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The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, often shortened to Hamlet, is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare sometime between 1599 and 1601. It is Shakespeare's longest play, with 29,551 words. Set in Denmark, the play depicts Prince Hamlet and his attempts to exact revenge against his uncle, Claudius, who has murdered Hamlet's father in order to seize his throne and marry Hamlet's mother. Hamlet is considered among the "most powerful and influential tragedies in the English language", with a story capable of "seemingly endless retelling and adaptation by others". It is widely considered one of the greatest plays of all time. Three different early versions of the play are extant: the First Quarto ; the Second Quarto ; and the First Folio. Each version includes lines and passages missing from the others.
William Shakespeare was an English playwright, poet, and actor. He is widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon". His extant works, including collaborations, consist of some 39 plays, 154 sonnets, three long narrative poems, and a few other verses, some of uncertain authorship. His plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed more often than those of any other playwright. Shakespeare remains arguably the most influential writer in the English language, and his works continue to be studied and reinterpreted.
Polonius is a character in William Shakespeare's play Hamlet. He is chief counsellor of the play's ultimate villain, Claudius, and the father of Laertes and Ophelia. Generally regarded as wrong in every judgment he makes over the course of the play, Polonius is described by William Hazlitt as a "sincere" father, but also "a busy-body, [who] is accordingly officious, garrulous, and impertinent". In Act II, Hamlet refers to Polonius as a "tedious old fool" and taunts him as a latter day "Jephtha".
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Shakespeare's plays are a canon of approximately 39 dramatic works written by English poet, playwright, and actor William Shakespeare. The exact number of plays as well as their classifications as tragedy, history, comedy, or otherwise is a matter of scholarly debate. Shakespeare's plays are widely regarded as among the greatest in the English language and are continually performed around the world. The plays have been translated into every major living language.
Hamnet Shakespeare was the only son of William Shakespeare and Anne Hathaway, and the fraternal twin of Judith Shakespeare. He died at the age of 11. Some Shakespearean scholars speculate on the relationship between Hamnet and his father's later play Hamlet, as well as on possible connections between Hamnet's death and the writing of King John, Romeo and Juliet, Julius Caesar, and Twelfth Night.
Numerous cultural references to Hamlet reflect the continued influence of this play. Hamlet is one of the most popular of Shakespeare's plays, topping the list at the Royal Shakespeare Company since 1879, as of 2004.
Anna Świrszczyńska (1909–1984) was a Polish poet whose works deal with themes including her experiences during World War II, motherhood, the female body, and sensuality.
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The sources of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, a tragedy by William Shakespeare believed to have been written between 1599 and 1601, trace back as far as pre-13th century. The generic "hero-as-fool" story is so old and is expressed in the literature of so many cultures that scholars have hypothesized that it may be Indo-European in origin. A Scandinavian version of the story of Hamlet was put into writing around 1200 AD by Danish historian Saxo Grammaticus in his work Gesta Danorum. It is from this work that Shakespeare borrowed to create Hamlet. Similar accounts are found in the Icelandic Saga of Hrolf Kraki and the Roman legend of Lucius Junius Brutus, both of which feature heroes who pretend to be insane in order to get revenge. A reasonably accurate version of Saxo's story was translated into French in 1570 by François de Belleforest in his Histoires Tragiques. Belleforest embellished Saxo's text substantially, almost doubling its length, and introduced the hero's melancholy.
English literature is literature written in the English language from the English-speaking world. The English language has developed over the course of more than 1,400 years. The earliest forms of English, a set of Anglo-Frisian dialects brought to Great Britain by Anglo-Saxon invaders in the fifth century, are called Old English. Beowulf is the most famous work in Old English, and has achieved national epic status in England, despite being set in Scandinavia. However, following the Norman conquest of England in 1066, the written form of the Anglo-Saxon language became less common. Under the influence of the new aristocracy, French became the standard language of courts, parliament, and polite society. The English spoken after the Normans came is known as Middle English. This form of English lasted until the 1470s, when the Chancery Standard, a London-based form of English, became widespread. Geoffrey Chaucer (1343–1400), author of The Canterbury Tales, was a significant figure in the development of the legitimacy of vernacular Middle English at a time when the dominant literary languages in England were still French and Latin. The invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg in 1439 also helped to standardise the language, as did the King James Bible (1611), and the Great Vowel Shift.
Tsuneari Fukuda was a Japanese dramatist, translator, and literary critic. From 1969 until 1983, he was a professor at Kyoto Sangyo University. He became a member of the Japan Art Academy in 1981.
Suman Pokhrel is a Nepali poet, lyricist, playwright, translator and artist. Universities in Nepal and India have included his poetry in their syllabus.
References
- ↑ "Poet Avraham Shlonsky Dies". CIE. 18 May 2018.
- ↑ "Search - Library - Shakespeare : opere complete / [translated by] Barbu Solacolu, Dan Duţescu [et al]. - Shakespeare Birthplace Trust". collections.shakespeare.org.uk.
- ↑ "PASTERNAK and SHAKESPEARE - The World of Shakespeare: An Electronic Encyclopaedia". world-shake.ru.
- ↑ Faccarello, Gilbert; Kurz, Heinz D. (27 July 2016). Handbook on the History of Economic Analysis Volume I: Great Economists Since Petty and Boisguilbert. Edward Elgar Publishing. ISBN 9781785366642 – via Google Books.
- ↑ "Shakespeare, William (Nordic Authors)". runeberg.org.
- ↑ "L.L. Zamenhof | Polish linguist and physician | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2023-03-01.
- ↑ Trivedi, Poonam (2002). "'Play[ing]'s the thing': Hamlet on the Indian Stage". Hamlet Studies. 24. Vikas Publishing House: 71. ISSN 0256-2480.
- ↑ Shakespeare, William; Pokhrel, Suman (2018) [1610]. आँधीबेहरी[Aandhibehari] (in Nepali). Translated by Pokhrel, Suman. Kathmandu: Nepal Academy. p. 84. ISBN 978-9937-723-08-4.
- ↑ Kishi, Tetsuo; Bradshaw, Graham (2006-12-19). Shakespeare in Japan by Tetsuo Kishi, Graham Bradshaw, pp. 29–53. A&C Black. ISBN 9780826492708 . Retrieved 2013-12-01.
- ↑ "PASSINGS: George Barrett, Enrique Zileri, Valeri Petrov, Steven R. Nagel". Los Angeles Times . 28 August 2014.
- ↑ "Барка Василь / Бібліотека Української Літератури – UkrClassic.com.ua". ukrclassic.com.ua.
- ↑ Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920). . Encyclopedia Americana .
- ↑ Aurel Sasu (ed.), Dicționarul biografic al literaturii române, vol. II, pp. 801–802. Pitești: Editura Paralela 45, 2004. ISBN 973-697-758-7
