List of countries by number of scientific and technical journal articles

Last updated October 07, 2024

Those are lists of countries and territories by number of scientific publications in English.

Scopus

Scientific citable documents counts in this table are from journals classified by Scopus.^[1]

Rank	Country	Numbers of scientific publications (2020)
Rank	Country	Total	Per million population
1	China	744042	527
2	United States	624554	1875
3	United Kingdom	198500	2959
4	India	191590	138
5	Germany	174524	2097
6	Italy	127502	2159
7	Japan	127408	1016
8	Canada	121111	3184
9	Russia	119195	819
10	France	112838	1664
11	Australia	106614	4109
12	Spain	104353	2202
13	South Korea	91030	1762
14	Brazil	89241	416
15	Iran	71894	863
16	Netherlands	62512	3534
17	Turkey	53802	635
18	Poland	51994	1364
19	Indonesia	49160	181
20	Switzerland	47607	5461
21	Sweden	43270	4141
22	Taiwan	39201	1677
23	Malaysia	37099	1135
24	Saudi Arabia	36301	1037
25	Belgium	34575	2976
26	Egypt	34575	298
27	Denmark	29982	5110
28	Portugal	29189	2821
29	Mexico	29089	231
30	Pakistan	28525	127
31	South Africa	28365	472
32	Austria	27324	3044
33	Norway	25204	4654
34	Czech Republic	24811	2358
35	Hong Kong	24203	3273
36	Singapore	23078	4232
37	Israel	22743	2402
38	Finland	21789	3948
39	Thailand	20830	312
40	Greece	20123	1884
41	Iraq	18711	454
42	Ukraine	17888	434
43	Vietnam	17485	177
44	Chile	17137	871
45	New Zealand	16886	3286
46	Ireland	16581	3309
47	Argentina	15605	341
48	Romania	15537	810
49	Colombia	15103	296
50	Nigeria	13282	63
51	Hungary	12168	1250
52	United Arab Emirates	10079	1061
53	Morocco	9463	259
54	Slovakia	8709	1597
55	Tunisia	8338	710
56	Bangladesh	8265	48
57	Algeria	7968	176
58	Serbia	7960	1158
59	Croatia	7814	2010
60	Slovenia	6808	3228
61	Jordan	6540	587
62	Bulgaria	6233	956
63	Ethiopia	6141	52
64	Philippines	5636	51
65	Ecuador	5519	308
66	Peru	5425	164
67	Kazakhstan	5339	279
68	Qatar	5081	1815
69	Lithuania	4658	1667
70	Lebanon	4249	628
71	Ghana	4189	136
72	Kenya	4110	86
73	Estonia	3810	2865
74	Cyprus	3629	4087
75	Uzbekistan	3491	99
76	Sri Lanka	2844	128
77	Nepal	2555	84
78	Macau	2549	3736
79	Belarus	2547	272
80	Oman	2543	562
81	Latvia	2530	1349
82	Kuwait	2345	502
83	Uganda	2259	53
84	Luxembourg	2256	3554
85	Tanzania	2199	37
86	Cuba	2088	187
87	Cameroon	2086	86
88	Georgia	1905	511
89	Uruguay	1902	535
90	Azerbaijan	1764	174
91	Iceland	1738	4622
92	Bosnia and Herzegovina	1574	474
93	Costa Rica	1438	279
94	Venezuela	1397	49
95	Palestine	1204	230
96	Sudan	1187	27
97	Armenia	1175	396
98	Zimbabwe	1116	71
99	Bahrain	1066	710
100	Yemen	1064	35
101	Malta	1016	1974
102	North Macedonia	990	540
103	Myanmar	974	18
104	Malawi	952	50
105	Senegal	938	54
106	Puerto Rico	872	265
107	Zambia	802	44
108	Botswana	800	332
109	Panama	777	182
110	Syria	734	40
111	Rwanda	715	55
112	Brunei	681	1584
113	Libya	674	97
114	Mongolia	662	194
115	Burkina Faso	651	30
116	Benin	625	50
116	Montenegro	625	1006
118	Ivory Coast	615	23
119	Albania	612	216
119	Mozambique	612	20
121	Moldova	549	211
122	Cambodia	529	34
123	Namibia	524	205
124	Kyrgyzstan	507	76
125	Jamaica	478	175
126	Fiji	469	522
127	Bolivia	454	38
128	Mauritius	451	356
129	Democratic Republic of the Congo	439	5
130	Trinidad and Tobago	437	320
131	Madagascar	413	15
132	Paraguay	407	55
133	Guatemala	403	24
134	Republic of the Congo	386	68
135	Dominican Republic	346	33
136	Honduras	345	37
137	Mali	325	16
138	Tajikistan	324	34
139	Laos	305	42
140	Afghanistan	286	9
141	Grenada	250	2212
142	North Korea	237	9
143	Monaco	232	6050
143	Papua New Guinea	232	25
145	Gambia	230	92
146	Togo	220	28
147	Sierra Leone	211	25
148	Niger	204	8
149	Bhutan	200	265
150	Gabon	189	85
151	New Caledonia	185	676
151	French Polynesia	168	600
153	Barbados	156	542
154	Eswatini	147	125
155	Angola	146	5
156	Nicaragua	141	21
157	Guinea	138	11
158	French Guiana	130	442
159	Haiti	127	11
160	Liechtenstein	125	3193
161	Saint Kitts and Nevis	121	2241
162	Greenland	116	2048
163	Burundi	115	9
164	Seychelles	111	1119
165	El Salvador	107	16
166	Lesotho	99	46
167	Somalia	92	6
168	Maldives	91	238
169	Mauritania	86	20
169	Bahamas	86	219
171	Bermuda	78	1218
172	Guam	76	494
173	Guadeloupe	75	187
174	Faroe Islands	74	1378
175	Eritrea	72	20
176	Samoa	70	350
177	Central African Republic	69	12
177	Liberia	69	15
179	Guyana	68	91
180	Cape Verde	67	119
181	Chad	66	4
182	Solomon Islands	62	85
183	Suriname	60	100
184	Martinique	58	155
185	Guinea-Bissau	57	35
185	Réunion	57	66
187	Vanuatu	52	173
188	San Marino	50	1484
189	Belize	49	114
190	Timor-Leste	41	31
191	South Sudan	40	3
192	Andorra	36	453
193	Djibouti	35	36
194	Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	31	280
195	Federated States of Micronesia	30	284
195	Tonga	30	301
197	Cayman Islands	27	410
198	Antigua and Barbuda	23	232
199	Aruba	22	198
200	Dominica	21	292
200	Palau	21	1169
202	Falkland Islands	20	5000
203	Comoros	18	24
204	Kiribati	17	141
205	Turkmenistan	15	2
206	Equatorial Guinea	14	9
	Saint Lucia	14	78
	American Samoa	14	282
209	Mayotte	13	43
	United States Virgin Islands	13	149
	Anguilla	13	867
212	Gibraltar	12	353
213	Northern Mariana Islands	11	232
213	Turks and Caicos Islands	11	247
215	São Tomé and Príncipe	9	42
216	Cook Islands	8	521
217	Marshall Islands	7	128
218	British Virgin Islands	6	200
219	Vatican City	5	6061
220	Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha	4	667
220	Montserrat	4	800
222	Wallis and Futuna	3	264
	British Indian Ocean Territory	3	1000
	Nauru	3	254
	Svalbard and Jan Mayen	3	1021
226	Tuvalu	2	187
227	Saint Pierre and Miquelon	1	167
	Tokelau	1	666
	French Southern and Antarctic Lands	1	2500
	World	4236262

Nature Index

The countries with the highest share of articles published in scientific journals according to the Nature Index 2024, which is valid for the calendar year 2023.^[2]

The "count" is the total number of articles to which nationals of the country have contributed. The "share" is lower than the count because for each article it is based on the number of nationals who have contributed, divided by the total number of contributors. In many cases the "share" will be much lower than the "count" because the "count" includes articles published by institutions which may have only a very few members of the relevant nationality out of a very large total membership.^{[ citation needed ]}

Rank	Country or territory	Count	Share	Population	Count per ten million people	Share per ten million people
1	China	27736	23171.84	1,409,670,000	197	164.38
2	United States	29165	20292.72	335,893,238	868	604.14
N/A	Schengen area ^{[Note 1]}	N/A	15618.76	453,324,255	N/A	344.54
3	Germany	9347	4318.69	84,607,016	1105	510.44
4	United Kingdom	8880	3701.99	67,596,281	1314	547.66
5	Japan	5161	2956.75	124,000,000	416	238.45
6	France	5453	2243.92	68,394,000	797	328.09
7	Canada	4239	1702.32	40,769,890	1040	417.54
8	South Korea	2776	1630.99	51,293,934	541	317.97
9	India	2334	1494.27	1,400,744,000	17	10.67
10	Switzerland	3695	1393.3	8,960,817	4124	1554.88
11	Italy	3653	1313.44	58,972,268	619	222.72
12	Australia	3518	1263.44	26,821,557	1312	471.05
13	Spain	3651	1247.25	48,592,909	751	256.67
14	Netherlands	3231	1153.45	17,967,505	1798	641.96
15	Sweden	2391	769.37	10,549,287	2267	729.31
16	Denmark	1933	652.4	5,961,249	3243	1094.40
17	Israel	1448	611.49	9,880,000	1466	618.92
18	Singapore	1424	542.59	5,917,600	2406	916.91
19	Belgium	1576	471.74	11,820,117	1333	399.10
20	Taiwan	1150	423.67	23,420,442	491	180.90
21	Austria	1391	401.22	9,159,993	1519	438.01
22	Russia	915	379.67	146,150,789	63	25.98
23	Poland	1257	331.74	37,620,000	334	88.18
24	Brazil	1102	293.88	203,080,756	54	14.47
25	Finland	947	276.88	5,574,011	1699	496.73
26	Norway	1002	259.01	5,550,203	1805	466.67
27	Czech Republic	875	207.08	10,900,555	803	189.97
28	Portugal	644	137.06	10,467,366	615	130.94
29	New Zealand	496	135.65	5,305,600	935	255.67
30	Saudi Arabia	456	132.74	32,175,224	142	41.26
31	Ireland	632	123.38	5,281,600	1197	233.60
32	Iran	285	115.77	84,055,000	34	13.77
33	Chile	618	115.7	19,960,889	310	57.96
34	South Africa	603	104.67	62,027,503	97	16.87
35	Turkey	581	103.93	85,372,377	68	12.17
36	Hungary	496	94.55	9,584,000	518	98.65
37	Argentina	441	85.51	46,654,581	95	18.33
38	Mexico	438	85.22	129,625,968	34	6.57
39	Greece	536	82.79	10,413,982	515	79.50
40	Thailand	368	62.36	66,090,475	56	9.44
41	Slovenia	289	48.81	2,123,103	1361	229.90
42	Pakistan	276	40.28	241,499,431	11	1.67
43	United Arab Emirates	270	37.76	9,282,410	291	40.68
44	Vietnam	115	36.21	100,300,000	11	3.61
45	Croatia	211	34.13	3,855,641	547	88.52
46	Estonia	215	33.58	1,366,491	1573	245.74
47	Ukraine	274	30.35	36,700,000	75	8.27
48	Romania	342	29.58	19,051,562	180	15.53
49	Iceland	113	29.53	383,726	2945	769.56
50	Luxembourg	90	29.49	672,020	1339	438.83
51	Colombia	345	24.2	52,695,952	65	4.59
52	Malaysia	183	21.02	33,379,500	55	6.30
53	Kenya	120	19.95	51,526,000	23	3.87
54	Uganda	80	19.4	45,562,000	18	4.26
55	Cyprus	154	18.58	918,100	1677	202.37
56	Slovakia	214	17.24	5,424,687	394	31.78
57	Egypt	205	17.16	104,462,545	20	1.64
58	Lithuania	135	15.63	2,886,515	468	54.15
59	Indonesia	112	14.14	279,118,866	4	0.51
60	Peru	136	13.17	33,725,844	40	3.91
61	Qatar	92	12.76	2,656,032	346	48.04
62	Bulgaria	197	12.75	6,447,710	306	19.77
63	Ecuador	114	12.55	16,938,986	67	7.41
64	Latvia	100	10.72	1,872,500	534	57.25
65	Ethiopia	61	10.4	107,334,000	6	0.97
66	Bangladesh	73	10.24	169,828,911	4	0.60
67	Serbia	219	9.98	6,641,197	330	15.03
68	Morocco	148	9.19	37,022,000	40	2.48
69	Tanzania	76	9.15	61,741,120	12	1.48
70	Nigeria	60	8.9	223,800,000	3	0.40
71	Ghana	43	8.11	30,832,019	14	2.63
72	Uzbekistan	48	6.97	36,963,262	13	1.89
73	Uruguay	34	6.81	3,444,263	99	19.77
74	Lebanon	41	6.15	5,490,000	75	11.20
75	Panama	41	6.02	4,064,780	101	14.81
76	Malawi	35	5.93	21,507,723	16	2.76
77	Oman	22	5.75	5,113,071	43	11.25
78	Kazakhstan	35	5.43	20,075,271	17	2.70
79	Costa Rica	38	4.92	5,262,225	665	0.00
80	Georgia	190	4.83	3,736,400	509	12.93
81	Philippines	135	4.44	112,892,781	12	0.39
82	Burkina Faso	25	4.41	22,752,315	11	1.94
83	Zambia	32	4.36	19,610,769	16	2.22
84	Armenia	116	4.33	2,993,800	387	14.46
85	Rwanda	19	4.29	13,246,394	14	3.24
86	Mozambique	30	4.11	32,419,747	9	1.27
87	Jordan	21	4.1	11,516,000	18	3.56
88	Nepal	40	3.99	29,164,578	14	1.37
89	Zimbabwe	29	3.75	15,178,979	19	2.47
90	Congo	28	3.51	95,370,000	3	0.37
91	Mali	15	3.44	22,395,489	7	1.54
92	Malta	31	3.31	519,562	597	63.71
93	Macedonia	26	3.03	1,832,696	142	16.53
94	Gambia	21	2.93	2,417,471	87	12.12
N/A	Central America-4 ^{[Note 2]}	N/A	2.89	40,514,214	N/A	0.71
95	Cuba	49	2.83	11,089,511	44	2.55
96	Belarus	17	2.73	9,200,617	18	2.97
97	Tunisia	17	2.73	11,850,232	14	2.30
98	Azerbaijan	135	2.72	10,151,517	133	2.68
99	Mongolia	77	2.57	3,457,548	223	7.43
100	Myanmar	16	2.48	55,770,232	3	0.44
101	Madagascar	17	2.4	26,923,353	6	0.89
102	Cameroon	27	2.35	28,088,845	10	0.84
103	Sri Lanka	84	2.22	22,037,000	38	1.01
104	North Korea	4	2.22	25,660,000	2	0.87
105	Senegal	13	2.22	18,275,743	7	1.21
106	Botswana	15	1.9	2,410,338	62	7.88
107	French Polynesia	12	1.86	279,890	429	66.45
108	Cambodia	8	1.79	17,091,464	5	1.05
109	Benin	17	1.78	12,606,998	13	1.41
110	Ivory Coast	19	1.69	29,389,150	6	0.58
111	Monaco	12	1.63	38,367	3128	424.84
112	International	18	1.57	8,104,267,000	0	0.00
113	Nicaragua	8	1.4	6,733,763	12	2.08
114	Algeria	7	1.38	45,400,000	2	0.30
115	Liberia	8	1.34	5,248,621	15	2.55
116	Guatemala	19	1.26	17,602,431	11	0.72
117	Namibia	11	1.25	3,022,401	36	4.14
118	Venezuela	20	1.24	28,302,000	7	0.44
119	Kuwait	75	1.23	4,670,713	161	2.63
120	Greenland	10	1.16	56,865	1759	203.99
121	Bolivia	17	1.12	12,006,031	14	0.93
122	Vanuatu	3	1.05	301,295	100	34.85
123	Haiti	11	1	11,743,017	9	0.85
124	Syria	1	1	22,923,000	0	0.44
125	Iraq	12	0.99	43,324,000	3	0.23
126	Sierra Leone	6	0.79	8,494,260	7	0.93
127	Paraguay	9	0.78	6,109,644	15	1.28
128	Niger	5	0.76	25,369,415	2	0.30
129	Mauritius	10	0.66	1,261,041	79	5.23
130	Laos	9	0.64	7,443,000	12	0.86
131	Guinea-Bissau	1	0.58	1,781,308	6	3.26
132	Togo	6	0.51	8,095,498	7	0.63
133	Lesotho	5	0.51	2,306,000	22	2.21
134	Kyrgyzstan	6	0.48	7,100,000	8	0.68
135	Tajikistan	4	0.47	10,077,600	4	0.47
136	Angola	5	0.44	34,094,077	1	0.13
137	Jamaica	7	0.41	2,825,544	25	1.45
138	Palestinian territories	50	0.41	5,483,450	91	0.75
139	Kosovo	3	0.39	1,762,220	17	2.21
140	South Sudan	1	0.36	14,746,494	1	0.24
141	Bahamas	4	0.36	397,360	101	9.06
142	Sudan	7	0.35	41,984,500	2	0.08
143	Dominican Republic	9	0.34	10,760,028	8	0.32
144	Somalia	2	0.34	18,143,379	1	0.19
145	Seychelles	10	0.32	100,447	996	31.86
146	Moldova	8	0.32	2,512,758	32	1.27
147	Guinea	3	0.3	13,261,638	2	0.23
148	Bahrain	6	0.29	1,577,059	38	1.84
149	Fiji	6	0.29	893,468	67	3.25
150	Eritrea	2	0.29	3,748,902	5	0.77
151	Yemen	4	0.29	31,888,698	1	0.09
152	Reunion	5	0.28	885,700^[3]	56	3.16
153	Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	3	0.24	110,872	271	21.65
154	Andorra	5	0.24	85,101	588	28.20
155	Antigua and Barbuda	3	0.23	100,772	298	22.82
156	Brunei	7	0.23	445,400	157	5.16
157	Maldives	3	0.2	515,132	58	3.88
158	Papua New Guinea	6	0.18	11,781,559	5	0.15
159	East Timor	3	0.17	1,354,662	22	1.25
160	Trinidad and Tobago	7	0.17	1,367,510	51	1.24
161	Cape Verde	6	0.15	491,233	122	3.05
162	Afghanistan	1	0.14	34,262,840	0	0.04
163	Montenegro	60	0.14	616,695	973	2.27
164	Honduras	34	0.12	9,745,149	35	0.12
165	Albania	7	0.12	2,761,785	25	0.43
166	El Salvador	5	0.11	6,884,888	7	0.16
167	Liechtenstein	4	0.1	40,023	999	24.99
168	Martinique	1	0.1	349,925^[3]	29	2.86
169	Vatican City State (Holy See)	5	0.09	764	65445	1178.01
170	Swaziland	2	0.09	1,223,362	16	0.74
171	Guadeloupe	2	0.09	378,561^[3]	53	2.38
172	Bosnia and Herzegovina	7	0.09	3,277,082	21	0.27
173	Palau	2	0.08	16,733	1195	47.81
174	Tonga	2	0.07	100,179	200	6.99
175	Guyana	7	0.07	743,699	94	0.94
176	Libya	2	0.07	6,931,061	3	0.10
177	Samoa	7	0.06	205,557	341	2.92
178	Bhutan	3	0.06	770,276	39	0.78
179	Faroe Islands	2	0.05	54,547	367	9.17
180	Grenada	2	0.05	112,579	178	4.44
181	Comoros	1	0.05	758,316	13	0.66
182	Burundi	2	0.02	12,837,740	2	0.02
183	Barbados	5	0.02	267,800	187	0.75
184	Suriname	3	0.02	616,500	49	0.32
185	Saint Lucia	1	0.01	47,195	56	0.56
185	Saint Kitts and Nevis	1	0.01	178,696	212	2.12
186	Gabon	2	0.01	2,233,272	9	0.04
187	Kiribati	1	0.01	120,740	83	0.83
188	Netherlands Antilles	1	0	337,617	30	0.00
189	Dominica	1	0	67,408	148	0.00
190	Solomon Islands	2	0	734,887	27	0.00
191	Cook Islands	1	0	15,040	66	0.00
192	San Marino	1	0	33,916	295	0.00
193	Belize	1	0	397,483	25	0.00
193	Turkmenistan	1	0	7,057,841	1	0.00

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In academic publishing, a scientific journal is a periodical publication designed to further the progress of science by disseminating new research findings to the scientific community. These journals serve as a platform for researchers, scholars, and scientists to share their latest discoveries, insights, and methodologies across a multitude of scientific disciplines. Unlike professional or trade magazines, scientific journals are characterized by their rigorous peer review process, which aims to ensure the validity, reliability, and quality of the published content. With origins dating back to the 17th century, the publication of scientific journals has evolved significantly, playing a pivotal role in the advancement of scientific knowledge, fostering academic discourse, and facilitating collaboration within the scientific community.

Nature is a British weekly scientific journal founded and based in London, England. As a multidisciplinary publication, Nature features peer-reviewed research from a variety of academic disciplines, mainly in science and technology. It has core editorial offices across the United States, continental Europe, and Asia under the international scientific publishing company Springer Nature. Nature was one of the world's most cited scientific journals by the Science Edition of the 2022 Journal Citation Reports, making it one of the world's most-read and most prestigious academic journals. As of 2012, it claimed an online readership of about three million unique readers per month.

A nature reserve is a protected area of importance for flora, fauna, funga, or features of geological or other special interest, which is reserved and managed for purposes of conservation and to provide special opportunities for study or research. They may be designated by government institutions in some countries, or by private landowners, such as charities and research institutions. Nature reserves fall into different IUCN categories depending on the level of protection afforded by local laws. Normally it is more strictly protected than a nature park. Various jurisdictions may use other terminology, such as ecological protection area or private protected area in legislation and in official titles of the reserves.

Science and technology in China have developed rapidly since the 1980s to the 2020s, with major scientific and technological progress over the last four decades. From the 1980s to the 1990s, the Chinese government successively launched the "863 Plan" and the "Strategy for Rejuvenating the Country through Science and Education", which greatly promoted the development China's science and technological progress. Governmental focus on prioritizing the advancement of science and technology in China is evident in its allocation of funds, investment in research, implementing reform measures, and enhancing societal recognition of these fields. These actions undertaken by the Chinese government are seen as crucial foundations for bolstering the nation's socioeconomic competitiveness and development, projecting its geopolitical influence, and elevating its national prestige and international reputation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Academic publishing</span> Subfield of publishing distributing academic research and scholarship

Academic publishing is the subfield of publishing which distributes academic research and scholarship. Most academic work is published in academic journal articles, books or theses. The part of academic written output that is not formally published but merely printed up or posted on the Internet is often called "grey literature". Most scientific and scholarly journals, and many academic and scholarly books, though not all, are based on some form of peer review or editorial refereeing to qualify texts for publication. Peer review quality and selectivity standards vary greatly from journal to journal, publisher to publisher, and field to field.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Academic journal</span> Peer-reviewed scholarly periodical

An academic journal or scholarly journal is a periodical publication in which scholarship relating to a particular academic discipline is published. They serve as permanent and transparent forums for the presentation, scrutiny, and discussion of research. They nearly universally require peer review for research articles or other scrutiny from contemporaries competent and established in their respective fields.

Elsevier is a Dutch academic publishing company specializing in scientific, technical, and medical content. Its products include journals such as The Lancet, Cell, the ScienceDirect collection of electronic journals, Trends, the Current Opinion series, the online citation database Scopus, the SciVal tool for measuring research performance, the ClinicalKey search engine for clinicians, and the ClinicalPath evidence-based cancer care service. Elsevier's products and services include digital tools for data management, instruction, research analytics, and assessment. Elsevier is part of the RELX Group, known until 2015 as Reed Elsevier, a publicly traded company. According to RELX reports, in 2022 Elsevier published more than 600,000 articles annually in over 2,800 journals; as of 2018 its archives contained over 17 million documents and 40,000 e-books, with over one billion annual downloads.

College and university rankings order higher education institutions based on various criteria, with factors differing depending on the specific ranking system. These rankings can be conducted at the national or international level, assessing institutions within a single country, within a specific geographical region, or worldwide. Rankings are typically conducted by magazines, newspapers, websites, governments, or academics.

The Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) was an academic publishing service, founded by Eugene Garfield in Philadelphia in 1956. ISI offered scientometric and bibliographic database services. Its specialty was citation indexing and analysis, a field pioneered by Garfield.

The impact factor (IF) or journal impact factor (JIF) of an academic journal is a scientometric index calculated by Clarivate that reflects the yearly mean number of citations of articles published in the last two years in a given journal, as indexed by Clarivate's Web of Science.

Citation impact or citation rate is a measure of how many times an academic journal article or book or author is cited by other articles, books or authors. Citation counts are interpreted as measures of the impact or influence of academic work and have given rise to the field of bibliometrics or scientometrics, specializing in the study of patterns of academic impact through citation analysis. The importance of journals can be measured by the average citation rate, the ratio of number of citations to number articles published within a given time period and in a given index, such as the journal impact factor or the citescore. It is used by academic institutions in decisions about academic tenure, promotion and hiring, and hence also used by authors in deciding which journal to publish in. Citation-like measures are also used in other fields that do ranking, such as Google's PageRank algorithm, software metrics, college and university rankings, and business performance indicators.

The h-index is an author-level metric that measures both the productivity and citation impact of the publications, initially used for an individual scientist or scholar. The h-index correlates with success indicators such as winning the Nobel Prize, being accepted for research fellowships and holding positions at top universities. The index is based on the set of the scientist's most cited papers and the number of citations that they have received in other publications. The index has more recently been applied to the productivity and impact of a scholarly journal as well as a group of scientists, such as a department or university or country. The index was suggested in 2005 by Jorge E. Hirsch, a physicist at UC San Diego, as a tool for determining theoretical physicists' relative quality and is sometimes called the Hirsch index or Hirsch number.

Science and technology in Morocco has significantly developed in recent years. The Moroccan government has been implementing reforms to encourage scientific research in the Kingdom. While research has yet to acquire the status of a national priority in Morocco, the country does have major assets that could transform its R&D sector into a key vehicle for development. The industry remains dominated by the public sector, with the universities employing 58% of researchers. Morocco's own evaluation of its national research system – carried out in 2003 – revealed that the country has a good supply of well trained high quality human resources and that some laboratories are of very high quality. However, the greatest gap at that point of time lied in the link between research and innovation. The educational qualifications of Moroccan researchers have increased significantly since the early 1990s. The University of Al-Karaouine is considered the oldest continuously operating academic degree-granting university in the world.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Altmetrics</span> Alternative metrics for analyzing scholarship

In scholarly and scientific publishing, altmetrics are non-traditional bibliometrics proposed as an alternative or complement to more traditional citation impact metrics, such as impact factor and h-index. The term altmetrics was proposed in 2010, as a generalization of article level metrics, and has its roots in the #altmetrics hashtag. Although altmetrics are often thought of as metrics about articles, they can be applied to people, journals, books, data sets, presentations, videos, source code repositories, web pages, etc.

This is a general overview and status of places affected by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and is responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. The first human cases of COVID-19 were identified in Wuhan, the capital of the province of Hubei in China in December 2019. It spread to other areas of Asia, and then worldwide in early 2020.

The article contains the number of cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) reported by each country, territory, and subnational area to the World Health Organization (WHO) and published in WHO reports, tables, and spreadsheets. As of 6 October 2024, 776,385,727 cases have been stated by government agencies from around the world to be confirmed. For more international statistics in table and map form, see COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory.

This article contains the number of confirmed COVID-19 deaths per population as of 7 October 2024, by country. It also has cumulative death totals by country. For these numbers over time see the tables, graphs, and maps at COVID-19 pandemic deaths and COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory.

The Nature Index is a database that tracks institutions and countries/territories and their scientific output since its introduction in November, 2014. Originally released with 64 natural-science journals, the Nature Index expanded to 82 natural-science journals in 2018, then added 64 health-science journals in 2023. Each year, Nature Index ranks the leading institutions and countries by the number of scientific articles and papers published in leading journals. This ranking can also be categorized by individual fields of research such as life sciences, chemistry, physics, or earth sciences, with different institutions leading in each. The Nature Index was conceived by Nature Portfolio. In total, more than 17,000 institutions are listed in the Nature Index.

References

↑ "SJR - International Science Ranking". www.scimagojr.com. Retrieved 2022-02-05.
↑ "Country/territory tables". nature.com. Springer Nature. Retrieved 4 May 2024.
1 2 3 "Estimation de population par région, sexe et grande classe d'âge – Années 1975 à 2024" (in French). Retrieved 2024-01-17.

Notes

↑ Including Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland
↑ Including El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua

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[1] "SJR - International Science Ranking". www.scimagojr.com. Retrieved 2022-02-05.

[Nature_Index_2024-2] "Country/territory tables". nature.com. Springer Nature. Retrieved 4 May 2024.

[pop-5] 1 2 3 "Estimation de population par région, sexe et grande classe d'âge – Années 1975 à 2024" (in French). Retrieved 2024-01-17.

[3] Including Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland

[4] Including El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua

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