This is a list of equipment of theSouth African Army, covering only ground forces. It includes current equipment such as personnel equipment, small arms, armoured combat vehicles, artillery, explosives, missile systems, engineering vehicles, logistical vehicles, air defence, drones, as well as future equipment and equipment being trialled. Equipment used by the Air Force and Navy are listed in separate articles for ease of maintenance. Due to how large and secretive the South African Army is, it is currently almost impossible to calculate the full extent of its equipment.
The South African Army's doctrinal inventory consists largely of domestically produced weapons, with around 80% sourced from the local defence industry and the remaining 20% comprising a mix of European, Israeli, and American systems. South Africa has the largest and most advanced defence industry in Africa, enabling the army to achieve a high degree of self-sufficiency in its equipment.[1]
M83 Kevlar – A South African-produced combat helmet based on the Israeli OR-201 design, introduced in the early 1980s for airassault infantry and paratrooper units. Compared to the older steel M1 helmet, the M83 provides improved impact resistance, lighter weight, and enhanced fragmentation protection. It has remained in service with minimal changes since its introduction and continues to serve as the standard-issue helmet for the South African Army's airborne forces.
M87 Kevlar – Introduced in 1989, the M87 became the standard-issue combat helmet of the South African Army's conventional forces, produced in large numbers. Similar in design to the American PASGT helmet, it offered improved ballistic protection and comfort over earlier models. The M87 is primarily issued to light infantry, motorized and mechanized infantry, as well as seaborne units, while the M83 Kevlar remains in use with airborne troops.
M90 Kevlar – A follow-up to the M87 Kevlar, the M90 incorporated improved Kevlar composites and better weight distribution, offering enhanced comfort and protection. Introduced in the late 1990s, it saw widespread service with peacekeeping contingents, complementing the M83 and M87. Together, the three helmets formed the core of the South African Army's protective headgear through the late 20th and early 21st centuries.[4]
MICH 2000 – Locally produced variants of the Modular Integrated Communications Helmet (MICH) 2000 serves as the new standard-issue combat helmet of the South African Special Forces. Introduced as a modern successor to the Kevlar series, it provides enhanced ballistic protection, improved weight distribution, and compatibility with night vision devices and communication systems. Unlike the earlier Kevlar models, the MICH 2000 is reserved for elite formations.
Soldier 2000 – Developed by the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) and adopted in 1994, Soldier 2000 camouflage remains the standard pattern of the SANDF. The design incorporates five terrain-based colours, providing effective concealment across diverse South African environments.Under South African law, civilian possession or unauthorised use of SANDF camouflage uniforms is prohibited. Offenders may face fines up to R2 000 or imprisonment for up to five years, in line with Defence Act regulations.
The new digital-style camouflage pattern being trialled, features a pixelated multi-tone design in shades of brown, tan, green, and black, optimised for use across South Africa's diverse terrain.Alongside the camouflage, updated soldier kit includes two standard issue boot types — a "Waxy" leather boot and a general combat boot. The pattern is intended to gradually replace the long-serving Soldier 2000 camouflage, though it has not yet been given an official designation.[7]
The Pathfinder uniform is a specialized camouflage and gear set issued to members of the South African Army's Pathfinder Platoon, designed for reconnaissance and airborne operations. Featuring lightweight, quick-drying materials and a distinctive camouflage pattern optimized for southern African environments.
Plate carriers and tactical vests are manufactured locally by South African defence companies. These systems are designed for modularity, allowing troops to adapt their loadout with mission-specific attachments including ammunition pouches, hydration systems, and radio carriers. Modern vests integrate hard and soft ballistic panels meeting NIJ Level III and IV standards for rifle protection, while remaining lightweight for improved mobility in combat environments. Variants exist for infantry, mechanized troops, and special forces, ensuring scalability from basic fragmentation protection to full plate carrier setups capable of withstanding high-caliber threats.
CBRN protection equipment
While the South African Army maintains a limited range of CBRN protection equipment as part of its operational inventory, the primary responsibility for handling, research, and acquisition of chemical, biological, and radiological (CBR) protection systems lies with the South African Military Health Service (SAMHS). The SAMHS has invested heavily in detection systems, protective clothing, research, and capital equipment to safeguard SANDF personnel against CBR threats. Key acquisitions include HazMatID 360 detector systems, Smiths Detection Responder RCI RAMAN chemical identifiers, Agilent GC-MSD systems, TALON CBRN robots, and Med-Engbomb suits. Much of the associated research has been conducted at Protechnik Laboratories, a subsidiary of Armscor, covering detection, decontamination, verification, biomedical studies, hydration technologies, and other protective measures. These efforts complement the Army's equipment by ensuring comprehensive CBRN readiness and support across all branches of the SANDF.[9]
M50 – Locally designated as the FM50, the South African version of the Avon Protection M50 is the standard-issue respirator of the South African National Defence Force. It provides protection against chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) threats, using a twin-canister filter system that allows filters to be replaced without removing the mask. The wide panoramic visor improves field of view, while the integrated drinking system is compatible with SANDF hydration gear. Designed for comfort during extended wear with combat equipment, the FM50 is issued to CBRN defence units and Special Forces, replacing older respirators in frontline service. The mask is also widely used by NATO and allied forces, making it a globally standard CBRN defence system.
Electronic equipment
The SANDF has invested in electronic and targeting equipment to improve situational awareness and combat effectiveness. This includes night vision devices, weapon-mounted optical sights, lasers, and other advanced targeting systems. Specific details on optical sights used by the South African Army is limited. Sniper rifles and grenade launchers are generally issued with their own optics as standard. For other weapons, such as standard rifles or pistols, details are less clear; however, the newer upgraded Vektor R4/R5 assault rifles are issued with TrijiconACOG TA11 or similar optical sights and optional foregrips or grenade launchers. In most cases, it is likely that soldiers must procure their own additional optical sights and attachments for standard-issue small arms.[11]
MNVM-14 – Manufactured by ECM Technologies in South Africa, the MNVM-14 is a single-tube night-visionmonocular that entered service around 2010, replacing the older-generation night-vision systems used by the army. It is the military version of the MUM-14 and is similar in design and function to the American AN/PVS-14, it offers improved low-light capability for dismounted infantry and special operations forces.[13]The device can be handheld, weapon-mounted, or helmet-mounted, and can also be paired into a binocular configuration using a dual-mount system. While employed by the Army and its Night Ops infantry, Special Forces units have progressively moved towards more advanced night-vision models, though the MNVM-14 remains a versatile and durable option across multiple formations.[14]
NVAG-9 – The NVAG-9 is a lightweight binocular system originally developed for aviation use, but in South African service it is employed bythe army's designated Night Operations infantry.[13] Produced with support from ECM Technologies, it can be mounted to a wide variety of helmets using a modular adapter. Powered by a dual-battery compartment with an automatic reserve, the NVAG-9 provides enhanced depth perception and clarity in low-light conditions, making it suitable for both pilots and ground troops requiring advanced situational awareness during night operations.[14]
The Vektor Z88 is a semi-automatic pistol manufactured under license in South Africa. It is a locally produced version of the Italian Beretta 92F, similar to the American Beretta M9. Both the United States Army and the South African Army use Beretta-type pistols as standard issue, with the Z88 serving as the standard-issue sidearm of the South African military since 1989.
Chambered in 9×19mm Parabellum, the Z88 is a short recoil-operated, double-action/single-action pistol with an open-slide design and a 15-round magazine. It features a manual safety/decocker, ambidextrous controls, and a traditional aluminium alloy frame. The pistol is known for its reliability and ease of maintenance.
The Vektor SP1 is a South African semi-automatic pistol. It is a compact, domestically designed sidearm, intended to complement the standard-issue Z88 pistol in military and law enforcement service.
Chambered in 9×19mm Parabellum, the SP1 operates on a short recoil, double-action/single-action system. It features a fixed barrel, 15-round magazine, and ambidextrous safety/decocker. The pistol uses a steel slide and alloy frame, with improved ergonomics and simplified controls compared to the Z88.
The SP1 remains in service alongside the Z88, though both are expected to be reviewed under future small arms replacement programs.
The Vektor R4 is the standard-issue assault rifle of the South African Army. It is chambered in 5.56×45mm NATO, and features a gas-operated, rotating bolt system with selective fire capability (semi, full-auto, and burst). The R4 has a 460 mm barrel, a side-folding stock, and feeds from a 35-round polymer magazine. It is effective up to 500 metres and features robust construction suited to harsh African environments.
The Vektor R5 is a shorter carbine version of the R4, with a 330 mm barrel for improved mobility in close-quarters combat. Its compact design makes it ideal for mechanized infantry, paratroopers, and vehicle crews, with an effective range of around 300–400 metres.
Both rifles have been modernized and upgraded in 2010 under Project African Warrior, which introduced a series of enhancements including:
Full-length Picatinny and M-LOK rail systems for mounting optics, lasers, tactical lights, and vertical foregrips
Modular handguards with improved heat dissipation
Folding and collapsible stocks for greater adaptability and user comfort
These upgrades give the rifles a visual and ergonomic profile similar to the Russian AK-12, enhancing their versatility for modern combat environments.[19]
The Vektor R1 is a South African-produced battle rifle based on the Belgian FN FAL, formerly the standard-issue rifle of the South African Defence Force (SADF) from the 1960s to early 1980s. Chambered in 7.62×51mm NATO, it features a 533 mm barrel, gas-operated tilting breechblock system, semi-automatic fire, a 20-round magazine, and an effective range of up to 600 metres.
The Vektor R2 is a derivative of the R1 developed for the South African Air Force and certain law enforcement units. It retains the same calibre but features a shorter barrel, fully automatic fire capability, and is equipped with a folding collapsible stock for improved compactness and mobility in confined spaces.
Although retired and replaced by the Vektor R4 and R5, both the R1 and R2 remain in limited service as designated marksman rifles (DMRs). Select units have upgraded these rifles with:
Modern optics via mounted rail systems
Ergonomic grips and improved furniture
Refined barrels for enhanced accuracy
These upgraded R1/R2 rifles continue to fill long-range precision roles within infantry formations.
The CZ BREN is a Czech modern modular assault rifle. The SANDF has ordered the BREN as part of its efforts to modernize small arms for selected units, particularly within Special Forces.
The rifle is chambered in 5.56×45mm NATO, with some variants in 7.62×39mm also reportedly evaluated. It operates via a short-stroke gas piston system, with fully ambidextrous controls, and a monolithic upper receiver with full-length Picatinny and M-LOK rails. It is compatible with STANAG magazines and features a select-fire system (semi-auto and full-auto modes).
Key features include:
Barrel lengths of 8, 11, or 14 inches depending on the variant (CQB, rifleman, or marksman)
Folding and collapsible adjustable stock for compact carry and user adaptability
Modular handguard system for accessories such as vertical grips, lasers, and tactical lights
Effective range of approximately 500 metres in the 5.56mm configuration
While the BREN is not yet a standard-issue rifle, it is expected to supplement or potentially replace certain rifles in specialised units.
The Truvelo Counter Measure Sniper (CMS) is a bolt-action precision rifle in service with the army, used primarily by the Infantry Sniper Corps and Special Forces for long-range engagements. It is available in multiple variants for different operational roles:
CMS .50 BMG (12.7×99mm NATO): Used for anti-materiel and extreme long-range engagements. It primarily uses a 5-round detachable magazine, though a 10-round magazine option exists. While this increases ammunition capacity, it adds weight and reduces the rifle's ergonomics. This variant has an effective range exceeding 1,800 metres. The .50 BMG model includes a heavy fluted barrel, large muzzle brake, bipod, and extended rail for thermal/night optics.
CMS .338 Lapua Magnum: Intended for long-range anti-personnel roles, this variant primarily uses a 10-round detachable magazine, and is capable of accurate fire beyond 1,200 metres. It is typically fitted with a 25x optical scope.
CMS 7.62×51mm NATO: Designed for medium-range precision, this variant uses a 5 or 10-round detachable magazine and an effective range of up to 800 metres. It features a free-floating barrel, Picatinny rail system for optics, and an adjustable folding stock.
All variants feature a monolithic aluminium chassis, adjustable cheekpiece and length of pull, folding stock, and quick-change barrel system. The CMS is fully modular and compatible with day/night optics and suppressors depending on mission requirements.
The Denel NTW-20 is a bolt-action anti-materiel rifle developed in South Africa by Denel Land Systems. It is designed for long-range engagement of hard targets, including armoured vehicles, parked aircraft, radar installations, and enemy equipment. The NTW-20 is in service with the South African Army, primarily among Special Forces and the Infantry Sniper Corps.
The NTW-20 is modular and available in multiple calibres:
20×82mm: Standard anti-materiel configuration with high explosive/incendiary ammunition; effective range: 1,500–1,800 metres
14.5×114mm: Higher velocity variant for improved penetration; effective range: up to 2,300 metres
The NTW-20 was one of the first purpose-built anti-materiel rifles to feature field modularity and calibre interchangeability. It is primarily deployed in strategic denial and counter-material roles, rather than traditional anti-personnel sniper applications.
The Truvelo TM545 is a South African Designated Marksman Rifle (DMR). It is currently undergoing evaluation as a potential replacement for the ageing R1 and R2 battle rifles in designated marksman roles across the South African Army.
Based on a modern AR-15-type platform, it features a free-floating match-grade barrel, Magpul adjustable stock, and full-length Picatinny rail system for optics and tactical accessories. Designed for both accuracy and durability, it is capable of sustained fire under harsh battlefield conditions.
Calibre: 5.56x45mm NATO or 7.62×51mm NATO (Depending on variant)
Action: Semi-automatic, gas-operated
Effective Range: 600–900 metres
Platform:AR-15 type with Magpul PRS Gen 2 stock and modular furniture
The TM545 offers precision fire at extended ranges beyond that of standard infantry rifles and is intended to bridge the gap between standard assault rifles and sniper systems. Its rugged design and adaptability make it ideal for urban and rural engagements, and its integration into the Army is currently being explored through ongoing field trials as of 2025.
The Heckler & Koch MP5 is in limited service with the South African National Defence Force (SANDF). It is primarily used by South African Special Forces, military police units, and pathfinder units, particularly in close-quarters combat (CQC) and urban operations.
Common variants in South African service include:
MP5A3: Features a collapsible stock, select-fire capability (semi and full-auto), and is commonly used by airborne and close protection units.
MP5SD: Integrally suppressed variant used for covert operations, ideal for stealth engagements with subsonic ammunition.
MP5K: Stockless compact version designed for close protection details and vehicle operations, offering greater concealability.
While not a general-issue weapon, the MP5 remains a reliable and favoured submachine gun among elite army personnel, particularly in counter-terrorism in Mozambique, hostage rescue, and urban warfare scenarios.
The FN MAG is a belgian 7.62×51mm NATO belt-fed general-purpose machine gun (GPMG), and is in long-standing service with the South African Army.
It is primarily used as a platoon-level support weapon mounted on tripods, vehicles, or helicopters, and is valued for its reliability, sustained fire rate, and rugged design.
Calibre: 7.62×51mm NATO
Feeding system: Disintegrating belt or box magazine (100 or 200-rounds)
The Vektor SS-77 is a South African-designed GPMG developed by Vektor (Denel Land Systems) to provide a locally manufactured alternative to the FN MAG. It is in widespread use across the SANDF and has been exported to several African nations.
The SS-77 operates via a gas-operated, belt-fed system, and is modular, with conversions available for different calibres (notably 5.56mm via the Mini-SS variant).
Calibre: 7.62×51mm NATO (SS-77); 5.56×45mm NATO (Mini-SS)
Feeding system: Disintegrating belt
Rate of fire: ~700 rounds/min
Mounting: Bipod, tripod, vehicle or aircraft-mounted
The SS-77 has been in service since the 1980s and was designed to withstand Africa’s harsh field conditions. It remains the standard GPMG, though it is planned to be replaced in the coming years by the Denel DMG-5.
The M2 Browning is deployed across multiple roles. It is mounted on armoured vehicles such as the Ratel IFV, Rooikat, Casspir, and Mamba, and on air platforms like the Oryx helicopter. Additionally, it is fielded by infantry in ground-based roles using M3 tripods, typically in defensive positions, forward operating bases, or as heavy support weapons for dismounted operations.
Calibre: 12.7×99mm NATO
Feeding system: Belt-fed
Rate of fire: 450–600 rounds/min
Mounting: Tripod, vehicle, or aircraft-mounted
The M2 continues to be upgraded with modern optics, remote control firing systems, and integrated night vision on certain platforms. Its long-range firepower remains essential for convoy protection, base defence, and fire support roles.
The Beretta-Stoeger SP312 is a 12-gauge military-grade pump-action combat shotgun in service with the South African Army, particularly in roles requiring reliability, simplicity, and close-range stopping power. It is favored by infantry, military police, and base security units for its robust build and ease of maintenance.
Type: Pump-action combat shotgun
Calibre: 12-gauge (2¾" and 3" shells)
Capacity: 5+1 or 7+1 (depending on magazine tube configuration)
Sights: Bead sight or ghost ring sights (depending on model)
The SP312 is used for guard duties, riot control, urban patrolling, and breaching operations, and can fire a wide range of ammunition including lethal (buckshot, slug) and less-lethal (rubber bullets, bean bags).
The Milkor MGL is a South African six-shot, 40mm grenade launcher in service with the South African Army, designed to provide rapid indirect fire support at short to medium ranges. It is capable of delivering a high volume of explosive firepower with a rotating cylinder mechanism.
The Milkor Y2, introduced in the early 2000s, replaced the original Y1 model, which had been in service since 1983. The latest and most advanced variant, the Milkor Y4 SuperSix, entered service in 2019. The Milkor MGL was the first modern multi-shot grenade launcher of its kind and has since influenced similar designs globally.
Both Y2 and Y4 variants come equipped with optical reflex/red-dot sights, laser rangefinders, and Picatinny rail systems for mounting optics, IR designators, and tactical accessories. They are compatible with a wide range of 40×46mm low-velocity grenades, including high-explosive (HE), smoke, CS gas, and less-lethal munitions.
Accessories: Vertical foregrip, rail system for optics and lasers
It is estimated that over 20,000 Milkor MGL's are in service, making it one of the most widely fielded support weapons in the SANDF. The system is used by infantry, special forces, and military police for area suppression, riot control, and urban warfare.
The Denel Y3 AGL is a belt-fed automatic grenade launcher developed for vehicle-mounted and tripod-supported applications. It is used by mechanized infantry for area suppression, anti-personnel, and light anti-vehicle roles.
Mounting: Tripod or turret (often mounted on Casspir, RG-31, and Mamba APCs)
Sights: Day/night optics or reflex sights with range correction
The Y3 AGL significantly enhances suppressive fire capability in urban, mountainous, and open terrain. Its high fire volume and explosive radius allow small teams to dominate large areas quickly.
The Carl Gustaf M4 is an 84mm multi-role, shoulder-fired recoilless rifle recently adopted by the South African Army as a replacement for the ageing RPG‑7 launchers. The M4 variant, introduced to SANDF frontline units in 2024, brings significant improvements in weight, ergonomics, and versatility over previous models.
Calibre: 84mm
Effective Range: 500 m (armour), up to 1000 m (soft targets)
Ammunition: High Explosive Anti-Tank (HEAT), Tandem HEAT, HE, Smoke, ASM
Optics: Optional day/night fire control system, reflex or thermal sights
The M4 is employed by mechanized infantry, special operations units, and motorized infantry elements as a standardized, reusable anti-armour system.
The AT4 is a lightweight, disposable 84mm anti-tank weapon system adopted by the SANDF in 2024 alongside the Carl Gustaf M4 to provide individual soldiers with a one-shot, close-range capability against enemy armour and bunkers.
Calibre: 84mm
Effective Range: 300 m (point target), 500 m (area target)
The FT5 is a South African man-portable, anti-tank rocket system developed by Denel Dynamics, designed to provide infantry units with a modern, fire-and-forget capability against armored vehicles and fortifications. It serves as South Africa's primary replacement for aging Soviet-era RPG systems, offering greater precision, range, and lethality.
The system is equipped with a tandemhigh-explosive anti-tank (HEAT) warhead capable of penetrating reactive and composite armor. It has also been fielded with other warhead types, including thermobaric and fragmentation, to engage bunkers, buildings, or soft targets.
The FT5 is currently in service with select units of the South African Army and has been integrated into mobile anti-tank platoons. Its high mobility and advanced guidance make it a potent force multiplier on the modern battlefield, complementing both light and mechanized infantry formations.
Captured in large numbers during the South African Border War, the RPG-7 has remained in widespread section-level use as the primary anti-tank rocket system for conventional infantry units.
Calibre: 40 mm warhead; launcher ~85 mm
Effective Range: 200–500 m (depending on rocket type)
Operation: Unguided, optic-aimed rocket launcher
The army is currently seeking a replacement for this ageing but still effective system.
The MILAN is a Franco-German wire-guided anti-tank missile adopted in the late 1970s. It served as a reliable medium-range ATGM system, primarily with mechanized infantry units during the Border War.[43][44]
The missile is typically launched from a tripod-mounted firing post, which includes a day sight and optional thermal imaging optics for night operations.
Warhead: Single HEAT (early), tandem HEAT (later variants)
The Milan system has been largely phased out of front-line service and is now primarily used for training, in favour of the newer and more advanced ZT-3 Ingwe ATGM system.
The system uses a semi-active laser beam-riding guidance, requiring the operator to keep a laser designator fixed on the target while the missile rides the beam to impact. The system is typically mounted on the Ratel and Badger infantry fighting vehicles, as well as other various light tactical vehicles and helicopters, it can also be fired by infantry from a ground-based tripod launcher.
Warhead: Tandem HEAT, thermobaric variant available
Penetration: Over 1,000mm RHA behind ERA
Guidance System: Jam-resistant laser beam-riding
Launcher: Vehicle-mounted or helicopter-mounted
Range: Up to 5,000 metres
The ZT3 remains the army's frontline long-range anti-armor missile system, and is being progressively integrated into the new Badger IFV fleet. The ZT3 was significantly upgraded and modernized in 2005, enhancing its range, guidance, and penetration performance—placing it on par with leading global ATGMs such as the Israeli Spike, American BGM-71 TOW, and Russian 9M133 Kornet.[46]
A grenade which consists of an aluminium case containing the illuminating composition, to which is fitted a conventional fly-off lever striker mechanism. The illuminating grenade provides sufficient light for target identification and attack.
A grenade which consists of a cylindrical tinplate body containing the smoke composition, a spring-loaded striker mechanism of the fly-off lever type and a pyrotechnic igniter/delay system.
The fly-off lever is retained by a conventional safety pin and pull ring. The grenade has a variety of signalling applications and may also be used for screening and for training exercises in riot control.
Second generation South African rifle grenades manufactured by RheinmetallDenel Munitions (formerly Swartklip Products, a division of Denel). The grenade incorporates a bullet trap and deflector in the tail tube. This allows them to be fired without the need to unload the rifle of its ammunition. Bullet Trap rifle grenades available includes HE/AP (High Explosive/Anti-Personnel), Practice and HE/DP (High Explosive/Dual Purpose) grenades. The HE/DP type has a shaped charge warhead which can penetrate 150mm of rolled homogeneous armour or 450mm of reinforced concrete. Grenades can be fired from both 5.56mm and 7.62mm rifles in the South African arsenal.
The MS-803 is a South African directional anti-personnel mine based on the design of the American M18A1 Claymore. It is intended for use in defensive ambushes, perimeter security, and area denial, capable of unleashing a fan-shaped pattern of high-velocity steel fragments toward enemy personnel.
The KA-BAR Recce is a modernized variant of the American Ka-Bar fighting knife, adapted for use by South African reconnaissance units and special forces.
Handle: Leather stack or Kraton (rubberized polymer)
Sheath: MOLLE-compatible polymer or leather
The KA-BAR remains a symbol of close-combat readiness and is standard-issue to some elite units within the SANDF, especially those trained in reconnaissance and special warfare.
Combat vehicles
Future equipment on order
Equipment in development and financed by the SANDF, but no order yet
Potential equipment in a middle-term future
Main battle tanks
The South African Army's main battle tank (MBT) capability is centered around the Olifant ("Elephant") series, a heavily upgraded and modernized derivative of the British Centurion tank adapted for southern Africa's operational environment. The Olifant Mk1A and Mk1B variants formed the backbone of the armoured corps for decades, with the later Mk2 offering improved armour, engine performance, and modernized fire control systems. Earlier projects, such as the Tank Technology Demonstrator (TTD), aimed to develop a next-generation South African MBT but were ultimately cancelled due to budget constraints. The Olifant fleet is planned to be replaced in the near future under Project Aorta, with the Leopard 2 main battle tank having been demonstrated to the South African Army in recent years as a potential successor.[50]
The Olifant ("Elephant" in Afrikaans) is a heavily modified and modernized Centurion main battle tank, currently in service with 1 South African Tank Regiment of the South African Armoured Corps. A total of up to 266 tanks were originally acquired across all variants, including 248 main battle tanks, 16 armoured bridge layers, and 2 armoured recovery vehicles. Between 1 and 5 Mk1A variants were lost during the South African Border War, leaving around 200 main battle tanks in army service, with the remaining number held in reserve squadrons or storage as of 2025. The Olifant serves as the backbone of the Army's armoured forces and is capable of multi-role operations, including frontline assault, fire support, and mechanized warfare.
Olifant Mk1A – around 130 units in service with an unknown number in reserve, commissioned in 1985
Olifant Mk1B – 44 units, commissioned in 1991
Olifant Mk2 – 26 units, commissioned in 2007
Armoured Bridge Layer – 16 units
Armoured Recovery Vehicle (ARV) – 2 units
Note: The Olifant fleet is planned to be replaced by a new main battle tank through Project Aorta, which aims to deliver next-generation capabilities.[53]
Armoured reconnaissance
The South African Army's armoured reconnaissance capability centers on the Rooikat ("Caracal or Red Cat"), an eight-wheeled, high-speed armoured fighting vehicle designed for long-range reconnaissance, rapid maneuver warfare, and precision firepower. Often designated as both a reconnaissance vehicle and a tank destroyer due to its 76mm high-velocity gun, the Rooikat replaced the aging Eland 90 armoured cars—of which up to 1,000 still remain in reserve. With advanced fire control systems, excellent mobility across southern Africa's diverse terrain, and the ability to perform screening and flanking operations, the Rooikat remains a key asset in the South African Army's armoured warfare doctrine.
Fast-moving tank destroyer in service with 1 Special Service Battalion of the South African Armoured Corps. The Rooikat is used for reconnaissance, aggressive search-and-destroy, anti-armour operations, combat patrols, raids, day and night hot pursuit operations. It is equipped with night vision and thermal imaging systems, giving it effective 24-hour combat capability.[55]
All variants are fitted with a Denel GT4 76 mm high-velocity cannon, a coaxial 7.62 mm machine gun, and x 8 smoke screen grenade dischargers.[56]
Variants:
Rooikat Mk1A – Initial production model.
Rooikat Mk1B – Minor upgrades to fire-control and mobility systems.
Rooikat Mk1C – Improved protection and onboard systems.
Rooikat Mk1D – Final production and upgrade standard, featuring improved electronics and enhanced engine performance.
A total of 242 units were delivered, with 2 lost in accidents. Of the remaining 240, approximately 170 Rooikats remain in army service, while around 70 older Mk1A/Mk1B variants are held in reserve squadrons or storage as of 2025.[54][57]Project Arum Lily was initiated to upgrade 80Mk1C variants to the Mk1D standard completed in 2006.[58]
Infantry fighting vehicles
The South African Army's infantry fighting vehicle (IFV/Mechanized Combat Vehicle, MCV) capability centers on the Ratel IFV ("Honey Badger"), and its successor, the Badger IFV. Unlike traditional armoured personnel carriers (APCs), IFVs are a heavily armed and better-protected evolution of the APC, combining troop transport with significant combat capability, typically featuring autocannons and optional anti-tank guided missiles (ATGMs). Produced in multiple variants, the Ratel served as the backbone of the army's mechanized infantry forces for decades, undergoing continuous upgrades including the Mk2 (1979), Mk3 (1988), and a large fleet-wide modernization programme in 2001 that extended its service life well into the 21st century. The new-generation Badger IFV introduces modular armour, advanced weapon systems, and improved protection, though its production has faced funding delays.
Primary armoured fighting vehicle in service with the South African mechanized infantry units, the ZT-3 tank destroyer variant is in service with the armoured corps.[60]
Variants:
Ratel 20 – 20 mm GI-2 autocannon, 7.62 mm Browning M1919 coaxial. Most common variant, about 600–700 units in service.
Ratel 30 – 30 mm TRT-30 RCWS, 7.62 mm Browning M1919 coaxial. Introduced later in smaller numbers.
Ratel 60 – 60 mm breech-loading mortar gun, 7.62 mm Browning M1919 coaxial. Dedicated self-propelled mortar carrier,about 100–150 units.
Ratel 81 – 81 mm long-range mortar gun, 7.62 mm Browning M1919 coaxial. Dedicated self-propelled mortar carrier, likely around 50 units.
Ratel 90 – 90 mm GT-2 low-velocity cannon, 7.62 mm Browning M1919 coaxial. Second-most common variant after the Ratel 20, roughly 200–300 units.
Ratel Command – Two-seater turret with a 12.7 mm .50 BMG. Limited production for command roles, around 30 units.
Ratel ZT-3 – Laser-guided ZT3 Ingwe ATGM missile turret, 7.62 mm Browning M1919 coaxial. Dedicated tank destroyer, 52 units in service with the armoured corps.[61]
A total of 1,400 units were delivered to the army in all variants. Some surplus Ratels were later sold to foreign countries bringing the total down to around 1,025 IFV variants and 52 ZT-3 tank destroyer variants as of 2025.
The Badger is a mainline infantry fighting vehicle, developed under Project Hoefyster (Horseshoe) through shared development between Finnish and South African technology. It is designed to replace the Army's ageing Ratel fleet with a new generation of modular, heavily armed, and highly mobile mechanized combat vehicles.
Built for high-speed armoured assaults, the BadgerIFV delivers mechanized infantry safely to the battlefield, provides direct fire support, and offers advanced protection against modern threats.
Mounted in the turret is a 30 mm Cam Gun with ZT3 Ingwe laser-guided anti-tank missiles on selected variants, making the Badger a credible threat even to main battle tanks. A Threat Detection and Countermeasure System (TDCS) integrates active protection measures capable of intercepting incoming rockets, missiles, and guided munitions before impact.[64]
Order & Production:
Original order: ~264 vehicles to partially replace around 200 Ratels
Reduced to: ~238 vehicles due to budget cuts
Current order: Increased to 244 units, later raised to approximately 254 vehicles after advanced payments were given to Denel, with further batches planned as options to eventually replace all 1,050 Ratel IFVs over time.
Deliveries: ~22 pre-production units from Finland; remainder produced in South Africa by Denel Land Systems. As of 2025, production has been paused pending funding from the South African government to restart the programme.
Variants: (Current Batch of 254)
Section variant (30 mm cannon) – 100 units
Fire Support variant (30 mm cannon + ATGM) – 15 units
Mortar variant (60 mm gun-mortar) – 41 units
Command variant (C2 role) – 70 units
Tank Destroyer variant (dual ZT3 Ingwe ATGMs + optional 120 mm cannon) – 20 units
Ambulance variant (medical EVAC) – 8 units
Additional orders are still on option in the future if funding is sufficient to complete the Ratel replacement programme.
Protected mobility vehicles
South Africa pioneered the development of mine-resistant ambush-protected (MRAP) vehicles during the Border War, producing world-renowned platforms such as the Casspir and Mamba. Designed to protect troops from landmines, improvised explosive devices (IEDs), and small-arms fire, these vehicles are classified as both armoured personnel carriers (APCs) and MRAPs—also referred to as mine-protected carriers or infantry mobility vehicles, depending on their specifications. Blurring the line between APCs and IFVs, they serve as protected troop carriers with combat capability, typically armed with heavy machine guns (HMGs), with options for anti-tank guided missiles (ATGMs) or grenade machine guns for enhanced firepower. Under Project Sepula, the South African Army plans to acquire up to 3,000 next-generation MRAPs and APCs to replace the Casspir and Mamba fleets, featuring improved mine-resistant hulls, advanced ballistic protection, digital communications, and remote-controlled weapon stations.
The Mamba is a multi-role, mine-resistant armoured personnel carrier (APC) with MRAP capabilities, providing significant protection against anti-tank mines, improvised explosive devices (IEDs), and small-arms fire. It serves as the primary vehicle in service with South African motorized infantry units, alongside the Casspir, enabling rapid deployment and troop mobility in high-threat environments.
A total of 800 Mamba were delivered, with around 200 sold to foreign countries over the years. The remaining 550–600 vehicles stay in army service, including active and reserve units.
In 2006, approximately 220 Mamba Mk2s were upgraded to Mk3 standard under Project Jury.
Variants:
Mamba Mk2 – M2 Browning .50 Cal MG, 40 mm Denel Y3 grenade machine gun
Mamba Mk3 – M2 Browning .50 Cal MG, 40 mm Denel Y3 grenade machine gun (upgraded armour and systems)
By the end of 2023, around 100 Mamba from reserve storage were refurbished and brought back into service, assigned to the Light Modern Brigade for rapid deployment in peacekeeping missions.[66][67]
The Casspir is a multi-role, mine-resistant infantry mobility vehicle with MRAP capabilities, providing significant protection against anti-tank mines, IEDs, and small-arms fire. It serves as one of the primary vehicles for South African motorized infantry units, alongside the Mamba, enabling troop mobility and operational deployment in high-threat environments.
More than 2,800 Casspirs were built (Mk2 and Mk3 variants). Around 600 units were sold to foreign countries, leaving roughly around 2,200 vehicles in army service or reserve stock.
Variants:
Casspir APC/MRAP – Primary configuration carrying up to 12 troops; armed with 3 × 7.62 mm MGs, M2 Browning .50 cal MG, and optional 40 mm Denel Y3 grenade machine gun. Over 2,000 units built, including those later sold.
Casspir Ambulance – Configured for medical evacuation. Likely around 50–80 units.
Casspir Fire Support Team Vehicle (FISTV) – For forward observers and support teams. Around 40–60 units estimated.
Casspir Artillery Fire Control Vehicle – Used for artillery coordination. Around 30–50 units.
Casspir Plofadder Mine-Clearing Vehicle – Equipped with mine-clearing equipment. Approximately 20–40 units.
Casspir Gemsbok Recovery Vehicle – Fitted for recovery and engineering roles. Likely 50–70 units.
Other Specialized Variants – Command and communications, training, and experimental configurations. Low production, under 50 units combined.
By the end of 2023, an unspecified number of Casspirs in reserve were returned to active service to supplement the SANDF's vehicle fleet.[71]
Multi-role, mine-resistant infantry mobility vehicle used by the South African Army and the Special Task Force (STF). The Mk5E type has been observed in limited Army service during official demonstrations, confirming its operational use.[74]
Variants:
RG-31 Mk5E – 20 mm remote-controlled weapon station and optional 40 mm Denel Y3 grenade machine gun.
Operational history:
The RG-31 has seen extensive operational use overseas and has been widely exported. It has been employed in expeditionary and peacekeeping operations in theatres such as Afghanistan and Iraq, and by numerous national armed forces. During the US MRAP procurement programme, large orders were placed for RG-31 variants, with deliveries running into the hundreds and contributing to the vehicle's global presence.
Procurement (SANDF):
An option exists forup to an additional 210 RG-31 Mk6E vehicles to serve as section transporters under the Army's APC/MRAP tender, intended to replace the Toyota Land Cruiser border patrol vehicles.[75]
The SVI MAX 3 is a multi-role light armoured tactical vehicle. It serves as an agile successor to the ageing toyota land cruiser troop carriers for border and internal security roles.
Acquisition & Status
The SANDF recently received six MAX 3 vehicles in early 2024, delivered to the Joint Operations Division for Operation Corona—primarily to enhance border patrol capabilities. Of these, two are 4×4 variants and four are new six-wheeled versions, each with rear cargo cabins.
Beyond these six units are currently unknown, though they support a wider effort to replace the 435 standard Toyota Land Cruiser “troop packs” with more survivable, mine-resistant options.
The Husky VMMD is a multi-role MRAP designed for route clearance and counter-IED operations. It features a modular, blast-deflecting V-hull with replaceable modules, enabling rapid field repairs. Crucial systems include metal detectors, ground-penetrating radar, and optional remote weapon stations for situational awareness and self-defence. Its robust legacy includes extensive use since the 1970s during the Border War in Angola and Namibia.
As of 2025, the South African Army has restarted a major project as part of a long-term initiative to replace its Mamba and Casspir fleets—armoured vehicles that have served since the apartheid era. This programme falls under the broader Project Sepula, which envisions the eventual acquisition of up to 3,000 modern APCs and MRAPs over the next decade.
In the short term, the Army is seeking to procure an initial batch of nearly 500 vehicles,[80][81] structured as follows:
210+ Section Variants – for general infantry troop transport.
144 Command Variants – equipped with secure communications, digital battle management systems, and satellite navigation.
108 Ambulance Variants – designed for protected battlefield medical evacuation.
The new vehicles will be locally sourced to support the domestic defence industry and reduce reliance on foreign imports. This project has attracted interest from several South African armoured vehicle manufacturers.[82]
The following vehicle platforms are among the most likely candidates under evaluation:
OTT Puma M36 – a versatile MRAP widely used across Africa.
DCD Springbuck IV – a modern 4x4 MRAP with modular armour.
RG31 Mk6 (upgraded) – legacy Denel-designed vehicle still considered for ambulance or specialist variants.
Milkor 4×4 APC – a newer design offering mine and ballistic protection with a fully modular interior.
Project Sepula is envisioned as a multi-phase replacement programme that will unfold in tranches depending on available funding and production capacity. In total, the Army hopes to field approximately 2,500 to 3,000 vehicles, modernizing the mobility of motorized infantry units.[83]
Artillery
Future equipment currently on order
Equipment in development and financed by the SANDF, but no order yet
Potential equipment in a middle-term future
Rocket artillery
The South African Army's rocket artillery capability is centred on the Bateleur and Valkiri Multiple Rocket Launcher (MRL) series, developed locally during the Border War to provide rapid, high-volume fire support. Mounted on mobile platforms for shoot-and-scoot tactics, these systems enable saturation bombardment over wide areas, delivering both conventional and specialised munitions. Modernized variants with improved fire-control systems and extended-range rockets ensure that these rocket artillery systems remain relevant in contemporary mechanized warfare.
The Bateleur is the standard 127 mm multiple launch rocket system (MLRS) of the South African Army Artillery Formation. It is fitted with 40 launch tubes mounted on an armoured Samil 100 6×6 truck chassis, providing mobile, long-range fire support.A total of around 25–30 units were produced for the South African Army, which remains the sole operator.
Ongoing upgrades / modernization under ProjectTopstar focuses on enhancing digital fire-control systems, range extension, and improved target acquisition to keep this system effective in modern battlefield conditions, these upgrades are scheduled for completion in 2025 or 2026.[85]
The Valkiri is a 127 mm multiple launch rocket system (MLRS) of the South African Army Artillery Formation. It is equipped with 24 launch tubes mounted on a modified unimog truck chassis, designed to deliver rapid saturation fire in support of ground forces.They have since been placed into reserve storage after the Bateleur entered service, with only a limited number of Valkiri still retained for training and contingency roles.
It is currently unknown whether the Valkiri fleet is included in the ongoing Project Topstar modernization programme, as the system is largely maintained in reserve rather than active frontline service.
The RO 107 is a 107 mm multiple launch rocket system (MLRS) originally of Chinese origin, captured in large numbers by the South African Defence Force during the Border War in Angola. The system features 12 launch tubes mounted on a lightweight towed or tripod configuration, offering highly mobile fire support for infantry units.Hundreds of units were seized during the conflict and subsequently integrated into the South African Army, where they were used extensively by artillery and special forces units due to their portability and ease of operation.
Following its capture, the South African defence industry developed and produced its own 107 mm rockets with improved accuracy, while also upgrading the launch system by replacing the towed mount with a tripod mount, which was then fitted onto various types of South African Army vehicles.
Self-propelled artillery
Self-propelled artillery combines the firepower of conventional guns with the mobility and protection of an armoured platform. In South African service, the G6 Rhino 155mm self-propelled howitzer represents one of the most advanced artillery systems of its class worldwide. Introduced in the 1980s, the G6 offers long-range precision fire, high mobility, and armoured crew protection, allowing artillery units to rapidly reposition and support mechanized forces in high-threat environments. Continuous upgrades to navigation, fire-control, and automation have kept the system modern.
In addition to the G6, the T5-52 155mm self-propelled howitzer has entered limited service since 2018. Based on a wheeled truck platform rather than a fully armoured chassis, the T5-52 is designed to provide long-range precision fire with lower operating costs and improved strategic mobility. However, it is not yet a frontline system, as trials continue and upgraded variants from Denel Land Systems are awaited before wider adoption within the South African Army.
The G6 Rhino is the standard 155 mm self-propelled howitzer of the South African Army Artillery Formation, and the largest and most sophisticated artillery system in the army's arsenal.A total of 153 were produced, with 110 sold to foreign operators in the mid-2000s, reducing the fleet to 43 vehicles.The army continues to operate only the original G6-45 variant, while the newer G6-52 was developed primarily for export.Under Project Muhali, 15 G6-45s are being upgraded with improved range, accuracy, sensors, and digital fire-control systems based on the G6-52 design. The programme, valued at R178 million (US$12 million), is scheduled for completion in 2025–2026.[85]
The T5-52 is a South African truck-mounted 155 mm self-propelled howitzer, introduced into limited service in 2018.It is mounted on a high-mobility truck chassis, combining the long-range firepower of the G5-52 with enhanced mobility and rapid deployment capabilities, allowing it to fire and reposition quickly to avoid counter-battery strikes.It entered service to replace six G5 howitzers sold to Saudi Arabia.[91]
The South African Army is awaiting an upgraded variant from Denel before committing to large-scale production, making the T5-52 currently a limited-entry platform in the artillery fleet.[92][93]
Towed artillery
Towed artillery remains a crucial component of the South African Army's indirect fire capability, providing versatile, long-range support for mechanized and infantry units. The primary system in service is the G5 Leopard 155mm towed howitzer, known for its range, accuracy, and reliability. Introduced in the early 1980s, the G5 has undergone several upgrades, including the G5-52 standard, which improves firing range, automation, and crew protection. Alongside this, the G7LEO 105mm howitzer is under development by Denel Land Systems. Unlike the heavier G5, the G7 is intended to be a lightweight, highly mobile artillery piece suitable for airborne deployment and rapid reaction forces
A significant portion of the towed artillery inventory is maintained in reserve. This includes up to 300 G5 howitzers kept in army reserves due to high operating costs, and around 200 older G4, G3, G2, and G1 howitzers held in long-term storage. Despite being in reserve, some of these older systems remain employed by the School of Artillery to train crews and maintain operational readiness across multiple regiments.
The G5 Leopard is a South African long-range 155 mm towed howitzer and serves as the standard towed artillery system of the South African Army Artillery Formation.
A total of up to 520 units were produced, with approximately 146sold to foreign countries. The South African Army currently operates only the G5 L45 variant, with around 72 guns in army service and about 300 in storage.[95]
Under Project Topstar, all active G5 L45s are being upgraded to an improved configuration based on the G5-52, with enhancements to sensors, range, and accuracy, scheduled for completion in 2025 or 2026.[85]
32 units designated G4. These guns were purchased in the 1980s during the South African Border War, they were soon replaced by the newer and more advanced G5 Leopard as the standard towed artillery system of the South African Army Artillery Formation.
Reportedly kept in reserve along with 90 units of 140 mm G2 howitzers.
The G7 Howitzer is a next-generation 105 mm lightweight towed artillery system currently in development by Denel Land Systems for the South African Army. The G7 focuses on extended range, rapid deployment, and reduced crew requirements while maintaining high accuracy and rate of fire.
The system is intended to provide the Army with modern artillery capabilities aligned with NATO standards, though as of now, it remains in the concept and development phase with no confirmed production orders yet.[97]
Mortars form the backbone of close-support artillery for South African infantry units, offering lightweight, portable, indirect-fire capability. The South African Army fields 60mm, 81mm, and 120mm mortar systems, balancing portability with firepower to deliver rapid, high-angle fire against enemy positions. Modern variants incorporate improved sighting systems, baseplate stabilisation, and extended-range munitions, ensuring infantry units retain organic fire-support assets during both conventional warfare and peacekeeping operations.
Primary long-range, indirect fire, artillery weapon of the Steve Biko Artillery Regiment (formerly Light Regiment). The M5 mortar system is also air deployable.[105]
Air defence and radars
Future equipment on order
Equipment in development and financed by the SANDF, but no order yet
Potential equipment in a middle-term future
Surface-to-air missile systems
Missile systems complement gun-based defences. The Starstreak provides short-range air defence (SHORAD), with portable launchers and missiles. The Umkhonto ground-based missile system is a medium-range system currently in limited service, with ongoing trials assessing its integration and operational readiness. These missile systems enhance the army's ability to engage aircraft, helicopters, and UAVs beyond the reach of gun-based platforms.
MRADSAMMedium-range air defence, surface-to-air missile system
In testing
The Umkhonto is South Africa's indigenous short-to-medium range surface-to-air missile system developed by Denel Dynamics. The naval variant has been in service with the South African Navy, Algerian Navy, and Finnish Navy since the early 2000s, while the ground-based variant is currently undergoing testing with the South African Army Air Defence Artillery Formation and is expected to be ordered in large numbers in the near future.
The system consists of:
Umkhonto-IR missiles on mobile launchers (8 or 16-cell configurations)
Reutech ESR 220 Thutlwa radar for target detection and tracking
Command and control (C2) modules for fire control and battle management
All components are mounted on SAMIL or similar military trucks for mobility
The missile offers 360° coverage with a range of up to 20 km (extended-range variants in development) and can simultaneously engage multiple aerial targets.
The Starstreak HVM is a close-range, very short-range air defence (VSHORAD) missile system developed by Thales Air Defence in the UK. South Africa acquired the system under the Ground-Based Air Defence System (GBADS) Phase 1 project to replace its aging man-portable SAM systems and strengthen low-altitude air defence.
Deliveries started after the December 2002 contract, with the system entering service in 2005 with the 10 Air Defence Artillery Regiment, based in Kimberley. The system provides point defence against helicopters, low-flying aircraft, and high-speed aerial threats. South African Order Details
178 x Lightweight Multiple Launchers (LMLs) acquired under initial and follow-up orders.
2 x Thales Page Continuous-Wave (CW) radars (20 km range) for local air defence early warning.
An unknown but significant number of missiles procured, with estimates suggesting up to 1,000 Starstreak missiles could be in service as of 2025 due to ongoing orders since 2002.
All launchers are operated by 10 Air Defence Artillery Regiment.
Anti-aircraft guns
The primary gun-based system is the Oerlikon GDF 35mm twin-barrel anti-aircraft gun, with approximately 150 units upgraded to the Skyshield standard. These modernized systems feature automated fire control, improved radar integration, and enhanced targeting software, providing point-defence capabilities against fast-moving aerial threats. Systems such as the ZU-23-2 Zumlac twin 23mm autocannon, mounted on Bosvark self-propelled platforms, provide cost-effective anti-aircraft and limited ground-support firepower. While missile systems increasingly dominate air defence, these guns offer a secondary layer against low-flying threats and remain valuable in asymmetric and peacekeeping environments.
The Oerlikon GDF is a 35mm twin-barrel anti-aircraft autocannon system developed by Oerlikon Contraves (now Rheinmetall Air Defence). South Africa acquired 169 of these guns, and also 75 Super Fledermaus fire control units. In 1990, 48 of these Mk I guns were upgraded to Mk V status, and the Super Fledermaus fire control units were replaced by Italian LPD20 radars. These systems are operated by the South African Army Air Defence Artillery Formation.
In 2014, South Africa contracted Rheinmetall to modernize its existing Oerlikon GDF systems:
The upgrade involved retrofitting 100 GDF-002 and 50 GDF-005 units with Oerlikon Skyshield fire control units and the incorporation of AHEAD anti-missile programmable ammunition.
This modernization aimed to enhance the performance and accuracy of South Africa's twin-gun systems and expand their operational capabilities.
The Bosvark (also known as Zumlac), is a South African self-propelled anti-aircraft gun (SPAAG) developed in the late 1990s. It features a ZU-23-2 23mm twin-barrel autocannon (Guns that were captured from enemy forces during the South African Border War) and are mounted on a armoured SAMIL100 MPV mine-resistant 6×6 truck chassis.
Radars and targeting systems
The South African Army relies on a network of radars and targeting systems to detect, track, and engage aerial threats efficiently. These systems integrate with both gun-based and missile-based air defence platforms, providing situational awareness and fire control for frontline units. Key systems include the Swiss Super Fledermaus and Italian LPD-20, which serves as the primary fire-control radars for anti-aircraft guns, the ESR-220 surveillance and early warning radar, and the Thales Squire and Sophie battlefield portable radars, which provide rapid target acquisition and precision tracking for multiple weapon systems. The LOCATS (Locatable Targets System) is also employed for counter-battery and artillery targeting, enabling quick detection of incoming projectiles and coordination with air-defence platforms. Together, these systems allow the Army to monitor the airspace, coordinate fire against multiple threats simultaneously, and optimise the use of both missile and gun-based air defence assets.
The ESR 220 Thutlwa (Tswana for “giraffe”) is a South African-developed, mobile, solid-state L-band 2D surveillance radar built by Reutech Radar Systems. Originating from Project Bioskoop of the 1990s, it evolved from the earlier HEXAGON and Kameelperd radar systems, purpose-designed to provide early warning, air surveillance, and battery-level fire control for Ground-Based Air Defence (GBADS).
Acquisition & Deployment
Ordered in 1996, with four units delivered by 2006—initially known as Kameelperd systems.
Upgraded in 2007 to GBADS-standard Thutlwa configuration.
Type: Mobile, armoured L-band 2D surveillance radar with integrated IFF and C2 capability.
Platform: Mounted on a 8x8 Skimmel truck, fully autonomous with onboard power. Operational within 10 minutes of deployment.
Range & Tracking: Detects and tracks up to 100 targets simultaneously, with a maximum range of approximately 120 km. Features a 12 m mast for enhanced coverage.
Provides a combined air picture and acts as a local battery command post, enabling real-time fire control for ADA systems like the GDF-005 guns. Compatible with SANDF's Link-ZA datalink.
The Super Fledermaus is a mobile pulse-radar fire control system used by the South African Army for air defence. Designed for tracking low- and medium-altitude aerial targets, it integrates target acquisition, tracking, and gun-laying functions for rapid-response anti-aircraft artillery. The radar is mounted on a mobile vehicle platform, allowing deployment with field units and providing continuous coverage for air defense batteries.
The LPD-20 is a mobile battlefield surveillance and air-defence radar system employed by the South African Army. Designed for target acquisition and tracking, it provides early warning and fire-control support for both gun-based and missile-based air-defence systems. Mounted on a mobile platform, the LPD-20 offers high mobility and rapid deployment, ensuring effective coverage of low- and medium-altitude aerial threats across dynamic operational environments.
Acquired in 2012 under Project Cytoon. The radars are designed to plot a pedestrian at 10km, a vehicle at 21km, a tank at 28km, a helicopter at 21km, a boat at 12km and a ship at 48km.
The radar system uses a frequency modulated continuous wave Doppler radar and is designed to be virtually undetectable by enemy electronic warfare equipment. All systems are in service with the SA Army Tactical Intelligence Corps.
Acquired in 2012 under Project Cytoon. The Thales Sophie can spot humans at over 4km, tanks at 10km, helicopters at 12km and jet fighters at 16km. All systems are in service with the SA Army Tactical Intelligence Corps.
The LOCATS is an unmanned aerial target used to train Air Defence Artillery crews in gunnery. It is launched from a ramp fitted on the back of a flatbed truck and is recovered by parachute.
Logistics vehicles
Future equipment on order
Equipment in development and financed by the SANDF, but no order yet
Potential equipment in a middle-term future
Military trucks
The South African Army maintains a diverse fleet of military trucks, primarily built for logistics, troop transport, recovery, and engineering roles. The backbone of this fleet includes the Samil 20/50/100 series, MAN tactical trucks in multiple variants, the locally produced Giraffe truck (based on the Italian Iveco Trakker) and SHE Cavallo (a Spanish truck produced under licence in South Africa), as well as lighter platforms such as the Toyota Dyna and UD 70 series, which are primarily employed for general transport and support duties. Under Project Vistula, the army plans to progressively replace and modernize the Samil fleet with next-generation armoured military trucks featuring improved mobility, modularity, and digital integration. In 2023, more than 10,000 military trucks were refurbished and reactivated from storage, primarily Samils and other support vehicles to reinforce operational readiness amid ongoing budgetary constraints.[114]
The MAN8x8 and 6x6 military truck family is a core component of the South African Army's heavy logistics and support fleet—locally assembled under license in South Africa. Among the key variants:
The Shongololo Tank Transporter serves as a heavy equipment transporter, capable of moving main battle tanks and other armoured vehicles over strategic distances.
The MAN KAT1 series, serves as a versatile platform for logistics, radar mounting, mobile maintenance units, and specialized battlefield support roles. Known for their high mobility and durability, these vehicles complement older SAMIL designs while providing greater payload capacity and modular options for modern operational needs.
It is estimated that around several thousand MAN trucks are currently in service, primarily in prime mover, firefighting, low-bed transporter, and specialist logistics roles.
The SHE Cavallo series, including variants such as the Skimmel, Zebra, and Kameelperd, represents the modern heavy logistics fleet of the South African Army. Manufactured by Specialised Heavy Engineering (SHE), these 8×8 vehicles handle heavy-duty tasks including armored vehicle recovery, bridge-laying operations, radar and armoured vehicle transport.
The Cavallo series was introduced in the early 2000s to replace older SAMIL platforms for specialized engineering and air-defence roles.
The Giraffe is a 8×8 heavy logistics vehicle based on the Italian Iveco Trakker platform. Designed for heavy-duty military transport, the Giraffe handles cargo, engineering equipment, and armored vehicle transport in rugged operational environments.
With its robust suspension and high payload capacity, the Giraffe has become a key part of the Army's heavy logistics capability since its introduction in the 2000s. It is operated in several specialist roles, including recovery vehicle platforms and general heavy armoured vehicle transport.
The SAMIL 20 is a light 2-ton 4×4 truck designed in South Africa during the 1980s as part of the SAMIL family of military vehicles. Based on the Magirus Deutz chassis, it became the South African Army's standard light logistics vehicle for troop and cargo transport, ambulances, communication shelters, and general-purpose roles across southern Africa.
The SAMIL 50 is a 6-ton 4×4 medium-duty truck developed locally to meet the Army's need for heavier battlefield logistics during the 1980s. It carries bulk cargo, serves as a mobile workshop, or transports water, fuel, and engineering equipment. Its SAMIL 50 MPV variant provides the same capabilities with added mine and ambush protection for frontline operations.
The SAMIL 100 is the heaviest in the family, a 10-ton 6×6 platform for hauling armored vehicles, bridging systems, and large engineering loads over long distances. The SAMIL 100 MPV offers a protected version for use in conflict zones where survivability is a priority, an anti-aircraft gun named "Zumlac" is also mounted on this truck.
Under Project Thusano, over 10,000 out-of-service SAMIL trucks have been refurbished, meaning that atleast around 20,000 trucks across all variants could now be operational within the South African Army.
The Denel Africa Truck is a planned combat military logistics vehicle being developed under Project Vistula as the long-term replacement for the aging SAMIL truck fleet. Designed around the proven RG-31 mine-protected chassis, the 6×6 armoured platform offers modular superstructures, STANAG Level 2 ballistic and mine protection, and a 7.62 mm SDROW remote-controlled weapons station for both defensive and offensive capability.
With a gross vehicle mass of 28 tonnes, the demonstrator showcases features such as a double rear axle payload, hook-lift capability, and high off-road maneuverability, including a 60% climb angle and 110 km/h top speed.
Under Project Vistula, the South African Army plans to acquire up to5,000 trucks in multiple configurations once development and funding approvals are complete, enabling the phased replacement of legacy SAMIL vehicles over the next decade.[126]
The Toyota Dyna, locally known as the “Wildebees,” is a medium-duty truck used by the South African Army for general transport duties. Adapted from the civilian Dyna platform, it is employed for light logistics, personnel transport, and utility roles where heavy-duty vehicles like the SAMIL series are not required. Numbers in service remain undisclosed, though it is widely used in secondary logistics roles.
The UD 70 is a 4×2 medium-duty logistics truck produced by UD Trucks South Africa and widely used by the South African Army for general transport duties. Capable of carrying up to 4 tons of cargo, it fills the gap between light vehicles and the heavier SAMIL or MAN truck families, supporting troop transport, supply delivery, and engineering roles.
Utility and support vehicles
The South African Army utilises a wide range of utility and logistical support vehicles to complement its tactical and combat fleets. These include light utility vehicles, 4x4 cars, minibuses, and air-deployable vehicles used for command, liaison, troop transport, and logistical support. Platforms such as the Toyota Hilux, Land Cruiser, Ford Ranger, and Unimog variants are commonly employed for both off-road mobility and general transport duties. Larger support vehicles include buses for personnel movement, as well as specialised air-deployable vehicles that can be transported by C-130 Hercules or Oryx helicopters for rapid deployment operations. Many of these vehicles are refurbished or locally modified to withstand harsh terrain and operational demands, ensuring flexibility across conventional, peacekeeping, and disaster relief missions.
The Gecko ATV is a 6×6 amphibious light transport platform. Entering service in the 1990s, it provides high mobility across rough terrain and water obstacles, carrying troops, equipment, or light weapon systems into areas inaccessible to standard vehicles. The Gecko’s small size, low weight, and ability to be airlifted by helicopters make it ideal for rapid deployment and reconnaissance roles.
The Jakkals is a lightweight 4×4 air-portable utility vehicle developed for the South African Army's Parachute Regiment during the 1980s. Designed to be paradropped or carried underslung by helicopters, it provides mobility for airborne troops immediately after landing. The Jakkals can carry light weapons, reconnaissance equipment, or small cargo loads, supporting rapid reaction and special operations forces.
The Marco Polo Bus is a locally assembled military transport vehicle based on a commercial chassis, adapted for troop movement and long-distance personnel transport within South Africa and regional deployments. Used primarily for logistics and training support, it provides safe, reliable road transport for soldiers to bases, exercises, and operational areas. These buses are maintained by the South African Army Support Formation and are built for durability and low operating costs in demanding conditions.
The Scania Bus fleet serves a similar role, offering medium- to long-distance transport for troops and military personnel. Known for its robust design and high passenger capacity, the Scania platform is also employed for training missions, peacekeeping deployments, and routine logistical movements.
The buses are operated mainly by transport regiments within the South African Army, ensuring a consistent road mobility capability for large troop formations.
The Ford Ranger is the South African Army's standard light utility vehicle, widely employed for command, liaison, patrol, and logistics support. Locally assembled under license, the Ranger fleet includes both single- and double-cab variants, some fitted with light weapon mounts or communications equipment for operational roles. Its versatility and low running costs make it the backbone of the Army's light vehicle fleet, supporting missions from base security to border patrol.
Various civilian utility vehicles are utilized by the army for light transport/patrol purposes (primarily Ford, Land Rover, Mercedes, Iveco and Toyota vehicles).
Alongside the Ranger, the Toyota Land Cruiser platforms are used in smaller numbers for border patrol. Known for their reliability in harsh environments, they serve as general-purpose vehicles for border patrol duties and local area mobility, and are equipped with light weapons.
Engineering equipment
Future equipment on order
Equipment in development and financed by the SANDF, but no order yet
The Leguan Armoured Bridge Layer is a modern combat engineering system capable of deploying a 26-meter bridge within minutes to support mechanized forces. Mounted on a Leopard 2 chassis for international users, the South African version is primarily integrated onto a wheeled platform for mobility and rapid deployment, 1 variant is mounted on an Olifant tank chassis.[131]
The Olifant ABL is an engineering variant of the Olifant MBT designed to deploy armoured bridges rapidly across rivers, trenches, and other obstacles in combat zones. Built on the Olifant MBT platform, it provides protected mobility solutions for mechanized forces.
The Olifant ARV is a dedicated armoured recovery vehicle based on the Olifant main battle tank (MBT) chassis. Designed to recover damaged or disabled armoured vehicles from the battlefield, it is equipped with a crane, winch, and repair tools while retaining heavy armour protection.
The Gemsbok is a specialized variant of the Casspir mine-resistant ambush-protected (MRAP) vehicle configured as a logistics and transport support platform. Built on the same proven V-shaped hull design as the Casspir, it retains multi-role MRAP capabilities with modifications for cargo carrying and engineering support roles.
Construction engineering
The South African Army's Engineer Formation operates a wide range of militarised construction, bridging, earthmoving, and geospatial systems to support combat operations, mobility, and infrastructure development.
Pantile (MOEMS) Earthmoving Fleet As part of a twenty-year modernization project, the SANDF received militarised earthmoving platforms—including tractor-loader backhoes (TLBs), skid-steer excavators, tracked and wheeled bulldozers, graders, trailers, wheeled loaders, and bulldozer simulators—between 2015 and 2017 under the Militarised Operational Earthmoving System (MOEMS) programme. This equipment is assigned to the Engineer Support Regiment for both national and continental tasks.[134]
Tracked and Wheeled Dozers, Graders, Dump Trucks, Loaders The engineering corps operates Japan-origin wheeled dozers (Komatsu), US-made full tracked bulldozers (Caterpillar, Michigan), SAMAG and Nissan Diesel dump trucks, road graders (such as US-made Cat Wright and Galion), and front-end loaders—all maintained for construction, roadworks, and obstacle generation tasks.
Vlakvark Tractor-Loader Backhoe ("Battle Tractor") A militarised tractor-loader backhoe designed for combat engineering roles, the Vlakvark is employed for trenching, excavation, construction, and fortification work. It is capable of operating in hostile environments and provides versatile battlefield engineering support.
Heavy-Duty Transport and Logistics The Engineer Formation makes use of heavy-duty haulers and lowbeds (primarily MAN and Mercedes-Benz), utility dump trucks, and articulated or rigid haulage vehicles for transporting construction and combat engineering equipment.
Bridging Systems – Modular Bailey Bridges The South African Army's Engineer Formation maintains modular Bailey bridging systems, which can be rapidly deployed to restore mobility in combat zones or disaster-relief environments. These modular steel bridges are capable of supporting both wheeled and tracked vehicles.[135]
Mobile Operational Geographic System (MOGS) The MOGS provides mobile geographic intelligence, mapping, and terrain-analysis capabilities essential for operational planning and combat support.
Combat Support Engineering Equipment Additional systems include the Plofadder rocket-propelled minefield-clearing system (capable of clearing 160 m × 8 m lanes using explosive line charges), MMD Mark 3 metal detectors, Waterbuffel mobile water purification and pumping systems, and various trailers and conveyors for engineering support.
Unmanned ground vehicles (UGV's)
The South African National Defence Force (SANDF) has shown ongoing interest in deploying unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) to support reconnaissance, border security, logistics, and demining operations.[136] A number of indigenous and collaborative systems have been developed or offered for evaluation, including the locally designed DCD Testudo, a multi-role combat UGV,[137] and the B-Cat Pathfinder, designed for amphibious and combat support roles,[136] while Denel is currently developing a new UGV platform.[138] In addition, the Rheinmetall Mission Master, a modular, rocket-launcher combat UGV, has been showcased in South Africa, with members of the South African Special Forces observed alongside it during trials.[139]
Future equipment on order
Equipment in development and financed by the SANDF, but no order yet
The Digital Vanguard-S UGV is a compact, remotely operated system optimized for explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) and counter-IED roles. Similar in concept to Western designs such as the Dragon Runner, it is small enough to be deployed quickly in urban or confined terrain. The Vanguard-S is fitted with cameras, sensors, and a manipulator arm to identify, handle, and neutralize hazardous devices without exposing personnel to direct danger. It has been observed in limited use with the South African Army, but the extent of its operational deployment remains undisclosed.
Aircraft
The South African Army operates only unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for reconnaissance and surveillance. Helicopters and fixed-wing aircraft, including jets, are operated exclusively by the South African Air Force (SAAF). The Army's airborne and paratrooper units make use of SAAF assets: airborne infantry are deployed by SAAF helicopters, while paratroopers rely on C-130 Hercules aircraft for airlift. For a full list of aircraft, see: List of aircraft of the South African Air Force.
Unmanned aerial vehicles
The South African Army operates and has access to several unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) platforms for reconnaissance, surveillance, and support missions.
Intelligence, surveillance, and combat reconnaissance
36
The Seeker is a retired unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) that was transferred from the South African Air Force to the SANDF Joint Operations Division. Its successor, the Seeker 400, is now primarily employed for border patrol and anti-poaching operations, and is jointly available to all service branches under the command of the Joint Operations Division.[141][142]
Intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition, and reconnaissance
4
Atleast 4 were acquired under Project Klooster. The Vulture is used for target acquisition, fall-of-shot detection and fire correction in support of Towed and Self Propelled Gun Howitzer Systems of the SA Army Artillery Formation.[143]
The CSIR Indiza is an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) developed by South Africa's Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR). It is operated by the South African Army since atleast 2018 and is primarily used for tactical surveillance and reconnaissance missions.[144]
Under Project Dominate, the SANDF is accquiring 16 quadcopter UAVs (R16 million) and two long-range UAVs (R24 million), likely the Milkor 780 long-range UCAVs currently in development.[145]TheAir Force has also received over five Milkor 380 UCAVs since 2023, the largest UAVs of their kind in Africa, with the newer 780 expected to surpass them in size and capability when development is completed.
↑ "Trade Registers". Armstrade.sipri.org. Archived from the original on 13 May 2011. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
↑ Leon Engelbrecht (24 May 2011). "SA Army stocks up on Milan 3". Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 15 December 2016. The SANDF has ordered an undisclosed further number of Milan missiles..The R57 990 630.80 purchase order was awarded to Euromissile [sic] last week. It takes the known value of Project Kingfisher – according to the Armscor Bulletin System (ABS) – to R271 076 483.37...The Kingfisher contract was placed on December 20, 2006, and initially escaped media notice. In March 2009 the military ordered a further 13 Milan ADT firing posts and four simulators under a contract worth €10.7 million (about R129.3 million at then exchange rates, but R81.5 million on the ABS).
↑ "Weapon Systems: Armour - Rooikat". Army.mil.za. RSA Dept of Defence. 13 December 2010. Archived from the original on 1 February 2015. Retrieved 16 April 2014.
↑ Venter, Dewald (22 May 2018). "Badger". Tank Encyclopedia. Retrieved 15 May 2024.
↑ "South africa 8x8 APC". Archived from the original on 26 February 2018. Retrieved 7 March 2018.
↑ "Vehicles - Mamba". Army.mil.za. RSA Dept of Defence. 13 December 2010. Archived from the original on 8 July 2013. Retrieved 16 April 2014.
↑ Venter, Dewald (31 December 2019). "Mamba Mk2 and 3". Tank Encyclopedia. Retrieved 15 April 2024.
↑ "Vehicles - Gecko". Army.mil.za. SA Army: SA Dept of Defence. 13 December 2010. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
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