Mohammed Mahdi Akef, Egypt; Dr. Muhammad Osman Elamin, Sudan; Cehl Meeah, Mauritius; Abbasi Madani and Ali Behadj, Algeria. [20] Current campaigns for 'Prisoners of Faith' focus on US detainees and include Sheikh Omar Abdul Rahman, his attorney Lynne Stewart (released December 2013), Ghassen Elashi and former Black Panther Imam Jamil Al-Amin, as well as Egyptian detainees including Khairet El-Shater (released in 2010 and reincarcerated in 2013 after the coup). [13]
Other campaign work includes thematic and country based campaigns e.g. for release of detainees in Bahrain, [21] against brutalisation of immigrant women in France, [22] and against niqāb bans in France, Bosnia, [23] Belgium [24] and Spain. [25]
In 2000 the IHRC "protested against a government-backed European directive, which, according to them, would force Muslim charities and schools to employ non-believers and homosexuals". [26]
IHRC has promoted various boycott, divestment and sanctions actions, including a boycott of Israeli dates in the UK. In May 2010, the IHRC organised and led a delegation of European Muslim organisations to Turkey to lobby the Turkish government to veto Israel's accession to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. [27] [28] The bid was unsuccessful as all 31 members of the OECD voted unanimously for Israel’s accession. [29]
Other notable campaigns saw the campaign to have Mat Sah Satray and other ISA detainees in Malaysia released in 2009. [30]
In 2006, IHRC began an emergency campaign against the imminent execution of British and Pakistani dual national Mirza Tahir Hussain. [31] Other organisations, including Fair Trials Abroad and Amnesty International, joined the campaign.
After a BBC documentary broadcast on 15 July 2004 exposed very strong anti-Islamic opinions within the far-right British National Party, the IHRC has campaigned for the prohibition of that party. [32]
The bulk of IHRC's advocacy work, it claims, is undertaken away from the public glare and involves helping individuals with discrimination cases involving Islamophobia and anti-Muslim racism. [33] Some public testimonies and case reports exist highlighting this section of IHRCs work. In 2004 PhD student Yasir Abdelmouttalib was viciously assaulted in a race hate attack and left severely disabled. [34] His mother states:
'Fortunately... I got support from... Islamic Human Rights Commission (IHRC), the only community group in London with case workers to help Muslim victims of hate crimes like Yasir, and that helped us to pull through'. [35]
On 3 August 2006, the IHRC asked for judicial review of its allegations that the British government assisted with military shipments to Israel, [36] [37] which was eventually denied. [38]
In 2010, IHRC publicly advocated against the introduction of full body scanners at UK ports. [39]
In 2013 it claimed victory in the case, after the British government made a U-turn on the introduction of the full naked body scanners, before the matter came to court. The case, which IHRC supported objected to the scanners on the grounds of:
the dissolution of civil liberties, health issues, the explicit nature of the body scanners and storage of images, as well as the fact that the scanners could not detect plastics and liquids which was given as a reason for their introduction. [40]
In 2014, IHRC Legal, a new section of IHRC was launched, quickly claiming a victory in a discrimination case featuring university lecturer who claimed indirect racial discrimination against his employers. His case was settled out of court. [41]
The advocacy section is also involved in trial monitoring, with observer trips to Turkey, [42] Mauritius [43] and Bahrain [44] featuring in this field.
The organisation produced several reports based on third party reporting of anti-Muslim hate crimes in the UK, including statistics the month after 9-11 [45] and the year post-9-11.
Previously it had employed basic survey methods to generate statistics for 1999 and 2000. [46]
In 2009–10 it launched a pilot project in the UK and France using a survey method, resulting in the publication of its findings in Getting the Message: The Recurrence of Hate Crimes in the UK (2011) [47] and France and the Hated Society: Muslims Experiences (2012). [48]
The project was refined and rerun in California, US and Canada resulting in the publication of Once Upon a Hatred: Anti-Muslim experiences in the USA (2013) [49] and Only Canadian: The Experience of Hate Moderated Differential Citizenship for Muslims (2014). [50]
In 2014, the organisation undertook data collection in the UK once more.
Its methodology involves surveying a sample of the Muslim population in each country and assessing the levels of negative experience encountered. It assesses levels of physical attack (hate crimes), verbal abuse, seeing negative depiction of Islam and Muslims in the media.
The statistics for physical assault in the various surveys showed that in the UK, nearly 14% had experienced a violent physical assault. In France, 11%, in the US (California) nearly 30% and in Canada, 11%. If the UK figures are extrapolated to the entire UK population of Muslims (nearly 3 million), it suggest that some 420,000 Muslims have experienced a physical hate attack.
IHRC produces country reports on human rights abuses e.g. Nigeria. [51] [52] It also submits reports to the Universal Periodic Review (UPR) mechanism at the United Nations. The list of countries it has submitted reports on in the period 2007–2010 are: Iraq, China, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, France, Sri Lanka, The Philippines, Tunisia, Morocco, India, Bahrain, United Kingdom. [53]
It also produces thematic reports e.g. on hijab and freedom of religious expression, even submitting some of these to UN committees such as the Committee for the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW). [54]
It has also produced several critical works overviewing anti-terrorism laws, particularly in the UK. Its 2006 report 'Anti-terrorism: A Modern day Witch-hunt' by Fahad Ansari was praised by Tony Benn and Bruce Kent. According to Benn:
Scholarly work of this kind helps us by emphasising the importance of Civil Liberties to all communities. [55]
Kent stated it was a:
... most interesting – and shocking – terrorism report... it will do much good. [55]
Further reports, briefings and submissions to the government's consultations tackled various anti-terrorism laws and policies including the CONTEST and PREVENT strategies, moves to remove citizenship from terror suspects, stops and searches, and stops at ports and airports. They have also expressed the importance for 'reform' of Schedule 7 on the basis that it was 'discriminatory' towards Muslims. [56] [57]
In 2014 it produced a response to the UK government's Tackling Extremism in the UK report. [58]
The organisation started 2015 by stating that it was pulling out of the consultative process on the anti-terror laws with the government, claiming that participation only legitimated the raft of unjust laws. It announced this move in conjunction with the launch of its briefing Proposed Counter Terrorism and Security Bill an Orwellian Possibility [59]
In 2004, IHRC launched the British Muslims' Expectations of the Government (BMEG) research project. [60] It culminated in six reports on citizenship, discrimination, education, hijab, law and media and representation. The focus on theoretical aspects of citizenship in this project has become a key theme in IHRC research work. According to Professor D. Ray Heisey, the project:
... examined 1125 responses to a questionnaire and the responses from 52 personal interviews of Muslims living in various cities within the UK. They included a range of respondents in age, education, gender, and economic class... The strength of these studies is in the intercultural approach taken and the comprehensive nature of the investigation in looking at the topics as seen in the literature as well as the results of their extensive array of questions on numerous topics related to their perceptions of the consequences of living in a majority culture. Each volume ends with the views of leading citizens on the given topic and a list of recommendations for the British government to consider at the policy level as a result of the findings.
In addition to the BMEG project, IHRC's research section has used the idea of citizenship as a critical lens through which to discuss social issue. It looks both at the technical specificity of citizenship and its denial (in a crossover of concern with the advocacy and campaigns departments) e.g. on issues of citizenship stripping in countries as diverse as the UK, Bahrain, UAE and Kuwait. [61] It also looks at the sociological implications and discriminatory aspects of citizenship tests as they have developed e.g. in the UK and Germany. [62]
Other theoretical work includes papers on human rights discourse, [63] as well as Islam and human rights represented in reports, papers presented at seminars, participation in wider research projects e.g. Trust Building in Conflict Transformation with the Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Contemporary Political Violence. [64]
In 2006, IHRC issued a joint statement signed by various public figures calling for an immediate ceasefire in the Israel-Lebanon war, and calling on the British government to be evenhanded. [65] Signatories included Vanessa Redgrave, various other MPs including David Gottlieb, Ann Cryer, Clare Short, Frank Dobson, Ian Gibson, John Austin and Jeremy Corbyn, as well as various Islamic, Christian and Jewish groups and individuals including Muslim Council of Britain, Jews Against Zionism, Rev Fr. Frank Gelli, Rev Steven Sizer, Roland Rance, and Lord Nazir Ahmed. This statement and IHRC's research work and participation in protest events during the war attracted controversy in the right-wing press (see Controversy and Criticism below).
The IHRC has on a number of occasions organised joint statements with various Islamic groups about British terror legislation, and has collaborated with prominent civil liberties lawyers Gareth Peirce and Louise Christian. [66]
In December 2014, the organisation is organised the conference Institutional Islamophobia, subtitling it 'A conference to examine state racism and social engineering of the Muslim community'. [67] Speakers slated to talk on the day were Hatem Bazian (co-founder of Zaytuna College, and Professor at UC Berkeley), Malia Bouattia – Black Students' Officer at the National Union of Students, author and academic Marie Breen Smyth from the University of Surrey, Ramon Grosfoguel a professor from UC Berkeley, Les Levidow from the Campaign Against Criminalising Communities and Jews for Boycotting Israeli Goods, Richard Haley, the Chair of Scotland Against Criminalising Communities, Peter Oborne, the Chief political commentator of the Daily Telegraph and associate editor of The Spectator, Salman Sayyid the author and academic bases at the University of Leeds, AbdoolKarim Vakil who is Chair of the Research and Documentation Committee of the Muslim Council of Britain, and an academic at King's College London, Lee Jasper, former adviser to the London Mayor, and co-chair of Black Activists Rising Against Cuts & National Black Members Officer for the Respect Party, and the organisation's Head of research Arzu Merali.
The conference was part of an initiative by Decoloniality Europe where several organised across Europe as part of the International Day Against Islamophobia Initiative, launched on 9 December in Brussels, Belgium. [68]
Other conferences took place in Paris, Amsterdam and Brussels.
Two days before the conference was scheduled to take place, Birkbeck, University of London, cancelled the organisation's booking for the conference [69] (see Controversies below), forcing the event to be relocated to the P21 Gallery. Birkbeck were roundly criticised for the cancellation with academics [70] and teaching unions [71] [ better source needed ] protesting the move, claiming that the cancellation was itself evidence of Islamophobia and racism.
The New Colonialism: The American Model of Human Rights was a 2018 conference [72] by IHRC, the papers presented at which were published in 2019 in a book of the same name [73] . Speakers at the conference were: Saied R. Ameli, Laurens de Rooij, Saeed A. Khan, Ramon Grosfoguel, Sandew Hira, Mary K. Ryan, Sohail Daulatzai, Tasneem Chopra and Rajeesh Kumar. The stated aim of the conference and book was to look at how human rights discourse has been co-opted and adulterated by the US in both its domestic and foreign policy.
The Annual Islamophobia Awards is the name of a spoof awards ceremony held by the organisation in 2003–2006 and again from 2014 onwards. The organisation seek nominations from the public and open a public voting system to find the 'Islamophobes' of the year from any sector of public life.
In the Islamophobia Awards there are two divisions of awards given, one division is the spoof division given to the public vote for Islamophobes for being 'Islamophobic', the other is given to people who have dedicated their work to tackling Islamophobia and to recognize them.
The First Annual Islamophobia Awards were hosted on 31 May 2003 [74] [75] [76]
Most Islamophobic British Politician | Most Islamophobic International Politician |
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Most Islamophobic Media Personality | Most Islamophobic Media |
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The second annual Islamophobia Awards took place on 26 June 2004 [77]
Most Islamophobic British Politician | Most Islamophobic Media Personality |
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for London |
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Most Islamophobic International Politician | Most Islamophobic Media |
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UK | Middle East & Africa |
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Australasia & Asia | Europe & Russia |
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Americas | Islamophobe of the Year |
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Africa & the Middle East | Americas |
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Asia and Australasia | Europe and Russia |
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The Islamophobia Awards were revived in the 2010s by the organisation and ran from 2013 to 2018. In 2015, neo-conservative author, think tanker and commentator Douglas Murray criticised the IHRC for giving French satirical magazine Charlie Hebdo an ‘award’ for Islamophobia, two months after 12 of Charlie Hebdo’s staff were shot dead in an Islamic terrorist attack. [78] British writer Nafeez Ahmed argues Murray’s and his network’s doublestandards on issues of ‘free speech’, highlighting his condemnation of and attempt to shut down critics of the security services and intelligence community, but extolled the right of Charlie Hebdo and other to ‘free speech’ in the wake of the attacks. Ahmed argued in Middle East Eye that this was ‘really just a ploy for far-right entryism' on Murray’s part. [79]
The commission is one of the organisers of the annual Al-Quds Day demonstration in London, initiated by Ayatollah Khomeini. [80]
In 2006, the organisation brought together leading Jewish activists in London, for an international conference, held at SOAS University of London. [81] The papers from the conference were published in English [82] and Turkish. [83] Speakers at the conference included Michel Warschawski, Uri Davis, Rabbi Yisroel Weiss, Rabbi Ahron Cohen, Roland Rance, Les Levidow, Jeffrey Blankfort, Professor Yakov Rabkin, and John Rose.
In 2005, the IHRC brought Christian, Muslim and Jewish scholars, clerics and activists together for an international conference discussing Liberation Theology in the context of Palestine. The papers were published as a book of the same name in 2009.[ citation needed ]
This section's factual accuracy is disputed .(January 2022) |
In 2010, IHRC inaugurated an annual event commemorating genocides from modern history. The event, held in London in January included a Holocaust survivor speaking about his experiences during the period and his support for the Palestinian struggle. Other genocides that were commemorated, included the little known[ citation needed ]massacre of 10 million Indians[ citation needed ] by the British in the decade after the Indian Mutiny in the 19th century[ citation needed ]; the transatlantic slave trade; Srebrenica; and the genocide of Native Americans. Speakers at the event included Imam Achmad Cassiem, Lee Jasper, Randeep Ramesh, Rabbi Beck, Rabbi Ahron Cohen, Sameh Habeeb. Messages were also sent from Ward Churchill and Hasan Nuhanovic. [84]
The event has been held every year since then on the third Sunday of January, a date associated with the cessation of the Israeli war against Gaza in 2009, known as Operation Cast Lead.[ citation needed ]
In 2008, IHRC organised the international conference 'Human Rights and Israel at 60'. Speakers included: Michael Warschawski (Alternative Information Center); Yehudit Keshet (Checkpoint Watch); Daud Abdullah (Palestinian Return Centre); Jennifer Loewenstein (University of Wisconsin); Michael Bailey (Oxfam); Meir Margalit (Israeli Committee against House Demolitions). [85]
In 2022, IHRC, alongside the Jewish Network for Palestine and the Peacemakers Trust, setup the Convivencia Alliance, an interfaith group setup to help bring about a "just peace in Palestine". [86] The alliance is supported by organisations including Ahlulbayt Islamic Mission, Decolonial International Network, Israeli Committee Against House Demolitions, One Democratic State, The Palestinian Forum in Britain, Scottish Palestine Solidarity Campaign, and Simon Bolivar Institute. [87]
During the 2006 Lebanon War, IHRC undertook various actions in opposition to the war and called on the British government to be evenhanded in its treatment of the parties. It issued a briefing entitled 'The Blame Game: International Law and the Current Crisis in the Middle East'. [88] The IHRC also brought a court challenge against the British government over its decision to allow military supply flights from the USA to Israel to land and refuel in the UK. [89] The challenge was unsuccessful. [90]
Melanie Phillips in The Spectator claimed that in the briefing 'The Blame Game: International Law and the Current Crisis in the Middle East', IHRC Chair Massoud Shadjareh asked "his followers" and "British Muslims" to provide financial assistance to Hezbollah, and called for the occupation of Israel and "regime change" by Hezbollah on self-defence grounds. She also highlighted that banners were seen at IHRC demonstrations saying "We are all Hezbollah now". [91] Israeli professor and historian Ilan Pappe supported the IHRC and its briefing in a letter to the editor of The Spectator, asserting that it was accurate and similar to those "one can find in the annual reports of Amnesty international and the Israeli human rights societies reports", describing Philips' accusations as "vicious and unfounded". [92]
In a 2008 essay, "Brixton, Berkley and Other Roads to Radicalisation", Shadjareh states:
The primary slaughter was of a people of another nation, and for that reason, back in '68, "We were all Ho Chi Minh", and for the same reason in 2006, aside from any other affiliations the authors may have, we authorised IHRC to add its name to the posters of dead and injured Lebanese children during the 33-day war, because then and now, "We are All Hizbullah." The Spectator and various parts of the right wing press declared that this was a sign that an Iranian backed spate of terror attacks on the UK were imminent, citing in particular the posters and IHRC. They failed to note that Hizbullah flags at said demonstrations were sported by many including orthodox Rabbis, and the now infamous banners held by amongst others middle class English women appalled at the slaughter. [93]
On 2 December 2007, in The Sunday Times , Shiraz Maher wrote an article entitled "A failure to confront radical Islam". The article claimed that IHRC Chair Massoud Shadjareh, whilst appearing on the Today programme, made moral equivalents between Muslims in Guantanamo Bay and the fate of Gillian Gibbons in Sudan. The Sunday Times subsequently issued a correction, which held that this and other suggestions that Shadjareh had condoned the Sudanese government's actions were "totally untrue", and that he had in fact "condemned outright" Gibbons' treatment by the Sudanese government. [94] Shadjareh brought a libel complaint against the newspaper which he won. The newspaper published an apology and agreed to pay Shadjareh "substantial damages". [95]
In March 2015, IHRC gave the French satirical magazine Charlie Hebdo their "International Islamophobe of the Year" award, less than two months after 12 members of staff at the magazine had been killed by Islamist extremists. [96] The group was also criticised for giving counter extremism campaigner and Muslim Maajid Nawaz its "UK Islamophobe of the Year" award. [97]
In June 2017 after the Grenfell Tower fire, Nazim Ali, a director of the IHRC, was videotaped telling a group of protestors that "It is the Zionists who give money to the Tory party, to kill people in high rise blocks" and "Careful, careful, careful of those rabbis who belong to the Board of Deputies, who have got blood on their hands." Ali later said that The Sunday Telegraph had "not presented what I said accurately in the wider context of what was said in the prelude to the minute's silence for Grenfell. As presented it sounds somewhat inelegant... To say that some of Theresa May or the Tory party's supporters are Zionists is hardly controversial." [98] [99] An attempt by the Campaign Against Antisemitism to bring a private prosecution for inciting racial or religious hatred, was blocked by the Crown Prosecution Service as they determined there was no "realistic prospect of conviction". [100]
There is a continuing history of disagreements and mutual criticism between key neo-conservative groups, media and commentators and the IHRC.
On 2 December 2007, in The Sunday Times , Shiraz Maher wrote an article entitled "A failure to confront radical Islam". The article claimed that IHRC Chair Massoud Shadjareh, whilst appearing on the Today programme, made moral equivalents between Muslims in Guantanamo Bay and the fate of Gillian Gibbons in Sudan. The Sunday Times subsequently issued a correction, which held that this and other suggestions that Shadjareh had condoned the Sudanese government's actions were "totally untrue", and that he had in fact "condemned outright" Gibbons' treatment by the Sudanese government. [101] Shadjareh brought a libel complaint against the newspaper which he won. The newspaper published an apology and agreed to pay Shadjareh "substantial damages". [102]
According to a 2021 report in The Times, in 2008 the chair of the IHRC, Massoud Shadjareh co-authored a paper in which he wrote: “We are all Hezbollah”. The article in question [103] was published by the Conflicts Forum, the organisation set up by former British diplomat Alastair Crooke and stated:
For another one of us (Massoud), it wasn’t enough of an argument that many Americans were being slaughtered therefore the [Vietnam] war was wrong. Wrong argument then, wrong argument now. The primary slaughter was of a people of another nation, and for that reason, back in ’68, “We were all Ho Chi Minh”, and for the same reason in 2006,.. we authorised IHRC to add its name to the posters of dead and injured Lebanese children during the 33 day war, because then and now, “We are All Hizbullah.” The Spectator and various parts of the right wing press declared that this was a sign that an Iranian backed spate of terror attacks on the UK were imminent, citing in particular the posters and IHRC. They failed to note that Hizbullah flags at said demonstrations were sported by many including orthodox Rabbis, and the now infamous banners held by amongst others middle class English women appalled at the slaughter. [104]
Both The Times and The Sunday Times have printed articles and opinion pieces criticising the IHRC, highlighting in particular their support for Palestine, [105] [106] their stance on Guantanamo Bay, [107] their satirical fundraising event [108] and their Islamic ethos. [109]
In response the IHRC have described The Times editorial line and the attacks on them as ’a case study in demonisation’, in 2023:
sadly nothing new and are part of an environment of hate, currently being instrumentalised by the British government to crack down on legitimate and necessary protest against the genocide ongoing in Gaza. [110]
Previously, in 2019, they described the coverage as:
smears [which] are water off a duck’s back to organisations like ours. But it is what they represent that is worrying. They form part of a bigger Europe-wide trend in which political spaces are being shut down to dissenting groups. [111]
In April 2024, The Times accused IHRC of intimidation after it criticised the opening of a Charity Commission investigation into the Islamic Centre of England, almost one year after IHRC published an open letter from Friends of the Islamic Centre of England on its website. [112] The letter was signed by a number of leading academics and civil society figures and was published after the Charity Commission appointed an interim manager at the Islamic Centre of England, whose Imam, Seyed Hashem Moosavi, is a direct representative of Iran’s supreme leader, Ayatollah Khamenei.[107] Signatories to the letter included notable Jewish academics and public figures like Avi Shlaim, Haim Bresheeth and David Cannon. The letter states:
Naturally, this behaviour will add to the chorus of voices accusing the Charity Commission of deliberately harassing and hindering the work of Muslim-run charities and adds to the litany of oppressive measures carried out in aid of furthering Islamophobic British state policies and the agendas of politically motivated and divisive pressure groups.
IHRC has been highly critical of US and UK neo-conservative think tanks, particularly their role in securitisation of Western nation states and their role in the so-called war on terror. They have accused some of these think thanks of promoting Islamophobia and racism by creating demonised narratives and repeating Islamophobia, racist and antisemitic tropes in order to justify foreign policy interventions in Muslim countries, including wars, and restrictive security laws in the UK and US. They have claimed that the:
revolving door between government and its agencies and institutions, mainstream media and think tanks, creates a toxic and dangerous environment for CSOs [civil society organisations]. [113]
The UK-based think tanks include Policy Exchange, The Henry Jackson Society, The Tony Blair Institute which IHRC criticised in 2022 in official submissions to the United Nations regarding their role in securitising the UK. [114] [115]
as:
In 2009, IHRC published a briefing entitled ‘UK / Anti-Terrorism – Whose Hearts and Minds? Contest 2 in Context’. [116] In it they claim that:
What the [New Labour] government, and Conservative opposition, and the aforementioned think tanks [Policy Exchange and Quilliam Foundation] have in common is a lack of engagement with the overwhelming evidence and a propensity for promoting the politics of fear and ignorance, rather than engagement and understanding.
They further highlight the ‘revolving door’ between neo-conservative think tanks, media and government:
Policy Exchange was once described as David Cameron’s favourite think tank – an organisation which has attracted severe criticism for its alleged fabrication of evidence in reports published about Islam in Britain [13]. [117] Policy Exchange seeks to influence policymakers and commentators on the right and its hierarchy reflects this. The Head of the Terrorism & Security Unit at Policy Exchange, Dean Godson, worked for the Reagan administration in the US. Charles Moore, the former Daily Telegraph and Spectator editor who has made the case for public debate about whether the prophet Muhammad was a paedophile [14], [118] is the current Chairman. He replaced Policy Exchange’s co-founder, Michael Gove – author of the definitive text for British neoconservatives Celsius 7/7, who is now Cameron’s Shadow Secretary of State for Children, Schools and Families, and special adviser to the Quilliam Foundation [15] [119]
The following month Policy Exchange published a report in which they accuse various organisations including the IHRC of delegitimising counter-terrorism. [120] They further criticised IHRC for criticising the government’s definition of extremism as ‘draconian’ and so wide it was capable of ensnaring people who oppose government policies or hold conservative views on issues such as same sex marriage. [121] They also criticised the IHRC for having an Iranian born speaker, and for one of its directors being an Iranian academic.
In 2009, IHRC published a briefing entitled ‘UK / Anti-Terrorism – Whose Hearts and Minds? Contest 2 in Context’. [122] In it they claim that:
What the [New Labour] government, and Conservative opposition, and the aforementioned think tanks [Policy Exchange and Quilliam Foundation] have in common is a lack of engagement with the overwhelming evidence and a propensity for promoting the politics of fear and ignorance, rather than engagement and understanding.
They further highlight the ‘revolving door’ between neo-conservative think tanks, media and government:
Policy Exchange was once described as David Cameron’s favourite think tank – an organisation which has attracted severe criticism for its alleged fabrication of evidence in reports published about Islam in Britain [13]. [123] Policy Exchange seeks to influence policymakers and commentators on the right and its hierarchy reflects this. The Head of the Terrorism & Security Unit at Policy Exchange, Dean Godson, worked for the Reagan administration in the US. Charles Moore, the former Daily Telegraph and Spectator editor who has made the case for public debate about whether the prophet Muhammad was a paedophile [14], [124] is the current Chairman. He replaced Policy Exchange’s co-founder, Michael Gove – author of the definitive text for British neoconservatives Celsius 7/7, who is now Cameron’s Shadow Secretary of State for Children, Schools and Families, and special adviser to the Quilliam Foundation [15]. [125]
In 2023, William Shawcross, then the UK government’s reviewer of its Prevent counter-extremism programme, criticised the IHRC’s criticism of the progam in his review report, describing the organisation as “an Islamist group ideologically aligned with the Iranian regime, that has a history of ‘extremist links and terrorist sympathies’.” [126] However, Amnesty International UK’s Racial Justice Director Ilyas Nagdee described Shawcross’ review as “riddled with biased thinking, errors and plain anti-Muslim prejudice” and “has no legitimacy.” [127] Shawcross at the time of his appointment to the post of reviewer was also a fellow at Policy Exchange. [128] He had also previously been part of the board of the Henry Jackson Society. [129]
IHRC's chairman, Massoud Shadjareh criticised the prosecution of Abu Hamza in 2006, his extradition in 2012 [130] to the US, and his conviction in 2014 in the US.
IHRC has been deeply critical of the treatment of Abu Hamza al-Masri on various counts. It has highlighted what it calls "double standards" in his treatment by the press, politicians and the legal system, arguing that the case of al-Masri highlighted societal and judicial double standards averring to the failure to convict British National Party leader Nick Griffin and his colleague in the same week as convicting al-Masri of similar crimes. IHRC's chair, Massoud Shadjareh stated:
Notwithstanding Abu Hamza's controversial character and views, it seems astounding that this week Nick Griffin and his co-defendant from the BNP walked free from court and Abu Hamza has been convicted.
At a time when we are witnessing free speech mania directed at Muslims who have been told to put up with any insult, offence and abuse in the name of free speech, this verdict sends yet another signal that Muslims are not equal in the eyes of the law of this country. [131]
Al-Masri's extradition, along with four other men on unrelated cases, to the US in 2012 was described by IHRC as evidence of 'justice shopping' [132] by the UK government:
in which officials seek out countries where lower evidence thresholds apply or where defendant's rights are not as robust. Today's remarks by the PM David Cameron appearing to criticise our commitment to the European Convention on Human Rights for making deportations difficult confirms this belief.
The group had campaigned for the release of Omar Abdel-Rahman, who was convicted for the 1993 World Trade Center bombing, citing criticisms of the judgment including the use of laws not used since the American Civil War to convict Abdel-Rahman. [133] [134] The organisation also campaigned for the release of Abdel-Rahman's lawyer Lynne Stewart, who was convicted of supporting terrorists. Stewart was released on 31 December 2013. IHRC presented her with an awards for her fight against Islamophobia in February 2014. [135]
There is disagreement over the organisation's stance on Muslim countries. Its supporters, including British MPs, US academics and others claim it to be a source of good and reliable information for abuses in Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Turkey, Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Malaysia. Anthony McRoy, in his 2006 book From Rushdie to 7/7: The Radicalisation of Islam in Britain writes that
... an interesting aspect of IHRC radicalism is that the group does not restrict criticism of human rights abuses to Western governments... it also condemns 'militant' Islamic regimes, such as Sudan for human rights abuses in Darfur... [136]
However, in a 2008 article published in the Harvard Human Rights Journal, Eric Heinze claims that:
On the whole, the more oppressive an Islamic state is, and the more it officially propagates pro-Islamic doctrines or institutions, the less likely the Islamic Human Rights Commission has been to criticize it. That approach offends any concept of fairness in the application of human rights. [137]
Another contradictory critique comes from pro-Israel groups like the Stephen Roth Institute, who critique IHRC's opposition to the Saudi Arabian regime, including links it claims the organisation has with UK based Saudi dissident Muhammad al-Mas'ari. The institute also criticises IHRC for working with Imam Muhammad al-'Asi (whom they incorrectly refer to as an American convert), [138] who was the elected Imam of the Washington D.C. Mosque but who was locked out of the premises and banned by the Saudi Embassy. [139]
Additionally the Institute accuses IHRC of anti-Semitism and conspiricsim in the manner of its pro-Palestine stance.
During the 2003 Annual Islamophobia Awards, Ariel Sharon was announced as the "winner" of the "Most Islamophobic International Politician of the Year'", for an interview allegedly given in 1956. [140] The interview's authenticity has never been verified and it is believed by many to be a hoax. [141]
On 23 August 2013, an article in The Independent reported that the IHRC held shares in the Baa Bar Group, a Liverpool-based bar chain that sells alcoholic beverages. [142] The article contrasted this with the IHRC's own publication that warned against the use of alcohol, considering that "the greatest underminer and saboteur of discipline and confidence is alcohol and so-called social drinking", and that "alcohol is the curse of the oppressed people and a boon for the oppressors. Not only is the oppressor making enormous profits from liquor but it also totally immobilizes and paralyses the critical faculties of the oppressed". [143] The IHRC responded to the article four days later, explaining that the shares were a gift from a supporter, who told the Commission that they were shares in property. It pointed out that "some considerable time later, we came to know that the company was related to a company that dealt in alcohol, by which time the company had been delisted from the stock exchange, and the shares were deemed almost worthless". It stated that the commission has "sought advice as to how best to dispose of these shares without financially benefiting from this trade". [144]
On 6 August 2024, Chair of the IHRC, Massoud Shadjareh, published an open letter [145] to Home Secretary Yvette Cooper in which the organisation blamed “Zionist financiers abroad” for “enabling” the British Far-Right. [146] [147] The organisation further published a number of resources [148] to back the claim that US pro-Israel and right wing Zionist groups have supported the far-right in the UK, including from the Times of Israel [149] and Open Democracy. [150]
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: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, formerly the Organisation of the Islamic Conference, is an intergovernmental organization founded in 1969. It consists of 57 member states, 48 of which are Muslim-majority. The organisation claims to be "the collective voice of the Muslim world" and works to "safeguard and protect the interests of the Muslim world in the spirit of promoting international peace and harmony".
Islamophobia is the irrational fear of, hostility towards, or hatred against the religion of Islam or Muslims in general. Islamophobia is primarily a form of religious or cultural bigotry; and people who harbour such sentiments often stereotype Muslims as a geopolitical threat or a source of terrorism. Muslims, with diverse ethnic and cultural backgrounds, are often inaccurately portrayed by Islamophobes as a single homogenous racial group.
The Muslim Council of Britain (MCB) is an umbrella body of Muslim organisations in the United Kingdom, with over 500 affiliated mosques and organisations. It was formed in 1994 in response to British government's expressed wish for a single representative body of Muslims it could talk to. It has been called the best known and most powerful of the Muslim organisations founded since 1990, though its claims of being representative of British Muslims have been questioned. Since 2009, successive British governments have maintained a policy of "non-engagement" with the Muslim Council of Britain based on claims that the group is not sufficiently representative and that its officials have made favourable remarks about extremists in the past.
The Henry Jackson Society (HJS) is a trans-Atlantic foreign policy and national security think tank, based in the United Kingdom. While describing itself as non-partisan, its outlook has been described variously as "right-wing", neoliberal and as neoconservative. The Society identifies itself with a "forward strategy" to spread democracy and liberal values globally. It is currently focused primarily on supporting global democracy in the face of threats from China and Russia. The Society is also known for its reports related to Islamic and far-right extremism. The Society is named after the US Senator and leading Democrat, Henry M. Jackson. American political journalist, Michael Allen, described the society as "a non-partisan group that convenes transatlantic center-left, center-right and independent figures committed to Jackson's legacy of 'democratic geopolitics.'"
The post-9/11 period is the time after the September 11 attacks, characterized by heightened suspicion of non-Americans in the United States, increased government efforts to address terrorism, and a more aggressive American foreign policy.
The Forum Against Islamophobia and Racism (FAIR) was a London-based Muslim advocacy and lobbying group which campaigns against discrimination in the form of Islamophobia and racism. It was established in 2001 as an independent charitable organization with the aim of monitoring media coverage of Islam and Muslims, and challenging examples of Islamophobia through dialogue with media organizations. It produced numerous publications relating to Islamophobia in the United Kingdom. Formed in 2000, Navid Akhtar and Samar Mashadi have been directors of FAIR.
Quilliam was a British think tank co-founded in 2008 by Maajid Nawaz that focused on counter-extremism, specifically against Islamism, which it argued represents a desire to impose a given interpretation of Islam on society. Founded as The Quilliam Foundation and based in London, it claimed to lobby government and public institutions for more nuanced policies regarding Islam and on the need for greater democracy in the Muslim world whilst empowering "moderate Muslim" voices. The organisation opposed any Islamist ideology and championed freedom of expression. The critique of Islamist ideology by its founders―Nawaz, Rashad Zaman Ali and Ed Husain―was based, in part, on their personal experiences. Quilliam went into liquidation in 2021.
Syed Talha Ahsan is a British poet and translator. He is winner of the Platinum and Bronze Koestler Awards 2012 for his poetry. He won the Koestler Award for his poem "Grieving",. He is also the translator of a tenth-century Arabic poem, "Above the Dust", by Syrian Abu Firas Al-Hamdani, on his captivity in Byzantium.
The Muslim Safety Forum (MSF) is a British-based organisation set up to challenge the "unfair focus on the Muslim community when it came to policing activities and enforcement of anti-terror policing legislation". It was founded in 2001 and comprised a number of Muslim organisations, including the Muslim Council of Britain (MCB), the Islamic Human Rights Commission (IHRC), the Islamic Forum Europe (IFE), and others. It was described in 2010 by the Human Rights Watch (HRW) as "a non-governmental umbrella group that represents over 40 Muslim organisations in the UK". The MSF has been described by Shiraz Maher in The Jewish Chronicle as "an extremist group dominated by Islamists who support Hamas".
Islamism has existed in the United Kingdom since the 1970s, and has become widely visible and a topic of political discourse since the beginning of the 21st century.
Islamophobia in Australia is highly speculative and affective distrust and hostility towards Muslims, Islam, and those perceived as following the religion. This social aversion and bias is often facilitated and perpetuated in the media through the stereotyping of Muslims as violent and uncivilised. Various Australian politicians and political commentators have capitalised on these negative stereotypes and this has contributed to the marginalisation, discrimination and exclusion of the Muslim community.
Islamophobia in the media refers to negative coverage of Islam-related topics, Muslims, or Arabs by media outlets in a way that is hostile, untrue, and/or misleading. Islamophobia is defined as "Intense dislike or fear of Islam, especially as a political force; hostility or prejudice towards Muslims", and the study of how and to what extent the media furthers Islamophobia has been the subject of much academic and political discussion.
Islamophobia in Canada refers to a set of discourses, behaviours and structures which express feelings of anxiety, fear, hostility and rejection towards Islam or Muslims in Canada.
Islamophobia in the United Kingdom refers to a set of discourses, behaviours and structures which express feelings of anxiety, fear, hostility and rejection towards Islam or Muslims in the United Kingdom. Islamophobia can manifest itself in a wide range of ways; including, discrimination in the workforce, negative coverage in the media, and violence against Muslims.
Zaria Quds massacres refers to an incident on July 25, 2014, when the Nigerian Army opened fire on members of the Islamic Movement who were taking part in Quds day rallies, and killed 35 people, including three sons of Ibrahim Zakzaky, leader of the movement. The Islamic Movement and Islamic Human Rights Commission claimed that Nigerian government's ties with Israel were responsible for the attacks on the pro-Palestinian group.
Muslim Engagement and Development (MEND) is a UK NGO. It focuses on media monitoring, advocacy in Westminster and improving the media/political literacy of British Muslims. The aim of the organisation is to tackle Islamophobia and to encourage political, civic and social engagement within British Muslim communities.
Farid Hafez is an Austrian political scientist and holds the endowed chair of Class of 1955 Distinguished Visiting Professor of International Studies at Williams College and senior researcher at Georgetown University's The Bridge Initiative. Before his role at Williams College, he was at the department of political science and sociology at the University of Salzburg.
S. Sayyid is currently Professor of Rhetoric and Decolonial Thought at the University of Leeds, and Head of the School of Sociology and Social Policy. He pioneered Critical Muslim Studies. He is the author of numerous works on political theory and its interface with the post-Western: Islamism, Islamophobia, decolonial thought, and the founding editor of ReOrient: The Journal of Critical Muslim Studies. His work has been translated into nearly a dozen languages. He is Sumerian and has lived in Australia, the United States, and London.
Allegations of Islamophobia in the UK Conservative Party have been made, including against senior politicians, such as Boris Johnson, Michael Gove and Zac Goldsmith. Baroness Warsi, former co-chair of the Conservative Party, said in 2018 that anti-Muslim prejudice had "poisoned" the party. Many Muslim party members welcomed Warsi's comments, saying that they felt the issue had been marginalised within the party.
Islamophobia in France holds a particularly political significance since France has the largest proportion of Muslims in the Western world, primarily due to the migration from Maghrebi, West African, and Middle Eastern countries. The existence of discrimination against Muslims is reported by the media in the Muslim world and by the perceived segregation and alienation of Muslims within the French community. The belief that there is an anti-Muslim climate in France is heavily criticised by some members of the French Muslim community who terms it an 'exaggeration'.