Haitiportal |
This article lists the heads of state of Haiti [1] since the beginning of the Haitian Revolution in 1791. Full independence of Haiti was declared in 1804.
Between 1806 and 1820 Haiti was divided between the northern State , renamed Kingdom in 1811, and the southern Republic . Between 1822 and 1844 the reunified Republic of Haiti ruled over the entire island of Hispaniola, during the Haitian occupation of Santo Domingo.
Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) | Term of office | Party | Title(s) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Took office | Left office | Time in office | ||||||
Toussaint Louverture (1743–1803) | 1 January 1791 | 6 May 1802 | 11 years, 125 days | Independent | Leader of the Haitian Revolution (1 January 1791 – 6 May 1802) Lieutenant Governor of Saint-Domingue (1797 – 7 July 1801) Governor-General for Life of the entire island of Hispaniola (7 July 1801 – 6 May 1802) | |||
Vacant (6 May 1802–1 January 1804) | ||||||||
Jean-Jacques Dessalines (1758–1806) | 1 January 1804 | 22 September 1804 | 265 days | Independent | Governor-General of Haiti |
Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) | Reign | Royal house | Coat of arms | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Reign start | Reign ended | Duration | ||||
Jacques I (1758–1806) | 22 September 1804 [lower-alpha 1] | 17 October 1806 | 2 years, 25 days | Dessalines |
Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) | Term of office | Party | Title(s) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Took office | Left office | Time in office | |||||
Henri Christophe (1767–1820) | 17 October 1806 | 28 March 1811 | 4 years, 162 days | Independent | Provisional Chief of the Haitian Government (17 October 1806 – 17 February 1807) President (17 February 1807 – 28 March 1811) [lower-alpha 2] |
Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) | Reign | Royal house | Coat of arms | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Reign start | Reign ended | Duration | ||||
Henry I (1767–1820) [lower-alpha 2] | 28 March 1811 [lower-alpha 3] | 8 October 1820 | 9 years, 194 days | Christophe |
No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) | Term of office | Party | Title(s) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Took office | Left office | Time in office | |||||
1 | Alexandre Pétion (1770–1818) | 17 October 1806 | 29 March 1818 | 11 years, 163 days | Independent | President (17 October 1806 – 9 October 1816) President for Life (9 October 1816 – 29 March 1818) [lower-alpha 4] | |
2 | Jean-Pierre Boyer (1776–1850) | 30 March 1818 | 18 October 1820 | 2 years, 202 days | Independent | President for Life [lower-alpha 5] |
No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) | Term of office | Party | Title(s) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Took office | Left office | Time in office | |||||
(2) | Jean-Pierre Boyer (1776–1850) | 18 October 1820 | 13 February 1843 | 22 years, 118 days | Independent | President for Life | |
3 | Charles Rivière-Hérard (1789–1850) | 4 April 1843 | 3 May 1844 | 1 year, 29 days | Independent | President | |
4 | Philippe Guerrier (1757–1845) | 3 May 1844 | 15 April 1845 | 347 days | Independent | President | |
5 | Jean-Louis Pierrot (1761–1857) | 16 April 1845 | 1 March 1846 [lower-alpha 6] | 319 days | Independent | President | |
6 | Jean-Baptiste Riché (1780–1847) | 1 March 1846 | 27 February 1847 | 363 days | Independent | President | |
7 | Faustin Soulouque (1782–1867) | 2 March 1847 | 26 August 1849 | 2 years, 177 days | Independent | President |
Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) | Reign | Royal house | Coat of arms | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Reign start | Reign ended | Duration | ||||
Faustin I (1782–1867) | 26 August 1849 [lower-alpha 7] | 22 January 1859 | 9 years, 149 days | Soulouque |
No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) | Elected | Term of office | Party | Title(s) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Took office | Left office | Time in office | ||||||
8 | Fabre Geffrard (1806–1878) | — | 22 January 1859 | 13 March 1867 | 8 years, 50 days | Independent | President | |
— | Jean-Nicolas Nissage Saget (1810–1880) | — | 13 March 1867 | 4 May 1867 | 52 days | Independent | Provisional President | |
9 | Sylvain Salnave (1827–1870) | — | 4 May 1867 | 27 December 1869 | 2 years, 237 days | Independent | President | |
10 | Jean-Nicolas Nissage Saget (1810–1880) | — | 27 December 1869 | 14 May 1874 | 4 years, 138 days | Liberal Party | President | |
— | Council of Secretaries of State | — | 14 May 1874 | 14 June 1874 | 31 days | Independent | Council of Secretaries of State | |
11 | Michel Domingue (1813–1877) | — | 14 June 1874 | 15 April 1876 | 1 year, 306 days | National Party [2] | President | |
12 | Pierre Théoma Boisrond-Canal (1832–1905) | — | 23 April 1876 | 17 July 1879 | 3 years, 85 days | Liberal Party | Provisional President (23 April 1876 – 17 July 1876) President (17 July 1876 – 17 July 1879) | |
— | Public Order Committee | — | 17 July 1879 | 26 July 1879 | 9 days | Independent | [lower-alpha 8] | |
— | Joseph Lamothe (?–1891) | — | 26 July 1879 | 3 October 1879 | 69 days | Independent | Provisional President | |
— | Florvil Hyppolite (1828–1896) | — | 3 October 1879 | 26 October 1879 | 23 days | National Party | Provisional President [lower-alpha 9] | |
13 | Lysius Salomon (1815–1888) | — | 26 October 1879 | 10 August 1888 | 8 years, 289 days | National Party | President | |
— | Pierre Théoma Boisrond-Canal (1832–1905) | — | 10 August 1888 | 16 October 1888 | 67 days | Liberal Party | Provisional President | |
14 | François Denys Légitime (1841–1935) | — | 16 October 1888 | 23 August 1889 | 311 days | Liberal Party | President | |
— | Monpoint Jeune (1830–1905) | — | 23 August 1889 | 17 October 1889 | 55 days | Independent | Provisional President | |
15 | Florvil Hyppolite (1828–1896) | — | 17 October 1889 | 24 March 1896 | 6 years, 159 days | National Party | President | |
16 | Tirésias Simon Sam (1835–1916) | — | 31 March 1896 | 12 May 1902 | 6 years, 42 days | National Party | President | |
— | Pierre Théoma Boisrond-Canal (1832–1905) | — | 26 May 1902 | 17 December 1902 | 205 days | Liberal Party | Provisional President | |
17 | Pierre Nord Alexis (1820–1910) | — | 21 December 1902 | 2 December 1908 | 5 years, 347 days | Military | President | |
— | Commission for Public Order | — | 2 December 1908 | 6 December 1908 | 4 days | Independent | [lower-alpha 10] | |
18 | François C. Antoine Simon (1843–1923) | — | 6 December 1908 | 2 August 1911 [7] | 2 years, 239 days | Liberal Party | President | |
19 | Cincinnatus Leconte (1854–1912) | — | 15 August 1911 | 8 August 1912 [8] | 359 days | National Party | President [lower-alpha 11] | |
20 | Tancrède Auguste (1856–1913) | — | 8 August 1912 | 2 May 1913 | 267 days | National Party | President | |
21 | Michel Oreste (1859–1918) | — | 12 May 1913 | 27 January 1914 [9] | 260 days | Independent | President | |
— | Edmond Polynice (? – ?) | — | 27 January 1914 | 8 February 1914 [10] | 12 days | Military | Provisional President | |
22 | Oreste Zamor (1861–1915) | — | 8 February 1914 | 29 October 1914 | 263 days | Military | President | |
— | Edmond Polynice (? – ?) | — | 29 October 1914 | 6 November 1914 | 8 days | Military | Provisional President | |
23 | Joseph Davilmar Théodore (1847–1917) | — | 7 November 1914 | 22 February 1915 | 107 days | Military | President | |
24 | Vilbrun Guillaume Sam (1859–1915) | — | 25 February 1915 | 28 July 1915 | 153 days | Military | President [lower-alpha 12] | |
— | Revolutionary Committee | — | 28 July 1915 | 11 August 1915 | 14 days | Independent | [lower-alpha 13] | |
25 | Philippe Sudré Dartiguenave (1863–1926) | — | 12 August 1915 | 15 May 1922 | 6 years, 276 days | Independent | President [lower-alpha 14] | |
26 | Louis Borno (1865–1942) | — | 15 May 1922 | 15 May 1930 | 8 years | Independent | President [lower-alpha 14] | |
27 | Louis Eugène Roy (1861–1939) | — | 15 May 1930 | 18 November 1930 | 187 days | Independent | President [lower-alpha 14] | |
28 | Sténio Vincent (1874–1959) | — | 18 November 1930 | 15 May 1941 | 10 years, 178 days | Independent | President [lower-alpha 15] | |
29 | Élie Lescot (1883–1974) | — | 15 May 1941 | 11 January 1946 | 4 years, 241 days | Liberal Party | President | |
30 | Franck Lavaud (1903–1986) | — | 11 January 1946 | 16 August 1946 | 217 days | Military | Chairman of the Military Executive Committee | |
31 | Dumarsais Estimé (1900–1953) | — | 16 August 1946 | 10 May 1950 | 3 years, 267 days | Independent | President | |
(30) | Franck Lavaud (1903–1986) | — | 10 May 1950 | 6 December 1950 | 210 days | Military | Chairman of the Government Junta | |
32 | Paul Magloire (1907–2001) | 1950 | 6 December 1950 | 12 December 1956 | 6 years, 6 days | Peasant Worker Movement | President | |
— | Joseph Nemours Pierre-Louis (1900–1966) | — | 12 December 1956 | 3 February 1957 | 53 days | Independent | Provisional President | |
— | Franck Sylvain (1909–1987) | — | 7 February 1957 | 2 April 1957 | 54 days | Independent | Provisional President | |
— | Léon Cantave (1910–1967) | — | 2 April 1957 | 6 April 1957 | 4 days | Military | Acting President | |
— | Executive Government Council | — | 6 April 1957 | 20 May 1957 | 44 days | Independent | Executive Government Council | |
— | Léon Cantave (1910–1967) | — | 20 May 1957 | 25 May 1957 | 5 days | Military | Acting President | |
— | Daniel Fignolé (1913–1986) | — | 25 May 1957 | 14 June 1957 | 20 days | Peasant Worker Movement | Provisional President | |
33 | Antonio Thrasybule Kébreau (1909–1963) | — | 14 June 1957 | 22 October 1957 | 130 days | Military | Chairman of the Military Council |
No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) | Elected | Term of office | Party | Title(s) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Took office | Left office | Time in office | ||||||
34 | François Duvalier (1907–1971) | 1957 1961 [P] 1964 [C] | 22 October 1957 | 21 April 1971† [11] [12] | 13 years, 181 days | National Unity Party | President (22 October 1957 – 22 June 1964) President for Life (22 June 1964 – 21 April 1971) | |
35 | Jean-Claude Duvalier (1951–2014) | 1971 [C] 1985 [C] | 21 April 1971 [lower-alpha 16] | 7 February 1986 [lower-alpha 17] | 14 years, 292 days | National Unity Party | President for Life |
No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) | Elected | Term of office | Party | Title(s) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Took office | Left office | Time in office | ||||||
36 | Henri Namphy (1932–2018) | — | 7 February 1986 | 7 February 1988 | 2 years | Military | President of the National Council of Government | |
37 | Leslie Manigat (1930–2014) | 1988 | 7 February 1988 | 20 June 1988 [lower-alpha 18] | 134 days | Rally of Progressive National Democrats | President | |
(36) | Henri Namphy (1932–2018) | — | 20 June 1988 | 17 September 1988 [lower-alpha 19] | 89 days | Military | President | |
38 | Prosper Avril (born 1937) | — | 17 September 1988 | 10 March 1990 | 1 year, 236 days | Military | President | |
— | Hérard Abraham (1940–2022) | — | 10 March 1990 | 13 March 1990 | 3 days | Military | Acting President | |
— | Ertha Pascal-Trouillot (born 1943) | — | 13 March 1990 | 7 February 1991 | 331 days | Independent | Provisional President | |
39 | Jean-Bertrand Aristide (born 1953) | 1990–91 | 7 February 1991 | 29 September 1991 [lower-alpha 20] | 234 days | Struggling People's Organization | President | |
40 | Raoul Cédras (born 1949) | — | 29 September 1991 | 8 October 1991 | 9 days | Military | Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces [lower-alpha 21] | |
— | Joseph Nérette (1924–2007) | — | 8 October 1991 | 19 June 1992 | 255 days | Independent | Provisional President | |
— | Council of Ministers Prime Minister: Marc Bazin (1932–2010) | — | 19 June 1992 | 15 June 1993 | 361 days | Movement for the Instauration of Democracy in Haiti | Council of Ministers | |
(39) | Jean-Bertrand Aristide (born 1953) | — | 15 June 1993 | 12 May 1994 | 331 days | Struggling People's Organization | President [lower-alpha 22] | |
— | Émile Jonassaint (1913–1995) | — | 12 May 1994 | 12 October 1994 | 153 days | Independent | Provisional President | |
(39) | Jean-Bertrand Aristide (born 1953) | — | 12 October 1994 | 7 February 1996 | 1 year, 118 days | Struggling People's Organization | President [lower-alpha 23] | |
41 | René Préval (1943–2017) | 1995 | 7 February 1996 | 7 February 2001 | 5 years | Fanmi Lavalas | President | |
(39) | Jean-Bertrand Aristide (born 1953) | 2000 | 7 February 2001 | 29 February 2004 [lower-alpha 24] | 3 years, 22 days | Fanmi Lavalas | President | |
— | Boniface Alexandre (1936–2023) | — | 29 February 2004 | 14 May 2006 | 2 years, 75 days | Independent | Provisional President | |
(41) | René Préval (1943–2017) | 2006 | 14 May 2006 | 14 May 2011 | 5 years | Lespwa [lower-alpha 25] | President | |
Inite | ||||||||
42 | Michel Martelly (born 1961) | 2010–11 | 14 May 2011 | 7 February 2016 | 4 years, 269 days | Repons Peyizan | President | |
— | Council of Ministers Prime Minister: Evans Paul (born 1955) | — | 7 February 2016 | 14 February 2016 | 7 days | Independent | Council of Ministers | |
— | Jocelerme Privert (born 1953) | 2016 (Feb) [I] | 14 February 2016 | 7 February 2017 | 359 days | Inite | Provisional President [lower-alpha 26] | |
43 | Jovenel Moïse (1968–2021) | 2016 (Nov) | 7 February 2017 | 7 July 2021† [lower-alpha 27] | 4 years, 150 days | Haitian Tèt Kale Party | President | |
— | Council of Ministers Acting Prime Minister: Claude Joseph | — | 7 July 2021 | 20 July 2021 | 13 days | Independent | Council of Ministers | |
— | Council of Ministers Acting Prime Minister: Ariel Henry (born 1949) | — | 20 July 2021 | Incumbent | 2 years, 256 days | Independent | Council of Ministers |
Haiti, officially the Republic of Haiti, is a country on the island of Hispaniola in the Caribbean Sea, east of Cuba and Jamaica, and south of The Bahamas. It occupies the western three-eighths of the island which it shares with the Dominican Republic. Haiti is 27,750 km2 (10,714 sq mi), the third largest country in the Caribbean, and has an estimated population of 11.4 million, making it the most populous Caribbean country. The capital is Port-au-Prince.
The recorded history of Haiti began in 1492, when the European captain and explorer Christopher Columbus landed on a large island in the region of the western Atlantic Ocean that later came to be known as the Caribbean. The western portion of the island of Hispaniola, where Haiti is situated, was inhabited by the Taíno and Arawakan people, who called their island Ayiti. The island was promptly claimed for the Spanish Crown, where it was named La Isla Española, later Latinized to Hispaniola. By the early 17th century, the French had built a settlement on the west of Hispaniola and called it Saint-Domingue. Prior to the Seven Years' War (1756–1763), the economy of Saint-Domingue gradually expanded, with sugar and, later, coffee becoming important export crops. After the war which had disrupted maritime commerce, the colony underwent rapid expansion. In 1767, it exported indigo, cotton and 72 million pounds of raw sugar. By the end of the century, the colony encompassed a third of the entire Atlantic slave trade.
The politics of Haiti takes place in the framework of a unitary semi-presidential republic, where the president is the head of state and the prime minister is the head of government. The politics of Haiti are considered historically unstable due to various coups d'état, regime changes, military juntas and internal conflicts. After Jean-Bertrand Aristide was deposed, Haitian politics became relatively stable. The Economist Intelligence Unit rated Haiti an "authoritarian regime" in 2022. According to the V-Dem Democracy indices Haiti is 2023 the 4th least electoral democratic country in Latin America.
The government of Haiti is a semi-presidential republic, a multi-party system wherein the President of Haiti is head of state elected directly by popular elections. The Prime Minister acts as head of government and is appointed by the President, chosen from the majority party in the National Assembly. Executive power is exercised by the President and Prime Minister who together constitute the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the two chambers of the National Assembly of Haiti. The government is organized unitarily, thus the central government delegates powers to the departments without a constitutional need for consent. The current structure of Haiti's political system was set forth in the Constitution of March 29, 1987.
The president of Haiti, officially called the president of the Republic of Haiti, is the head of state of Haiti. Executive power in Haiti is divided between the president and the government, which is headed by the prime minister of Haiti. Acting Prime Minister Ariel Henry currently serves as Acting President following the assassination of President Jovenel Moïse on 7 July 2021.
Matthieu Prosper Avril is a Haitian political figure who was President of Haiti from 1988 to 1990. A trusted member of François Duvalier's Presidential Guard and adviser to Jean-Claude Duvalier, Lt. Gen. Avril led the September 1988 Haitian coup d'état against a transition military government installed after Jean-Claude Duvalier's 1986 overthrow. He was President until March 1990, in a period which according to Amnesty International was "marred by serious human rights violations". He was arrested in 2001, but released in March 2004 after the 2004 Haitian coup d'état overthrew Jean-Bertrand Aristide.
Hérard Abraham was a Haitian military officer and politician who served as the acting President of Haiti in 1990, helping to lead its democratic transition.
Haiti's Constitution and written laws meet most international human rights standards. In practice, many provisions are not respected. The government's human rights record is poor. Political killings, kidnapping, torture, and unlawful incarceration are common unofficial practices, especially during periods of coups or attempted coups.
The Armed Forces of Haiti, consisted of the Haitian Army, Haitian Navy, the Haitian Air Force, Haitian Coast Guard, Agence Nationale d'Intelligence (ANI) and some police forces. The Army was always the dominant service with the others serving primarily in a support role. The name of Haiti's military was changed from The Indigenous Army to the Garde d'Haiti after the U.S. invasion and occupation of Haiti in 1915. Then to the Forces Armées d'Haïti—FAd'H in 1958 during the rule of François Duvalier. After years of military interference in politics, including dozens of military coups and attempted coups, Haiti disbanded its military in 1995.
Pierre Théoma Boisrond-Canal was a Haitian politician who served as the president of Haiti three times.
Jovenel Moïse was a Haitian entrepreneur and politician, who served as the 43rd President of Haiti from 2017 until his assassination in 2021. He assumed the presidency in February 2017 after winning the November 2016 election. In 2019, Haiti experienced widespread protests and unrest. In the early morning of 7 July 2021, Moïse was assassinated, and his wife Martine was injured during an attack on their private residence in Pétion-Ville. Claude Joseph assumed the role of acting president in the aftermath of Moïse's assassination.
Protests began in cities throughout Haiti on 7 July 2018 in response to increased fuel prices. Over time, these protests evolved into demands for the resignation of Jovenel Moïse, the then-president of Haiti. Led by opposition politician Jean-Charles Moïse, protesters stated that their goals were to create a transitional government, provide social programs, and prosecute allegedly corrupt officials. From 2019 to 2021, there were massive protests calling for the Jovenel Moïse government to resign. Moïse had come in first in the 2016 presidential election, for which voter turnout was 21%. The 2015 elections had been annulled due to fraud. On 7 February 2021, supporters of the opposition against Moïse allegedly attempted a coup d'état, leading to 23 arrests, as well as clashes between protestors and police.
Events in the year 2021 in Haiti.
Claude Joseph is a Haitian politician who served as Minister of Foreign Affairs and Worship from 4 March 2020 to 24 November 2021, and served as acting Prime Minister of Haiti from 14 April 2021 to 20 July 2021, and acting President of Haiti from 7 July 2021 to 20 July 2021.
Jovenel Moïse, the 43rd president of Haiti, was assassinated on 7 July 2021 at 1 am EDT (UTC−04:00) at his residence in Port-au-Prince. A group of 28 foreign mercenaries, mostly Colombians, are alleged to be responsible for the killing. First Lady Martine Moïse was also shot multiple times in the attack, and was airlifted to the United States for emergency treatment. Later in the day, USGPN killed three of the suspected assassins and arrested 20 more. A manhunt was launched for other gunmen as well as the masterminds of the attack. Haitian chief prosecutor Bedford Claude confirmed plans to question Moïse's top bodyguards; none of the president's security guards were killed or injured in the attack. US authorities have since arrested eleven suspects alleged to have conspired in the assassination. Martine Moïse and Claude Joseph, who succeeded Moïse as President of Haiti, have been accused of conspiring in the assassination and were formally charged on February 19, 2024.
Martine Marie Étienne Moïse is the former First Lady of Haiti and widow of assassinated Haitian President Jovenel Moïse. She served as the first lady from 7 February 2017 to 7 July 2021. Moïse was wounded during the early morning attack on their home in Pétion-Ville that left her husband assassinated.
Ariel Henry is a Haitian neurosurgeon and politician who has served as the acting president and prime minister of Haiti since 20 July 2021, after the assassination of president Jovenel Moïse. He is also serving as the acting Minister of Interior and Territorial Communities. He became involved in a controversy due to his refusal to cooperate with the authorities over his links with Joseph-Félix Badio, one of the suspects accused of orchestrating the assassination of Jovenel Moïse on 7 July 2021. Officers who investigated the case suspected Henry was involved with planning the assassination.
Marie Jude Gilbert Dragon was a Haitian police chief and guerilla commander.