Language Endangerment Status | |
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Extinct (EX) | |
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Endangered | |
Safe | |
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Other categories | |
Related topics | |
UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger categories | |
This is a list of endangered languages of Oceania, based on the definitions used by UNESCO.
An endangered language is a language that it is at risk of falling out of use because there is little transmission of the language to younger generations. If a language loses all of its native speakers, it becomes an extinct language.
According to the 2016 census, English is the only language spoken in the home for close to 72.7% of the population. The next most common languages spoken at home are Mandarin (2.5%), Arabic (1.4%), Cantonese (1.2%), Vietnamese (1.2%) and Italian (1.2%). A considerable proportion of first- and second-generation migrants are bilingual. [1]
Language | Speakers | Status | Comments | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|
Kapingamarangi language [2] | Severely endangered | |||
Kosraean language [2] | Severely endangered | Micronesia & Nauru | ||
Mokilese language [2] | Critically endangered | |||
Mortlockese language, Mortlockese [2] | Definitely endangered | |||
Namonuito language, Namonuito [2] | Severely endangered | |||
Ngatikese Men's Creole language, Ngatikese Men's Creole [2] | Definitely endangered | |||
Nukuoro language, Nukuoro [2] | Definitely endangered | |||
Nguluwan language [ citation needed ] | ||||
Paafang language, Paafang [2] | Severely endangered | |||
Pingelapese language, Pingelapese [2] | Severely endangered | |||
Puluwat language, Puluwat [2] | Severely endangered | |||
Satawal language, Satawal [2] | Severely endangered | |||
Ulithian language, Ulithian [2] | Severely endangered | |||
Woleaian language, Woleaian [2] | Severely endangered | |||
The UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger lists 88 endangered languages in Indonesia.
The following languages of New Caledonia may be considered endangered.
Language | Speakers | Status | Comments | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|
Arha language [2] | 35 | Critically endangered | Arhâ language | (1996 census) |
Arho language [2] | Critically endangered | |||
Caac language [2] | Vulnerable | |||
Drubea language [2] | Vulnerable | |||
Fagauvea language (Northern) [2] | Vulnerable | |||
Fagauvea language (Southern) [2] | Vulnerable | |||
Fwâi language [2] | Vulnerable | |||
Jawe language [2] | Vulnerable | |||
Kumak language [2] | Vulnerable | |||
Neku language [2] | Severely endangered | |||
Nemi language [2] | Definitely endangered | |||
Orowe language [2] | Definitely endangered | |||
Pije language [2] | Severely endangered | |||
Pwaamèi language [2] | Definitely endangered | |||
Pwapwa language [2] | Severely endangered | |||
Tiri language [2] | Definitely endangered | |||
Voh-Koné dialects [2] | Definitely endangered | |||
Xaragure language [2] | Vulnerable | |||
Language | Speakers | Status | Comments | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|
Asumboa language [2] | Severely endangered | |||
Blablanga language [2] | Definitely endangered | |||
Faghani language [2] | Vulnerable | |||
Gao language [2] | Vulnerable | |||
Hoava language [2] | Vulnerable | |||
Kokota language [2] | Vulnerable | |||
Oroha language [2] | Severely endangered | |||
Ririo language [2] | Critically endangered | |||
Savo language [2] | Definitely endangered | |||
Tanema language [2] | Critically endangered | |||
Tanimbili language [2] | Severely endangered | |||
Teanu language [2] | Definitely endangered | |||
Vano language [2] | Critically endangered | |||
Zazao language [2] | Critically endangered | |||
Language | Speakers | Status | Comments | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|
Amblong language [2] | Definitely endangered | |||
Araki language [2] | Critically endangered | |||
Aveteian language [2] | Critically endangered | |||
Baki language [2] | Vulnerable | |||
Bangsa language [2] | Critically endangered | |||
Bierebo language [2] | Vulnerable | |||
Bieria language [2] | Critically endangered | |||
Dorig language [2] | Definitely endangered | |||
Emae language [2] | Vulnerable | |||
Hiw language [2] | 280 | Definitely endangered | (2010 A.François) | |
Koro language [2] | Definitely endangered | |||
Labo language [2] | Vulnerable | |||
Lakon language [2] | Vulnerable | |||
Lehali language [2] | Vulnerable | |||
Lemerig language [2] | Critically endangered | |||
Lorediakarkar language [2] | Critically endangered | |||
Löyöp language [2] | 240 | Vulnerable | Lehalurup | (2010 A.François) |
Mafea language [2] | Definitely endangered | |||
Malmariv language [2] | Vulnerable | |||
Matanvat language [2] | Critically endangered | |||
Mores language [2] | Severely endangered | |||
Mwesen language [2] | Critically endangered | |||
Naati language (Näti) [2] | Critically endangered | |||
Naman language [2] | Critically endangered | |||
Nasarian language [3] | 5 | Critically endangered | (Nasarian at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)) | |
Navwien language [2] | Critically endangered | |||
Nisvai language [2] | Critically endangered | |||
Nivat language [2] | Critically endangered | |||
Niviar language [2] | Critically endangered | |||
Olrat language [2] | Critically endangered | |||
Polonomombauk language [2] | Definitely endangered | |||
Repanbitip language [2] | Definitely endangered | |||
Shark Bay language [2] | Vulnerable | |||
Ske language [2] | Severely endangered | |||
Sorsorian language (Sösörian) [2] | Critically endangered | |||
Tambotalo language [2] | 50 | Severely endangered | (1983 SIL) | |
Tape language [2] | Critically endangered | |||
Tolomako language [2] | Definitely endangered | |||
Tutuba language [2] | Definitely endangered | |||
Umbrul language (Numbuwul) [2] | Critically endangered | |||
Ura language [2] | 6 | Critically endangered | (1998 T Crowley) | |
Vera'a language [2] | Definitely endangered | |||
Volow language [2] | Critically endangered | |||
Language | Speakers | Status | Comments | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|
Tobian language | 22 | Critically endangered | (1995 SIL) | |
Sonsorolese language | 600 | Severely endangered | ||
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2012) |
The following Polynesian languages considered endangered are mostly Polynesian outliers spoken by tiny minorities.
Language | Speakers | Status | Ethnologue entry (ISO 639-3) [2] |
---|---|---|---|
Rapa language (French Polynesia) [2] | |||
Rapa Nui language (Chile) [2] | |||
Niuafo'ou language (Tonga) [2] | |||
Nukumanu language (Papua New Guinea, Nukumanu Islands) [2] | |||
Nukuria language (Papua New Guinea) [2] | |||
Ontong Java language (Solomon Islands) [2] | |||
Sikaiana language (Solomon Islands) [2] | |||
Takuu language (Papua New Guinea) [2] | |||
Tuvaluan language (Tuvalu) [2] | |||
Anuta language (Solomon Islands) [2] | |||
Futunan language (Wallis and Futuna) [2] | |||
Futuna-Aniwa language (Vanuatu) [2] | |||
Mele-Fila language (Vanuatu) [2] | |||
Rennell-Bellona language (Solomon Islands) [2] | |||
Tikopia language (Solomon Islands) [2] | |||
Vaeakau-Taumako language (Solomon Islands) [2] | |||
Pukapuka language (Cook Islands) [2] | |||
Penrhyn language (Cook Islands) [2] | |||
Tokelauan language (Tokelau) [2] | |||
Language | Location | Speakers | Status | Comments | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Austral language [2] | French Polynesia | Definitely endangered | |||
Chamorro language [2] | Guam/Northern Mariana Islands | Vulnerable | |||
Mangareva language [2] | French Polynesia | Severely endangered | |||
Rakahanga-Manihiki language [2] | Cook Islands | Definitely endangered | |||
Nauruan language [2] | Nauru | Severely endangered | |||
Niuean language [2] | Niue | Definitely endangered | Vagahau Niue | ||
Norfuk language (Norfolk) [2] | Norfolk Island | Definitely endangered | |||
Norfuk language (Pitcairn) [2] | Pitcairn | Vulnerable | |||
Penrhyn language [2] | Cook Islands | Severely endangered | |||
Pukapukan language [2] | Cook Islands | Definitely endangered | |||
Cook Islands Māori [2] | Cook Islands | Vulnerable | Rarotongan language | ||
Rotuman language [2] | Fiji | Vulnerable | |||
Tokelauan language [2] | Tokelau | Severely endangered | |||
Tuamotuan language [2] | French Polynesia | Definitely endangered | |||
Tuvaluan language [2] | Tuvalu | Definitely endangered | |||
Hawaiian language [2] | Hawai'i | Definitely endangered | |||
Pakistan had a population of 241,492,197 according to the final results of the 2023 Census. This figure includes Pakistan's four provinces e.g. Punjab, Sindh, KPK, Balochistan and Islamabad Capital Territory. AJK and Gilgit-Baltistan's census data is yet to be approved by CCI Council of Pakistan. Pakistan is the world's fifth most populous country.
An endangered language or moribund language is a language that is at risk of disappearing as its speakers die out or shift to speaking other languages. Language loss occurs when the language has no more native speakers and becomes a "dead language". If no one can speak the language at all, it becomes an "extinct language". A dead language may still be studied through recordings or writings, but it is still dead or extinct unless there are fluent speakers. Although languages have always become extinct throughout human history, they are currently dying at an accelerated rate because of globalization, mass migration, cultural replacement, imperialism, neocolonialism and linguicide.
Pakistan is a multilingual country with over 70 languages spoken as first languages. The majority of Pakistan's languages belong to the Indo-Iranian group of the Indo-European language family.
Inuvialuktun comprises several Inuit language varieties spoken in the northern Northwest Territories by Canadian Inuit who call themselves Inuvialuit. Some dialects and sub-dialects are also spoken in Nunavut.
There are some 130 to 195 languages spoken in the Philippines, depending on the method of classification. Almost all are Malayo-Polynesian languages native to the archipelago. A number of Spanish-influenced creole varieties generally called Chavacano along with some local varieties of Chinese are also spoken in certain communities. The 1987 constitution designates Filipino, a standardized version of Tagalog, as the national language and an official language along with English. Filipino is regulated by Commission on the Filipino Language and serves as a lingua franca used by Filipinos of various ethnolinguistic backgrounds.
Champenois is a Romance language among the langues d'oïl spoken by a minority of people in Champagne and Île-de-France provinces in France, as well as in a handful of towns in southern Belgium.
Tat, also known as Caucasian Persian, Tat/Tati Persian, or Caucasian Tat, is a Southwestern Iranian language closely related to, but not fully mutually intelligible with Persian and spoken by the Tats in Azerbaijan and Russia. There is also an Iranian language called Judeo-Tat spoken by Mountain Jews.
Judeo-Tat or Juhuri is a Judeo-Persian dialect of the Tat language historically spoken by the Mountain Jews, primarily in Azerbaijan, Dagestan, and today in Israel. It belongs to the southwestern group of the Iranian division of the Indo-European languages with heavy influence from the Hebrew language. In the era of Soviet historiography, the Mountain Jews were mistakenly considered to be related to the Muslim Tats of Azerbaijan. However, they do not share a common linguistic heritage, as the Mountain Jews kept their native language, while the Muslim Tats eventually adopted Persian. The words Juvuri and Juvuro translate as "Jewish" and "Jews".
The Bom language is an endangered language of Sierra Leone. It belongs to the Mel branch of the Niger–Congo language family and is particularly closely related to the Bullom So language. Most speakers are bilingual in Mende. Use of the Bom language is declining among members of the ethnic group.
Futunan or Futunian is the Polynesian language spoken on Futuna. The term East-Futunan is also used to distinguish it from the related West Futunan (Futuna-Aniwan) spoken on the outlier islands of Futuna and Aniwa in Vanuatu.
The UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger was an online publication containing a comprehensive list of the world's endangered languages. It originally replaced the Red Book of Endangered Languages as a title in print after a brief period of overlap before being transferred to an online only publication.
Mangareva, Mangarevan is a Polynesian language spoken by about 600 people in the Gambier Islands of French Polynesia and by Mangarevians emigrants on the islands of Tahiti and Moorea, located 1,650 kilometres (1,030 mi) to the North-West of the Gambier Islands.
Austral is an endangered Polynesian language or a dialect continuum that was spoken by approximately 8,000 people in 1987 on the Austral Islands and the Society Islands of French Polynesia. The language is also referred to as Tubuai-Rurutu, Tubuai, Rurutu-Tupuai, or Tupuai. It is closely related to other Tahitic languages, most notably Tahitian and Māori.
Khinalug (also spelled Khinalig, Khinalugi, Xinalug(h), Xinaliq or Khinalugh) is a Northeast Caucasian language spoken by about 3,000 people in the villages of Khinalug and Gülüstan, Quba in the mountains of Quba Rayon, northern Azerbaijan. It forms its own independent branch within the Northeast Caucasian language family.
Moken is a Malayo-Polynesian language spoken by inhabitants in southern Myanmar and Southern Thailand, who refer to themselves as Moken (people) and Mawken.
Macushi is an indigenous language of the Carib family spoken in Brazil, Guyana and Venezuela. It is also referred to as Makushi, Makusi, Macuxi, Macusi,Macussi,Teweya or Teueia. It is the most populous of the Cariban languages. According to Instituto Socioambiental, the Macushi population is at an estimated 43,192, with 33,603 in Brazil, 9,500 in Guyana and 89 in Venezuela. In Brazil, the Macushi populations are located around northeastern Roraima, Rio Branco, Contingo, Quino, Pium and Mau rivers. Macuxi speakers in Brazil, however, are only estimated at 15,000.