List of Indian philosophers

Last updated

Indian philosophy, the systems of thought and reflection that were developed by the civilizations of the Indian subcontinent. They include both orthodox ( astika ) systems, namely, the Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Samkhya, Yoga, Purva-Mimamsa (or Mimamsa), and Vedanta (Advaita, Dwaita, Bhedbheda, Vishistadvaita), and unorthodox (nastika) systems, such as Buddhism, Jainism, Ajivika, Ajnana, Charvaka etc. as well as other schools such as Raseswera, Paninya, Pratyabhijna, Pasupata Shaivism, Shaivism etc. Indian thought has been concerned with various philosophical problems, significant among which are the nature of the world (cosmology), the nature of reality (metaphysics), logic, the nature of knowledge (epistemology), ethics, and the philosophy of religion etc. Some of the most famous and influential philosophers of all time were from the Indian Subcontinent such as Buddha, Nagarjuna, Adi Sankara, etc. [1] [2] [3] This list is until 14th century CE.

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.
NameLifeSchoolNotes
Dirghatamas 14th century BCE
Avatsara 14th century BCE
Asita 14th century BCESeer sage in Rigaveda
Brishaspati 14th century BCE
Lopamudra 12th century BCEwife of sage Agastya
Agastya 12th century BCEhusband of Lopamudra and one of the saptarishis
Atri 12th century BCEone of the saptarishis
Bharadwaja 12th century BCEone of the saptarishis
Vasishtha 12th century BCEone of the saptarishis
Shakalya 12th century BCEHis Padapatha of the Rig Veda was one of the early attempts in the direction of analysis
Sankhyayana Composer of Sankhyayana Brahmana
Valmiki 11th century BCEValmiki was the writer of Ramyana and is revered as the first poet or Adi Kavi in Sanskrit literature.
Vyasa 9th century BCEVyasa was the writer of Mahabharat.
Mahidasa Aitareya 9th century BCE
Gargi Vachaknavi 8th century BCEDebates with Yajnavalkya
Maitreyi 8th century BCE Advaita wife of Yajnavalkya
Aruni 8th century BCE [4] one of the first philosophers in recorded history.
Ghosha 10th century BCE -8th century BCE
Yajnavalkya 8th-7th century BCE [5] [6] [4] Credited for coining Advaita
Sandilya 8th century BCEKnown for Sandilya Vidya, a set of teachings of vidyā or philosophy
Pratardana 8th century BCE
Bodhayana 8th century BCE Vishishtadvaita
Pravahana Jaivali 8th century BCEKnown for Panchagni Vidya, a set of teachings of vidyā or philosophy
Śākaṭāyana 8th century BCE Nairukta (etymologist)
Raikva 8th century BCE
Satyakama Jabala 8th century BCE
Shukracharya 8th century BCE Political Philosophy He wrote Sukraneeti
Parshvanatha 8th century BCE Jainism 23rd Tirthankara and one of the earliest exponent of Karma philosophy in recorded history
Pippalada 8th century BCEHe was the founder of Pippalada School of thought, which taught the Atharvaveda.
Shvetashvatara 8th century BCE
Sushrutha 8th century BCECredited for Sushruta Samhita, Charaka Samhita and the Astanga Hridaya (regarded as one of the Great Trilogy of Ayurvedic Medicine and on various forms of surgery)
Ashtavakra 7th century BCE
Shvetaketu 7th century BCEgrandson of sage and philosopher Aruni
Kapila 6th century BCE Samkhya credited as the founder of the Samkhya school,Argued for vegetaraninism
Āḷāra Kālāma 6th century BCE Samkhya .According to the Pāli Canon scriptures, he was the first teacher of Gautama Buddha.
Uddaka Rāmaputta 6th century BCEone of the teachers of Gautama Buddha
Panini 6th century BCE [7] Founder of Paniniya School
Pañcaśikha 6th century BCE Samkhya
Asuri 6th century BCE Samkhya Student of Kapila
Yaska 6th-5th century BCE [7] Nairukta (etymologist)
Brishaspati Charvaka
Akṣapāda Gautama 6th century BCE Nyaya credited as the founder of the Nyaya School
Kanada 6th century BCE Vaisheshika Credited as the founder of the Vaisheshika school,explained the creation and existence of the universe by proposing an atomistic theory, applying logic and realism, and is one of the earliest known systematic realist ontology in human history.
Purana Kassapa 6th century BCE Amoralism
Ajita Kesakambali 6th century BCE Charvaka Ajita propounded Ucchedavada (the Doctrine of Annihilation after death) and Tam-Jivam-tam-sariram-vada (the doctrine of identity of the soul and body), which denied the separate existence of an eternal soul.
Payasi 6th century BCE Charvaka
Pakudha Kaccayana 6th century BCE Sassatavāda Credited as the founder of the Atomism philosophy
Makkhali Gośāla 6th century BCE Ajivika
Sañjaya Belaṭṭhiputta 6th century BCE Ajñana
Mahavira 6th century BCE Jainism Taught the principles of Anekantavada (many-sided reality): syadvada and nayavada .
Gautama Buddha 6th century BCEFounder of Buddhism
Śāriputra 6th century BCE Buddhism He is considered the first of the Buddha's two chief male disciples
Kaniyan Pungundranar 5th century BCEPhilosopher from the Sangam age
Pingala 5th century BCE
Dandamis 4th century BCE
Kalanos 4th century BCE
Chanakya 4th century BCE Political philosophy He is considered the pioneer of the field of political science and economics in India.
Jaimini 4th century BCE Mimansa Founder of Mimansa School
Moggaliputta-Tissa 3rd century BCE Buddhism
Avvaiyar 3rd century BCESangam era poet
Bogar 3rd century BCEone of the 18 celebrated siddhars of Tamil Nadu
Korakkar 3rd century BCEone of the 18 celebrated siddhars of Tamil Nadu
Patanjali 2nd Century BCE Paniniya Founder of Yoga School
Nagasena 2nd Century BCE Buddhism
Kātyāyana 2nd Century BCE
Badarayana 2nd century BCE Vedanta Badarayana is regarded as having written the basic text of the Vedanta system, the Vedāntasūtra a.k.a. Brahmasūtra
Manu 2nd century BCEAuthor of Manumsriti
Thiruvalluvar 1st Century BCE
Śabara 1st century CE Mimansa Composed the Śābara-bhāṣyam, also known as Mīmāsas̄ūtra-bhas̄ỵa, a commentary on the Purva Mimamsa Sutras. [8]
Lakulisha 1st century CE Pashupata Shaivism
Aśvaghoṣa 1st century CE Buddhism He is believed to have been the first Sanskrit dramatist, and is considered the greatest Indian poet prior to Kālidāsa.
Gunadhara 1st century CE Jainism
Sarvajña Rāmeśvara Raseśvara
Govinda Bhagavat Raseśvara
Vātsyāyana 1st century CEFamous for "Kama Sutra"
Nagarjuna 2nd century CE [4] Buddhism Founder of Madhyamaka
Kapilar 2nd century CE
Kundakunda 2nd century CE Jainism
Umaswati 2nd century CE Jainism Author of the Tattvārthādhigama-sūtra. [8]
Samantabhadra 2nd century CE Jainism He was a proponent of the Jaina doctrine of Anekantavada.
Ilango Adigal 2nd century CE Jainism
Isvarakrsna 3rd century CE Samkhya
Aryadeva 3rd century CE Buddhism Aryadeva was a student of Nagarjuna and contributed significantly to the Madhyamaka
Asanga 4th century CE [4] Buddhism One of the founder of the Yogachara. He is known as one of the seventeen Nalanda masters.
Aviddhakarṇa Charvaka
Vasubandhu 4th century CE Buddhism one of the founder of the Yogachara .He is known as one of the seventeen Nalanda masters.
Dignāga 4th century CE Buddhism One of the Buddhist founders of Indian logic (hetu vidyā).
Pakṣilasvāmin Vātsyāyana 4th century CE Nyaya
Haribhadra 4th century CE Jainism
Pujyapada 5th century CE Jainism
Buddhaghosa 5th century CE Buddhism
Vatsyayana 5th century CE Nyaya
Kambalasvatara Charvaka
Bodhidharma 5th century CE Buddhism
Kamandaka 5th century CE Kautilyan(Chanakya)School of diplomacy
Bhartṛhari 5th century CE Paniniya
Guṇabhadra 5th century CE Buddhism
Maticandra 5th century CE Samkhya
Siddhasena 5th century CE Jainism
Dharmakirti 6th century CE Buddhism He was also one of the primary theorists of Buddhist atomism
Prabhākara 6th century CE Mimansa Founder of Pravakar School
Prashastapada 6th century CE Vaisheshika
Bhāviveka 6th century CE Buddhism In Tibetan Buddhism Bhāviveka is regarded as the founder of the Svātantrika tradition of the Mādhyamaka school of Buddhism
Bodhiruci 6th century CE Buddhism
Bhavivikta 6th century CE Nyaya
Dharmapala 6th century CE Buddhism
Manikyanandi 6th century CE Jainism
Śīlabhadra 6th century CE Buddhism
Udyotakara 6th century CE Nyaya-Vaisheshika synthesis
Bhatta Narayana 6th century CE Buddhism
Purandara Charvaka
Sthiramati 6th century CE Buddhism
Paramartha 6th century CE Buddhism
Gaudapada 6th century CE Advaita
Buddhapālita 6th century CE Buddhism
Buddhapālita 6th century CE Buddhism
Kumārila Bhaṭṭa 7th century CE [7] Mimansa
Jinabhadra 7th century CE Jainism
Buddhaguhya 7th century CE Buddhism A key figure in Theravāda Buddhism and the author of the Visuddhimagga. [8]
Chandragomin 7th century CE Buddhism Chandragomin was a teacher at Nalanda Monastic University
Pushpadanta 7th century CE Jainism
Bhartṛprapañca 7th century CE Bhedabheda
Govinda Bhagavatpada 7th century CE Advaita He was the Guru of the Adi Shankara.
Rājāna 7th century CE Samkhya Wrote the longest commentary on Sankhya-Karika called Yukti-dīpikā, “Light on the arguments”
Bhutabali 7th century CE Jainism
Jayarāśi Bhaṭṭa 8th century CE Ajnana He is known for his radical skepticism
Kumudendu 8th century CE Jainism
Adi Shankara 8th century CE [4] Advaita He is credited by some with unifying and establishing the main currents of thought in Hinduism.
Totakacharya 8th century CE Advaita He was a disciple of Ādi Śaṅkara
Virasena 8th century CE Jainism
Śāntarakṣita 8th century CE Buddhism
Virūpa 8th century CE Buddhism
Acharya Vamana 8th century CEVamana's investigation into the nature of a Kāvya is known as theory of Riti
Hastamalakacharya 8th century CE Advaita He was a disciple of Adi Shankara, Hastamalaka founded a matha by name Idayil Matham in Thrissur, Kerala
Jñānagarbha 8th century CE Buddhism
Padmapadacharya 8th century CE Advaita A follower of Adi Shankara
Vimalamitra 8th century CE Buddhism
Udbhatabhatta Charvaka
Maṇḍana Miśra 8th century CEInitially Mimansa,Then Advaita
Nammalvar 8th century CEone of the twelve alvar saints
Ubaya Bharti 8th century CE Mimansa Wife of Maṇḍana Miśra, Famous for debate with Adi Sankara
Nimbarkacharya 8th century CEHe founded Nimbarka Sampradaya, one of four main traditions of Hindu sect Vaishnavism
Śāntarakṣita 8th century CE Buddhism
Vidyananda 8th century CE Jainism
Śālikanātha 8th century CE Mimansa
Vajrabodhi 8th century CE Buddhism one of the eight patriarchs in Shingon Buddhism.
Aparajita8th century CE Jainism He defended the practice of Digambara monks of being nude
Śubhakarasiṃha 8th century CE Buddhism one of the eight patriarchs in Shingon Buddhism.
Akalanka 8th century CE Jainism
Baladevācārya 8th century CEFather of Sridhara
Haribhadra 8th century CE Buddhism Disciple of Śāntarakṣita
Bhāskara 8th century CE Bhedabheda
Dharmottara 8th century CE Buddhism
Ravigupta 8th century CE Buddhism
Jayanta Bhatta 9th century CE Nyaya
Anandavardhana 9th century CEĀnandavardhana is credited with creating the dhvani theory.
Adikavi Pampa 9th century CE Jainism
Sridhara 9th century CE
Vācaspati Miśra 9th century CE Advaita
Vasugupta 9th century CE Pratyabhijna
Bhatta Kallata 9th century CE Pratyabhijna Pupil of Vasugupta
Gunabhadra 9th century CE Jainism He co-authored Mahapurana along with Jinasena.
Bhasavarajna 10th century CE Nyaya
Udayana 10th century CE Nyaya
Śaṅkaranandana 10th century CE Buddhism
Ratnavajra 10th century CE Buddhism
Utpaladeva 10th century CE Pratyabhijna
Laksmanagupta 10th century CE Pratyabhijna son and disciple of Utpaladeva,and teacher of Abhinavagupta
Abhinavagupta 10th century CE
Kshemaraja 10th century CE Pratyabhijna disciple of Abhinavagupta
Nemichandra 10th century CE Jainism
Nathamuni 10th century CE Vishishtadvaita
Somānanda 10th century CE Vishishtadvaita
Indrabhuti 10th century CE Buddhism
Yamunacharya 10th century CE Vishistadvaita
Amritchandra 10th century CE Jainism
Jñanasrimitra 11th century CE Buddhism
Mahapurna 11th century CE
Yadava Prakaasa 11th century CE Advaita One of the teachers of Ramanuja
Atīśa 11th century CE Buddhism
Ratnakīrti 11th century CE Buddhism
Jinamitra 11th century CE Jainism
Jnanasribadara 11th century CE Buddhism
Bhoja 11th century CE
Nimbarkacharya 11th century CE Dvaitadvaita
Prabhācandra 11th century CE Jainism
Basavanna (c. 1131–1167 CE) Lingayatism Socio-religious reforms, Anubhava Mantapa, Vachana literature
Avvaiyar 12th century CEFamous for collection of single-line quotations" Aathichoodi"
Pillai Lokacharya 12th century CE Vishishtadvaita
Vardhamana Upadhyaya 12th century CE Nyaya
Ramanuja 12th century CE Vishishtadvaita
Mamaidev 12th century CE
Basava 12th century CE Shaivism Founder of Lingayatism
Siddheshwar 12th century CE Shaivism
Parasara Bhattar 12th century CE Vishishtadvaita
Naropa 12th century CE Buddhism
Vedanta Desika 12th century CE Vishishtadvaita
Vidyaranya 12th century CE Advaita
Khana 12th century CE
Akka Mahadevi 12th century CE Shaivism
Hemachandra 12th century CE Jainism
Shri Harsha 12th century CE
Abhayakaragupta 12th century CE Buddhism
Jayaratha 12th century CE
Someshvara III 12th century CE
Madhvacharya 13th century CE Dwaita Considered the chief proponent of 'Dwaita'
Vimuktatman 13th century CE Advaita
Yādavaprakāśa 13th century CE Advaita
Dnyaneshwar 13th century CE Advaita
Akshobhya Tirtha 13th century CE Dwaita
Narahari Tirtha 13th century CE Dwaita
Meykandar 13th century CE Shaivism.
Chakradhar Swami 13th century CE Dwaita
Trivikrama Panditacharya 13th century CE Dwaita Disciple of Madhvacharya
Amalananda 13th century CE Advaita
Vishnu Tirtha 13th century CE Dwaita Brother of Madhvacharya
Prakasatman 13th century CE Advaita
Padmanabha Tirtha 13th century CE Dwaita Disciple of Madhvacharya
Narayana Panditacharya 13th century CE Dwaita
Jayatirtha 14th century CE Dwaita considered as one of the founder of Haridasa movement
Lalla 14th century CE Pratyabhijna
Madhava Tirtha 14th century CE Dwaita 3rd pontiff of Madhvacharya peetha.
Sripadaraja 14th century CE Dwaita considered as one of the founder of Haridasa movement
Kavindra Tirtha 14th century CE Dwaita
Gangesha Upadhyaya 14th century CE [7] Nyaya He established the Navya-Nyāya ("New Logic") school

See also

Related Research Articles

This page lists some links to ancient philosophy, namely philosophical thought extending as far as early post-classical history.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Indian religions</span> Religions that originated on the Indian subcontinent

Indian religions, sometimes also termed Dharmic religions or Indic religions, are the religions that originated in the Indian subcontinent. These religions, which include Buddhism, Hinduism, Jainism, and Sikhism, are also classified as Eastern religions. Although Indian religions are connected through the history of India, they constitute a wide range of religious communities, and are not confined to the Indian subcontinent.

<i>Sutra</i> Text in Hinduism, Buddhism or Jainism, often a collection of aphorisms

Sutra in Indian literary traditions refers to an aphorism or a collection of aphorisms in the form of a manual or, more broadly, a condensed manual or text. Sutras are a genre of ancient and medieval Indian texts found in Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism.

Eastern philosophy includes the various philosophies that originated in East and South Asia, including Chinese philosophy, Japanese philosophy, Korean philosophy, and Vietnamese philosophy, which are dominant in East Asia; and Indian philosophy, which are dominant in South Asia, Southeast Asia, Tibet, and Mongolia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bhajan</span> Singing of poems or hymns in Indian traditions

Bhajan refers to any devotional song with a religious theme or spiritual ideas, specifically among Dharmic religions, in any language. The term bhajanam means reverence and originates from the root word bhaj, which means to revere, as in 'Bhaja Govindam' . The term bhajana also means sharing.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Historical Vedic religion</span> 1500–500 BC Indo-Aryan religious practices of northwest India

The historical Vedic religion, also called Vedicism or Vedism, and sometimes ancient Hinduism or Vedic Hinduism, constituted the religious ideas and practices prevalent amongst some of the Indo-Aryan peoples of the northwest Indian subcontinent during the Vedic period. These ideas and practices are found in the Vedic texts, and some Vedic rituals are still practiced today. The Vedic religion is one of the major traditions which shaped modern Hinduism, though present-day Hinduism is significantly different from the historical Vedic religion.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Shaivism</span> Hindu tradition that worships Shiva

Shaivism is one of the major Hindu traditions, which worships Shiva as the Supreme Being. One of the largest Hindu denominations, it incorporates many sub-traditions ranging from devotional dualistic theism such as Shaiva Siddhanta to yoga-orientated monistic non-theism such as Kashmiri Shaivism. It considers both the Vedas and the Agama texts as important sources of theology. According to a 2010 estimate by Johnson and Grim, Shaivism is the second-largest Hindu sect, constituting about 252 million or 26.6% of Hindus.

Hindu philosophy or Vedic philosophy is the set of Indian philosophical systems that developed in tandem with early Hindu religious traditions during the iron and classical ages of India. In Indian tradition, the word used for philosophy is Darshana, from the Sanskrit root 'दृश' meaning 'to see, to experience'.

Mīmāṁsā is a Sanskrit word that means "reflection" or "critical investigation" and thus refers to a tradition of contemplation which reflected on the meanings of certain Vedic texts. This tradition is also known as Pūrva-Mīmāṁsā because of its focus on the earlier (pūrva) Vedic texts dealing with ritual actions, and similarly as Karma-Mīmāṁsā due to its focus on ritual action (karma). It is one of six Vedic "affirming" (āstika) schools of Hindu philosophy. This particular school is known for its philosophical theories on the nature of Dharma, based on hermeneutics of the Vedas, especially the Brāḥmanas and samhitas. The Mīmāṃsā school was foundational and influential for the Vedāntic schools, which were also known as Uttara-Mīmāṁsā for their focus on the "later" (uttara) portions of the Vedas, the Upanishads. While both "earlier" and "later" Mīmāṃsā investigate the aim of human action, they do so with different attitudes towards the necessity of ritual praxis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Indian philosophy</span>

Indian philosophy consists of philosophical traditions of the Indian subcontinent. The philosophies are often called darśana meaning, "to see" or "looking at." Ānvīkṣikī means “critical inquiry” or “investigation." Unlike darśana, ānvīkṣikī was used to refer to Indian philosophies by classical Indian philosophers, such as Chanakya in the Arthaśāstra.

<i>Darshan</i> (Indian religions) Auspicious sight of a deity or holy person in Indian religions

In Indian religions, a darshan or darshanam is the auspicious sight of a deity or a holy person.

Āstika and Nāstika are concepts that have been used to classify the schools of Indian philosophy by modern scholars, as well as some Hindu, Buddhist and Jain texts. The various definitions for āstika and nāstika philosophies have been disputed since ancient times, and there is no consensus. One standard distinction, as within ancient- and medieval-era Sanskrit philosophical literature, is that āstika schools accept the Vedas, the ancient texts of India, as fundamentally authoritative, while the nāstika schools do not. However, a separate way of distinguishing the two terms has evolved in current Indian languages like Telugu, Hindi and Bengali, wherein āstika and its derivatives usually mean 'theist', and nāstika and its derivatives denote 'atheism'. Still, philosophical tradition maintains the earlier distinction, for example, in identifying the school of Sāṃkhya, which is non-theistic, as āstika (Veda-affirming) philosophy, though "God" is often used as an epithet for consciousness (purusha) within its doctrine. Similarly, though Buddhism is considered to be nāstika, Gautama Buddha is considered an avatar of the god Vishnu in some Hindu denominations. Due to its acceptance of the Vedas, āstika philosophy, in the original sense, is often equivalent to Hindu philosophy: philosophy that developed alongside the Hindu religion.

The Eastern religions are the religions which originated in East, South and Southeast Asia and thus have dissimilarities with Western, African and Iranian religions. Eastern religions include:

Sampradaya, in Indian origin religions, namely Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism, can be translated as 'tradition', 'spiritual lineage', 'sect', or 'religious system'. To ensure continuity and transmission of dharma, various sampradayas have the Guru-shishya parampara in which parampara or lineage of successive gurus (masters) and shishyas (disciples) serves as a spiritual channel and provides a reliable network of relationships that lends stability to a religious identity. Shramana is vedic term for seeker or shishya. Identification with and followership of sampradayas is not static, as sampradayas allows flexibility where one can leave one sampradaya and enter another or practice religious syncretism by simultaneously following more than one sampradaya. Samparda is a Punjabi language term, used in Sikhism, for sampradayas.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Buddhism and Jainism</span> Indian religions

Buddhism and Jainism are two Indian religions that developed in Magadha (Bihar) and continue to thrive in the modern age. Gautam Buddha and Mahavira are generally accepted as contemporaries. Jainism and Buddhism share many features, terminology and ethical principles, but emphasize them differently. Both are śramaṇa ascetic traditions that believe it is possible to attain liberation from the cycle of rebirths and deaths (samsara) through spiritual and ethical disciplines. They differ in some core doctrines such as those on asceticism, Middle Way versus Anekantavada, and self versus non-self.

<i>Śramaṇa</i> Monastic orders

A śramaṇa is a person "who labours, toils, or exerts themselves for some higher or religious purpose" or "seeker, or ascetic, one who performs acts of austerity". The śramaṇa tradition includes primarily Jainism, Buddhism, and others such as the Ājīvika.

Kumarila Bhatta was a Hindu philosopher and a scholar of Mimamsa school of philosophy from early medieval India. He is famous for many of his various theses on Mimamsa, such as Mimamsaslokavarttika. Bhaṭṭa was a staunch believer in the supreme validity of Vedic injunction, a champion of Pūrva-Mīmāṃsā and a confirmed ritualist. The Varttika is mainly written as a subcommentary of Sabara's commentary on Jaimini's Purva Mimamsa Sutras. His philosophy is classified by some scholars as existential realism.

Hindu atheism or non-theism, which is known as Nirīśvaravāda has been a historically propounded viewpoint in many of the Astika (Orthodox) streams of Hindu philosophy. Hindu spiritual atheists, agnostics or non-theists who affirm the sanctity of the Vedas and the concept of Brahman, as well as those who follow astika (orthodox) philosophies but reject personal god(s), are also called Dharmic atheists, Vedic atheists or Sanatani atheists.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Buddhism and Hinduism</span> Relationship between Buddhism and Hinduism

Buddhism and Hinduism have common origins in the culture of Ancient India. Buddhism arose in the Gangetic plains of Eastern India in the 5th century BCE during the Second Urbanisation. Hinduism developed as a fusion or synthesis of practices and ideas from the ancient Vedic religion and elements and deities from other local Indian traditions.

Jainism and Hinduism are two ancient Indian religions. There are some similarities and differences between the two religions. Temples, gods, rituals, fasts and other religious components of Jainism are different from those of Hinduism.

References

  1. ↑ "Category Archives: Indian Philosophy". ep.utm.edu. Retrieved 2021-05-04.
  2. ↑ Watts, Alan (1975). Psychotherapy, East and West. Vintage Books. ISBN   0394716094.
  3. ↑ Walpola Rahula, Theravadin (1959). What the Buddha Taught. Oneworld Publications. ISBN   0-8021-3031-3.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Ben-Ami Scharfstein (1998), A comparative history of world philosophy: from the Upanishads to Kant, Albany: State University of New York Press, pp. 9-11
  5. ↑ Frits Staal (2008). Discovering the Vedas: Origins, Mantras, Rituals, Insights. Penguin Books. p. 3. ISBN   978-0-14-309986-4., Quote: "Yajnavalkya, a Vedic sage, taught..."
  6. ↑ Patrick Olivelle (1998). Upaniṣads. Oxford University Press. pp. 3, 52–71. ISBN   978-0-19-283576-5.
  7. 1 2 3 4 "Approximate Chronology of Indian Philosophers". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 2022-02-22.
  8. 1 2 3 Adamson, Peter; Ganeri, Jonardon (2020). Classical Indian philosophy. A history of philosophy without any gaps. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN   978-0-19-885176-9. OCLC   1140164020.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.