Related Research Articles
Euroscepticism, also spelled as Euroskepticism or EU-scepticism, is a political position involving criticism of the European Union (EU) and European integration. It ranges from those who oppose some EU institutions and policies and seek reform, to those who oppose EU membership and see the EU as unreformable. The opposite of Euroscepticism is known as pro-Europeanism.
The Red–Green Alliance or Unity List is an eco-socialist political party in Denmark. It was founded in 1989 with the merger of three Marxist parties and it is the most left-wing party in the Folketing, where it advocates for the expansion of the welfare state and social justice as well as the socialist transformation of Denmark and the entire globe. During the 2021 Copenhagen City Council election the party placed first, with 24.6% of the votes. The party is also active in various trade unions within Denmark.
Oskar Lafontaine is a German politician. He served as Minister-President of the state of Saarland from 1985 to 1998 and was federal leader of the Social Democratic Party (SPD) from 1995 to 1999. He was the lead candidate for the SPD in the 1990 German federal election, but lost by a wide margin. He served as Minister of Finance under Chancellor Gerhard Schröder after the SPD's victory in the 1998 federal election, but resigned from both the ministry and Bundestag less than six months later, positioning himself as a popular opponent of Schröder's policies in the tabloid press.
Sahra Wagenknecht is a German politician, economist, author, and publicist. Since 2009 she has been a member of the Bundestag, where until 2023 she represented The Left. From 2015 to 2019, she served as that party's parliamentary co-chair. With a small team of allies, she left the party on 23 October 2023 to found her own party in 2024, Bündnis Sahra Wagenknecht, to contest elections onwards.
Die Partei für Arbeit, Rechtsstaat, Tierschutz, Elitenförderung und basisdemokratische Initiative, or Die PARTEI, is a German political party. It was founded in 2004 by the editors of the German satirical magazine Titanic. It is led by Martin Sonneborn. In the 2014 European Parliament election, the party won a seat, marking the first time that a satirical party has won a seat to the European Parliament. With the 2019 European Parliament election, the party gained a second seat, held by Nico Semsrott.
Euroscepticism in the United Kingdom is a continuum of belief ranging from the opposition to certain political policies of the European Union to the complete opposition to the United Kingdom’s membership of the European Union. It has been a significant element in the politics of the United Kingdom (UK). A 2009 Eurobarometer survey of EU citizens showed support for membership of the EU was lowest in the United Kingdom, alongside Latvia and Hungary.
The Left, commonly referred to as the Left Party, is a democratic socialist political party in Germany. The party was founded in 2007 as the result of the merger of the Party of Democratic Socialism (PDS) and Labour and Social Justice – The Electoral Alternative. Through the PDS, the party is the direct descendant of the Marxist–Leninist ruling party of former East Germany, the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED). Since 2022, The Left's co-chairpersons have been Janine Wissler and Martin Schirdewan. The party holds 28 seats out of 736 in the Bundestag, the federal legislature of Germany, having won 4.9% of votes cast in the 2021 German federal election. Its parliamentary group is the second-smallest of seven in the Bundestag, and is headed by parliamentary co-leaders Heidi Reichinnek and Sören Pellmann.
Martin Hans Sonneborn is a German politician and Member of the European Parliament (MEP). He is a founder and federal chairman of Die PARTEI. He was editor-in-chief of the satirical magazine Titanic from 2000 to 2005 and works for Spiegel Online and ZDF.
Freedom and Solidarity, also called Saska, is a centre-right liberal and libertarian political party in Slovakia. Established in 2009, SaS was founded by economist Richard Sulík, who designed Slovakia's flat tax system. It generally holds anti-state and neoliberal positions. After the 2020 Slovak parliamentary election, the party lost several seats in the National Council but became part of the coalition government with Ordinary People and Independent Personalities, For the People, and We Are Family. It is led by businessman Branislav Gröhling.
Bernd Riexinger is a German politician of the left party Die Linke and member of the Bundestag representing Baden-Württemberg. From 2012 to 2021 he was co-chairperson of The Left alongside Katja Kipping.
Alternative for Germany is a far-right and right-wing populist political party in Germany. The AfD is Eurosceptic, and opposes immigration to Germany – especially of Muslims. The German judiciary has classified the party as a "suspected extremist" party, although it does not reject democracy.
Brexit was the withdrawal of the United Kingdom (UK) from the European Union (EU). Following a referendum held in the UK on 23 June 2016, Brexit officially took place at 23:00 GMT on 31 January 2020. The UK, which joined the EU's precursors the European Communities (EC) on 1 January 1973, is the only member state to have withdrawn from the EU. Following Brexit, EU law and the Court of Justice of the European Union no longer have primacy over British laws. The European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018 retains relevant EU law as domestic law, which the UK can amend or repeal.
Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy was a Eurosceptic and populist political group in the European Parliament. The EFDD group was a continuation for the Eighth European Parliament of the Europe of Freedom and Democracy (EFD) group that existed during the Seventh European Parliament, with significant changes to group membership.
We Citizens is a political party in Germany. Formerly Liberal Conservative Reformers, it was known from July 2015 to November 2016 as ALFA.
Fabio Valeriano Lanfranco De Masi is a German-Italian politician. He was a member of the German Bundestag from 2017 to 2021 and was a member of the European Parliament (MEP) from Germany from 1 July 2014 to 23 October 2017. Until September 2022 he was a member of The Left Party, part of the European United Left–Nordic Green Left.
Euroscepticism is a minority view in Ireland. Opinion polls held in the country between 2017 and 2024 indicated between 70% and 90% support for continued membership of the European Union (EU), and a 2021 'Eurobarometer' report indicating that 75% of poll respondents had a "positive image of the EU".
Damian Hieronymus Johannes Freiherr von Boeselager is a German business consultant, journalist and politician of Volt Europa. He is member of European Parliament in The Greens/EFA Group since his election in 2019.
The 2024 European Parliament election in Germany was held on 9 June 2024. It was the tenth parliamentary election since the first direct elections in 1979, and the first European Parliament election after Brexit.
The Sahra Wagenknecht Alliance – Reason and Justice is a political party in Germany that was founded on 8 January 2024. It has been described as left-wing populist, nationalist, socialist, culturally conservative, socially conservative and Eurosceptic. The party was preceded by the establishment of a registered association, created on 26 September 2023 and primarily made up of former members of the German political party The Left, for the purposes of preparing the founding of the new political party. Plans for the new party were presented at a federal press conference on 23 October 2023 by Bundestag members Sahra Wagenknecht, Amira Mohamed Ali, and Christian Leye, former managing director of The Left in North Rhine-Westphalia Lukas Schön, and entrepreneur Ralph Suikat.
References
- ↑ "Hayk Babukhanyan: "Ukraine, Syria, Armenia are the reference points for the West in fight against Russia!" - The world and we". worldandwe.com.
- ↑ "Austria's Freedom Party sees vote rise". BBC News. 26 May 2014.
- ↑ Allinson, Mark (30 October 2014). Germany and Austria since 1814. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-4441-8652-9 – via Google Books.
- ↑ Kessel, Stijn van (17 February 2015). Populist Parties in Europe: Agents of Discontent?. Springer. ISBN 978-1-137-41411-3 – via Google Books.
- ↑ "Belgians' pride in EU role quells euroscepticism". EUobserver. 6 May 2014.
- ↑ Archived copy Archived 6 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ "Belgian lawyer launches Trump-inspired anti-EU movement". Reuters. 24 July 2018 – via www.reuters.com.
- ↑ "Parties and Elections in Europe". www.parties-and-elections.eu.
- ↑ "Bosnia and Herzegovina - Europe Elects". 2 November 2020. Archived from the original on 2 November 2020.
- ↑ "The sinking fortunes of Euroscepticism in Bulgaria". 17 September 2018. Archived from the original on 17 September 2018.
- ↑ Paunova, Polina; Wesolowsky, Tony (22 November 2021). "It Denies COVID And Wants Out Of NATO And The EU. Now Bulgaria's Pro-Kremlin, Far-Right Revival Party Is In Parliament". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty.
- ↑ "Kroatischer Premier will Pandemie für vorgezogene Wahlen nutzen". DER STANDARD.
- ↑ "Croatia plans to dissolve parliament on May 18 ahead of election: PM". Reuters. 14 May 2020 – via www.reuters.com.
- ↑ "Živi zid: socijal-populizam na hrvatski način". tportal.hr.
- ↑ "Živi zid se i dalje zalaže za izlazak Hrvatske iz EU i NATO". Blic.rs. 30 April 2018.
- ↑ "Úsvit navrhuje zákon o referendu o vystoupení z EU". Novinky.cz. 29 September 2015. Retrieved 6 April 2023.
- ↑ "Czech Republic". Center for Strategic and International Studies.
- ↑ Brack, Nathalie; Startin, Nicholas (4 June 2015). "Introduction: Euroscepticism, from the margins to the mainstream". International Political Science Review. 36 (3): 239–249. doi:10.1177/0192512115577231. S2CID 145663358.
- ↑ "Už se to valí. Pravice nebude štěpit síly. Ke Klausovi, Vondráčkovi a Bajerovi se přidávají další". Parlamentní listy.
- ↑ "Volby 2017: Rozumní - stop migraci a diktátu EU". ČT24. Česká televize.
- ↑ Moláček, Jan (5 January 2021). "Referendum o EU povinně při každých sněmovních volbách. Trikolóra trumfuje SPD". Deník N.
- ↑ Backes, Uwe; Moreau, Patrick (7 December 2011). The Extreme Right in Europe: Current Trends and Perspectives. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. ISBN 978-3-647-36922-8 – via Google Books.
- ↑ "Program – Danmarksdemokraterne" . Retrieved 6 April 2023.
- ↑ "Overblik: Det ved vi om Danmarksdemokraternes politik". Jyllands-Posten. 23 June 2022.
- ↑ "Meet Denmark's new anti-Islam, anti-immigration, anti-tax party". POLITICO. 6 February 2017.
- ↑ "Meet Denmark's new anti-immigration party". 22 September 2016.
- ↑ Euroscepticism Archived 30 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ "Le Pen, Mélenchon, Dupont-Aignan… A chaque eurosceptique son "Frexit"". lejdd.fr. 21 June 2016.
- ↑ "L'euroscepticisme. Les « eurosceptiques » en France". La Croix. 17 December 2010 – via www.la-croix.com.
- ↑ "Humanite English". humaniteinenglish.com. Archived from the original on 2 April 2013.
- ↑ "European far right hails Brexit vote". the Guardian. 24 June 2016.
- ↑ Leur Europe nest pas
- ↑ "« Frexit : en sortir pour s'en sortir »: le PRCF à l'offensive depuis… 2004 !". 24 June 2018.
- ↑ "Le Pen et Zemmour, deux nuances d'euroscepticisme". l'Opinion. 19 January 2022.
- ↑ Arzheimer, Kai (January 2015). "The AfD: Finally a Successful Right-Wing Populist Eurosceptic Party for Germany?". West European Politics. 38 (3): 535–556. doi:10.1080/01402382.2015.1004230. S2CID 14613344 . Retrieved 31 October 2021– via Arzheimer's personal website.
- ↑
- Alipour, Nick (24 October 2023). "Ziel Europawahl: Wagenknechts neue Partei will mit EU-Kritik triumphieren" [Aiming for the European elections: Wagenknecht's new party wants to triumph with EU criticism]. EURACTIV (in German). Translated by Carmen Diaz Rodriguez.
Ihre Mischung aus sozialkonservativer und sozialistisch orientierter Wirtschaftspolitik sei bei Anti-Establishment- und rechten Wählern beliebt, sagte der Politikwissenschaftler Constantin Wurthmann kürzlich in einem Interview mit Euractiv.
[Its mixture of socially conservative and socialist-oriented economic policy is popular with anti-establishment and right-wing voters, said political scientist Constantin Wurthmann in a recent interview with Euractiv.] - Binkowski, Rafael (25 October 2023). "Wagenknechts Partei wird vom Land aus gegründet" [Wagenknecht's party is founded from the countryside]. Staatsanzeiger (in German).
Wagenknechts wirtschafts- und sozialpolitische Ansätze sind im Kern sozialistisch.
[Wagenknecht's economic and social policy approaches are essentially socialist.] - Müller-Vogg, Hugo (8 January 2024). "Analyse von Hugo Müller-Vogg: Wagenknecht-Partei verschleiert mit schönen Worten, was sie wirklich mit uns vorhat" [Analysis by Hugo Müller-Vogg: Wagenknecht's party uses fine words to disguise what it really wants to do to us]. Focus (in German).
Der neuen Partei das passende Etikett zu verpassen, ist nicht einfach. Man kann sie als linkskonservativ einstufen, ebenso als national und sozialistisch.
[It is not easy to give the new party the right label. It can be categorised as left-wing conservative, nationalist or socialist.] - Schaller, Erwin (24 October 2023). "Stimmen zur neuen Wagenknecht-Partei" [Voices on the new Wagenknecht party]. Münchner Merkur (in German). Archived from the original on 30 October 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023.
Nationalismus scheint für Wagenknecht nicht mehr, wie bisher, der böse Gegner zu sein, sondern Mittel und Zweck, um Menschen für ihre Art von Sozialismus zu mobilisieren. National und sozialistisch, gepaart mit einer einzelnen Person als Dreh- und Angelpunkt, dazu noch eine Entourage aus im Bundestag bisher weitestgehend Ausgegrenzten, man könnte auch schreiben: Claqueuren, Spinnern und Querulanten.
[For Wagenknecht, nationalism no longer seems to be the evil opponent, as before, but a means and an end to mobilise people for her kind of socialism. National and socialist, paired with a single person as the linchpin, plus an entourage of people who have so far been largely marginalised in the Bundestag: claqueurs, cranks and troublemakers.] - Koydl, Wolfgang (23 October 2023). "Sahra Wagenknechts neue Partei ist ein Ein-Frau-Projekt. Ohne sie verpufft es rückstandslos. Kommt das gut?" [Sahra Wagenknecht's new party is a one-woman project. Without her, it will fizzle out without a trace. Will that work?]. Die Weltwoche (in German).
Hier national, dort sozialistisch – kein Wunder, dass die Medien Sahras Bündnis verschreckt dann doch lieber «linkskonservativ» nennen.
[Nationalist here, socialist there - no wonder the media prefer to call Sahra's alliance "left-wing conservative" after all.] - Tutt, Cordula (23 October 2023). "Die Kritikerin des Kapitalismus" [The critic of capitalism]. Wirtschaftswoche (in German).
Die Wirtschaftspolitik der neuen Partei dürfte nach innen eher sozialistisch ausgerichtet sein. "Soziale Gerechtigkeit" wollen zwar so ziemlich alle Parteien in Deutschland, doch verstehen sie Unterschiedliches.
[The new party's economic policy is likely to be more socialist in nature. Although pretty much all parties in Germany want "social justice", they understand it differently.] - Foster, John (3 November 2023). "When Left is Right: The Sahra Wagenknecht Experience". The Battleground.
To be fair, Wagenknecht is still a socialist. But what sort of socialism? The kind obsessively focused on questions of the national.
- Casdorff, Stephan-Andreas (8 January 2024). "Sahra Wagenknecht gründet ihre Partei: Die Vergangenheit lässt grüßen" [Sahra Wagenknecht founds her party: The past sends its regards]. Der Tagesspiegel (in German).
Dazu Wagenknecht mit ihrer Ausstrahlung, verbal-radikal sozialistisch, wenn es (ihr) passt, mit kühler Rhetorik gegen die da oben und die Ampel-Koalition – und es wird ungemütlich für Rechte und Linke.
[Add to this Wagenknecht with her charisma, verbally radical socialist when it suits (her), with cool rhetoric against those up there and the traffic light coalition - and it gets uncomfortable for the right and the left.] - Quadbeck, Eva (12 September 2023). "Wagenknecht unter Zugzwang" [Wagenknecht under pressure to move]. RedaktionsNetzwerk Deutschland (in German).
Inhaltlich muss man sich eine solche Partei schillernd wie ihre Anführerin selbst vorstellen, wechselnd zwischen links- und rechtspopulistischen Tönen: national in der Außen- und Migrationspolitik, sozialistisch in der Sozial- und Wirtschaftspolitik, konservativ in der Gesellschaftspolitik und russlandfreundlich.
[In terms of content, such a party must be as colourful as its leader herself, alternating between left-wing and right-wing populist tones: national in foreign and migration policy, socialist in social and economic policy, conservative in social policy and Russia-friendly.]
- Alipour, Nick (24 October 2023). "Ziel Europawahl: Wagenknechts neue Partei will mit EU-Kritik triumphieren" [Aiming for the European elections: Wagenknecht's new party wants to triumph with EU criticism]. EURACTIV (in German). Translated by Carmen Diaz Rodriguez.
- ↑ Presentation of the party platform on DieFreiheit.org Archived 9 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ "Ex-chief of German anti-euro party starts new eurosceptic group". Agence France-Presse. 19 July 2015. Retrieved 1 November 2022. Via Yahoo! News/.
- ↑ "დეპუტატი ინჯია ამბობს, რომ ევროკავშირს საქართველოს დამონება და ხელისუფლების შეცვლა უნდა" (in Georgian). 30 May 2023. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
- ↑ "Anti-Western statements made by Georgian Dream leaders are an attempt to avoid political responsibility". Democracy Research Institute. 17 February 2023. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
- ↑ Eanna Mackey (30 April 2024). "Anti-Russian Sentiment Escalates as Georgians Seek European Dream". CEPA. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
- ↑ "Hungary's illiberal influence on Georgia's European integration: a worrying pattern". Georgian Foundation For Strategic and International Studies. 8 November 2023. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
- ↑ Svarrer, Luna (4 December 2016). "From sweet to sour: Euroscepticism in Greece". Medium. AthensLive. Retrieved 9 December 2019.
- ↑ "Greece". Europe Elects . Retrieved 29 July 2019.
- ↑ Publications, Europa Europa (4 November 2003). Central and South-Eastern Europe 2004. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-1-85743-186-5 – via Google Books.
- ↑ "Greek version of anti-euro 5-Star Movement is founded - Politics". ANSAMed. 9 May 2013. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
- ↑ Antonis Galanopoulos: Greek right-wing populist parties and Euroscepticism(PDF), p.2 "Golden Dawn is also Eurosceptical and it is opposing Greece's participation in the European Union and the Eurozone"
- ↑ Vasilopoulou, Sofia (2010), Euroscepticism and the radical right: domestic strategies and party system dynamics (PDF) (PhD thesis), The London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE), p. 157
- ↑ "Lafazanis: Greek rebel with a eurosceptic cause". EUBusiness. 21 August 2015. Retrieved 23 August 2015.
- ↑ "Mi Hazánk's EP Program: 'Roma Problem', Opposing Migration, Russia-Friendly Politics". 21 May 2019.
- ↑ "Iceland could be EU member by 2011". EUobserver. 30 January 2009.
- ↑ Bjarnason, Magnus (4 November 2010). The Political Economy of Joining the European Union: Iceland's Position at the Beginning of the 21st Century. Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 978-90-5629-642-1 – via Google Books.
- ↑ "Alþýðufylkingin: Program of the People's Front of Iceland (in English)". Archived from the original on 18 January 2015.
- ↑ Valgarðsson, Vésteinn (18 February 2013). "Alþýðufylkingin: Ályktun um Evrópusambandið". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.
- 1 2 "Wahlcheck: Das wollen Islands Parteien". Deutsch-Isländische Gesellschaft Bremerhaven/Bremen e.V.
- ↑ "Q&A: Iceland parliamentary elections". BBC News. 26 April 2013.
- ↑ "Bjarni og Atli undirbúa framboð". www.mbl.is.
- ↑ "Regnboginn kynnir stefnumál sín". RÚV. 12 April 2013.
- ↑ "The Reykjavík Grapevine Issue 4, 2013 by Reykjavík Grapevine - Issuu". issuu.com. 5 April 2013.
- ↑ "Regnboginn hafnar ofurtrú á frjálshyggjuna". www.mbl.is.
- ↑ Finn, Christina (21 November 2018). "Tóibín signs up two members to his new 'Euro-critical party' which aims to protect 'all human life'". TheJournal.ie.
- ↑ nstitute of International and European Affairs
- ↑ Direct Democracy Ireland
- ↑ "Éirígí backs Brexit with Northern Ireland poster campaign". The Irish Times.
- ↑ "Political party seeking Irish EU exit to be launched". The Irish Times.
- ↑ Taggart, Paul; Szczerbiak, Aleks (3 August 2018). "Putting Brexit into perspective: the effect of the Eurozone and migration crises and Brexit on Euroscepticism in European states" (PDF). sussex.ac.uk. Retrieved 6 April 2023.
- ↑ Reinisch, Dieter (15 November 2019). "Opinion: I went to the Saoradh party conference to see where radical republicanism is going". TheJournal.ie.
- ↑ "Ireland, Brexit and why the EU must be opposed". Socialist Party (Ireland). 28 June 2016.
- ↑ gonnelli, rachele (8 September 2018). "Fassina celebra «Patria e Costituzione» e Badoglio". il manifesto.
- ↑ "Paragone: "Fondo un partito, voglio portare l'Italia fuori dall'euro"". Adnkronos. 12 December 2020.
- ↑ "Italian politician launches anti-EU party to push for 'Italexit'". 23 July 2020.
- ↑ When Populism Meets Nationalism: Reflections on Parties in Power. Ledizioni. 28 January 2019. ISBN 978-88-6705-902-7.
- ↑ "Eurosceptic Italy in race to form majority government". the Guardian. 5 March 2018.
- ↑ Verney, Susannah (1 March 2011). "Euroscepticism in Southern Europe: A Diachronic Perspective". South European Society and Politics. 16 (1): 1–29. doi:10.1080/13608746.2010.570124. S2CID 154907471 – via Taylor and Francis+NEJM.
- ↑ "- Un'area alternativa Mediterranea per rompere la gabbia dell'Unione Europea". 2 August 2021. Archived from the original on 2 August 2021.
- ↑ Elezioni, nasce 'Italia sovrana e popolare', Il Sole 24 Ore
- ↑ Nordsieck, Wolfram (2020). "Lithuania". Parties and Elections in Europe. Retrieved 27 October 2020.
- ↑ Dumont, Patrick; Fehlen, Fernand; Kies, Raphaël; Poirier, Philippe (2006). "Les élections législatives et européennes de 2004 au Grand-Duché de Luxembourg" (PDF) (in French). Chamber of Deputies: 220.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ↑ Dennison, Susi; Zerka, Pawel (11 February 2019). "The 2019 European election: How anti-Europeans plan to wreck Europe and what can be done to stop it". European Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
- ↑ Ursu, Valentina. "Iurie Muntean (Congresul Civic): "Suntem un partid de stânga, dar un partid al majorității"". Radio Europe. Retrieved 2 November 2022.
- ↑ "Parliamentary Elections". CSIS. Center for Strategic and International Studies. 24 February 2019. Retrieved 29 October 2021.
- 1 2 Caiani, Manuela; Guerra, Simona (22 February 2017). Euroscepticism, Democracy and the Media: Communicating Europe, Contesting Europe. Springer. ISBN 978-1-137-59643-7 – via Google Books.
- ↑ "The Dutch Election is About More Than Nationalism". Bloomberg.com. 22 February 2017.
- ↑ "Wat is Forum voor Democratie?". NPO Kennis.
- ↑ "Standpunten" . Retrieved 6 April 2023.
- ↑ EU en Euro JA21 [ dead link ]
- ↑ "Standpunten - GO". go2021.nl.
- ↑ Pauwels, Teun (1 August 2014). Populism in Western Europe: Comparing Belgium, Germany and The Netherlands. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-65391-2 – via Google Books.
- ↑ Thompson, Wayne C. (24 July 2014). Western Europe 2014. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-4758-1230-5 – via Google Books.
- ↑ trouw.nl http://www.trouw.nl/nieuws/article1659507.ece . Retrieved 6 April 2023.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|title=(help) - ↑ Arató, Krisztina; Kaniok, Petr (4 November 2009). Euroscepticism and European Integration. CPI/PSRC. ISBN 978-953-7022-20-4 – via Google Books.
- ↑ Liang, Christina Schori (1 January 2007). Europe for the Europeans: The Foreign and Security Policy of the Populist Radical Right. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7546-4851-2 – via Google Books.
- ↑ "SGP in verkiezingsprogramma: euro is onhoudbaar, wel in EU blijven". nos.nl. 9 November 2020.
- ↑ "Voor Nederland - Beginselverklaring - VoorNederland". 27 August 2014. Archived from the original on 27 August 2014.
- ↑ Demokratane
- ↑ Leader of Poland's Euro sceptic party believes women should not have right to vote sz-n.com April 2014
- ↑ Franco, Susi Dennison, Lívia (2 October 2019). "The instinctive multilateralist: Portugal and the politics of cooperation – European Council on Foreign Relations".
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ Country profile. Portugal euroviews.eu 31 March 2014
- ↑ "Parties and Elections in Europe". 7 May 2018. Archived from the original on 7 May 2018.
- ↑ "Partido Popular Monárquico". 2 October 2012. Archived from the original on 2 October 2012.
- ↑ "Partidul Ecologist Român critică dur decizia CJUE: Este inadmisibil să ne dicteze Bruxelles-ul ce să facem!". Stiri pe surse. 21 December 2021.
- ↑ "PRM vrea să obţină 13% la viitoarele alegeri, la nivel naţional". monitorulcj.ro. 18 July 2018.
- ↑ "Dezbateri parlamentare". www.cdep.ro.
- ↑ Stanoiu, Iulia (11 April 2023). "Rețeaua minciunilor: Influencerii de pe Facebook care ventilează conspirații, dezinformări și propagandă pro-Kremlin".
- ↑ "Traditionell niedrige Wahlbeteiligung". DER STANDARD.
- ↑ "Crisis 'not helping' Eurosceptics gain consensus". www.euractiv.com. 27 March 2009.
- ↑ "Richard Sulík v ORF 2 | Ako vyzerá socializmus EÚ v praxi". 20 June 2016.
- ↑ "Kotlebovci spúšťajú petíciu za vystúpenie Slovenska z EÚ". TERAZ.sk. 25 June 2016.
- ↑ Gabrižová, Zuzana (11 February 2020). "Slovensko má v politike tvrdých euroskeptikov, no žiadnych eurofederalistov". euractiv.sk.
- ↑ kalember, nada (7 June 2018). "АНДРЕЈ ДАНКО: Срби не дајте своју воду, минерале и кључна предузећа!". СРБИН.инфо.
- ↑ Porta, Donatella della; Fernández, Joseba; Kouki, Hara; Mosca, Lorenzo (23 May 2017). Movement Parties Against Austerity. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-5095-1147-1 – via Google Books.
- ↑ Caiani, Manuela; Guerra, Simona (22 February 2017). Euroscepticism, Democracy and the Media: Communicating Europe, Contesting Europe. Springer. ISBN 978-1-137-59643-7 – via Google Books.
- ↑ Liste, Ana González (17 September 2015). "La CUP no vol formar part d'"aquesta" Unió Europea". El País– via elpais.com.
- ↑ "La CUP defensa la sortida de la Unió Europea i de l'OTAN". e-noticies.cat.
- ↑ Castelli, Francesco (9 December 2019). "EU-related discussions in 2019 Spanish general elections: a Twitter study". euvisions.eu. Archived from the original on 6 February 2020. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
Vox holds positions of soft euroscepticism, arguing that Spain should make no sovereignty concessions to the EU, and its presence on the national stage pushed expectations towards an increased politicization of the debate around the European Union
- ↑ "Lämna EU | EP-kampanjen 2019 Alternativ för Sverige". 12 June 2019. Archived from the original on 12 June 2019.
- ↑ "EU-valet" . Retrieved 6 April 2023.
- ↑ Alexandre Afonso. "What does the Swiss immigration vote mean for Britain and the European Union?". Political Studies Association. Archived from the original on 29 March 2016.
- ↑ Mombelli, Armando (25 July 2015). "Small Parties of Protest and Principle". Swissinfo . Retrieved 15 December 2016.
- ↑ "Avrupa Birliği dağıtılmalıdır" (in Turkish). Türkiye Komünist Hareketi. June 2016.
- ↑ Baris Gulmez, Seckin (1 July 2013). "Rising euroscepticism in Turkish politics: The cases of the AKP and the CHP". Acta Politica. 48 (3): 326–344. doi:10.1057/ap.2013.2. S2CID 189929924 – via Springer Link.
- ↑ Gülmez, Seçkin Barış (30 April 2020). "Rethinking Euroscepticism in Turkey: Government, Opposition and Public Opinion". Ekonomi Politika ve Finans Araştırmaları Dergisi. 5 (1): 1–22. doi: 10.30784/epfad.684764 . S2CID 219041187 – via dergipark.org.tr.
- ↑ "The Nationalist Movement Party's Euroscepticism: Party Ideology Meets Strategy | Request PDF" . Retrieved 6 April 2023.
- ↑ "Program" (in Turkish). İşçi Kardeşliği Partisi.
- ↑ "Parties and Elections in Europe". 13 May 2019. Archived from the original on 13 May 2019.
- ↑ "Ukraine's political landscape is shifting | Politiikasta.fi". 24 September 2015. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015.
- ↑ "Parties and Elections in Europe". 12 June 2018. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018.
- ↑ "Лидеры украинской «Оппозиционной платформы»: Мы будем торпедировать издевательский закон "о языке"". Kp.ru -. 22 July 2019.
- ↑ "Ukraine" . Retrieved 6 April 2023.
- ↑ "Who are Ukrainian Nationalists, and How Do They Differ?". ukraineworld.org.
- ↑ "Q&A: UK Independence Party". 14 June 2004. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
- ↑ "Farage: May 'wilfully deceiving' people over Brexit deal". BBC News. 12 May 2019. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
- ↑ Szczerbiak & Taggart 2008, p. 102; Woodbridge 2011, p. 107.
- ↑ Tranmer, Jeremy (15 June 2022). Bory, Stéphanie; Simpkins, Fiona (eds.). "The Far Left, Scottish Independence and Brexit". Revue française de civilisation britannique. XXVII (2). doi: 10.4000/rfcb.9520 . ISSN 2429-4373.
- ↑ "Article 50: A day to celebrate". Communist Party of Britain (Marxist-Leninist).
- ↑ "DUP confirms it will campaign for Brexit in Leave/Remain referendum". Belfast Telegraph. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
- ↑ Tamplin, Harley (6 February 2018). "Ex-Ukipper who said a gay donkey raped his horse launches party with donkey logo". Metro. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
- ↑ Chaplain, Chloe (3 April 2019). "English Democrats launch legal battle to prove UK 'already left EU'". i News. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
- ↑ "An Apology on behalf of the British Liberal Tradition". 15 May 2019. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
- ↑ Edwards, Tom. "UKIP 'in meltdown' as members quit to launch new party". Worcester News. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
- ↑ Walker 1977, p. 102; Fielding 1981, pp. 66, 78–79; Wilkinson 1981, p. 75.
- ↑ Prince, Rosa (23 April 2007). "X Factor; FORGET LABOUR V NATS.. HERE'S WHO ELSE IS AFTER YOUR VOTE MAY 3 DECISION DAY". Daily Mirror . Retrieved 15 July 2021.
- ↑ Learmonth, Andrew (19 August 2017). "New 'Scottish Family Party' leader defends Jo Cox joke and comparison of same-sex marriage and incest". The National. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
- ↑ "Scottish Libertarian Party". scottishlibertarians.com.
- ↑ "Brexit".
- ↑ "No Reason We Can't Leave the EU Immediately, Says Scargill" (PDF). SLP. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 March 2017. Retrieved 25 June 2022.
- ↑ Tranmer, Jeremy (1 December 2020). "Nationalism, internationalism and anti-capitalism: left-wing opposition to the European Union". Observatoire de la société britannique (25): 87–108. doi:10.4000/osb.4759. S2CID 234533115.
- ↑ "Three Compelling Reasons to Vote Leave". tuv.org.uk. 20 June 2016. Retrieved 29 September 2022.
- ↑ Lynch, Whitaker & Loomes 2012, p. 733; Tournier-Sol 2015, pp. 141–42.
- ↑ "Two parties from very similar backgrounds" (PDF). Popular Alliance/United Kingdom First Party. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 February 2012. Retrieved 2 June 2009.
- ↑ "Kilroy launches 'Veritas' party". 2 February 2005. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
- ↑ "We Demand a Referendum Now Party launches campaign". BBC News. 1 May 2014. Retrieved 1 November 2022.