Thaat | Bhairavi (or Asavari) |
---|---|
Type | Audava |
Time of day | Late night, 12–3 |
Arohana | Ṉ̣ S G̱ M Ḏ Ṉ Ṡ |
Avarohana |
|
Synonym |
|
Equivalent | Hindolam |
Hindustani classical music | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Concepts | ||||||
Instruments | ||||||
| ||||||
Genres | ||||||
| ||||||
Thaats | ||||||
Part of a series on |
Hindu scriptures and texts |
---|
Related Hindu texts |
Malkauns, known also as rag Malkosh, [1] is a raga in Indian classical music. It is one of the oldest ragas of Indian classical music. [2] The equivalent raga in Carnatic music is called Hindolam, not to be confused with the Hindustani Hindol.
According to Indian classical vocalist Pandit Jasraj, Malkauns is a raga that is "sung during small hours of the morning, just after midnight." He further adds that the raga has a soothing and intoxicating effect. [3]
Song | Language | Album | Year | Composer | Lyricist | Singer | Audio Label |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Karpanai Endralum | Tamil | Lord Muruga T M Sounder Revival | 1999 | M S Viswanathan | Vaali | T M Soundararajan | saregama |
Narudu Gurudani | Telugu | Namo Venkatesaya [4] | 2019 | Mahesh Mahadev | Kaiwara Sri Yogi Nareyana | S. P. Balasubhramanyam, Priyadarshini, Mahesh Mahadev, Raghuram | PM Audios |
Niladri Natham | Sanskrit | Jagannath Bhakti Rath Yatra | 2023 | Siba Prasad Rath | Dr. Ruru Kumar | Abhilipsa Panda | Times Music Spiritual |
The name Malkaush is derived from the combination of Mal and Kaushik, which means he who wears serpents like garlands – the god Shiva. However, the Malav-Kaushik mentioned in classical texts does not appear to be the same as the Malkauns performed today. [5] The raga is believed to have been created by goddess Parvati to calm lord Shiva, when he was outraged and refused to calm down after Tandav in rage of Sati's sacrifice. [3]
In Jainism , it is also stated that the Raga Malkauns is used by the Tirthankaras with the Ardhamāgadhi Language when they are giving Deshna (Lectures) in the Samavasarana .
Malkaush belongs to Shaivait musical school; in fact most pentatonic ragas belong to Shaivait musical school. [2]
His mace running with blood, garlanded with skulls of heroes, Malkaush surrounded by braves and bravest of the brave!
Shiv ttva ratnakara, 6, 8, 67 [2]
Malkauns belongs to the Bhairavi thaat. Its notes are Sa, komal Ga, shuddh Ma, komal Dha, and komal Ni. In Western classical notation, its notes can be denoted as: tonic, minor third, perfect fourth, minor sixth and minor seventh. In raga Malkauns, Rishabh (Re – second) and Pancham (Pa – perfect fifth) are completely omitted. Its jaati is audav-audav (five-five, that is, pentatonic). [6]
Arohana : Ṉ̣ S G̱ M Ḏ Ṉ Ṡ
The 'Ga' used is actually Ga-Sadharan (the rough minor third), 316-cent above Sa. [7] This corresponds to the note ga2, in the 22 shrutis list, with a factor of 6/5.
The vadi swara is Madhyam (Ma) while the Samavadi swara is Shadaj (Sa).
Pakad : G̱ M Ḏ M G̱ M G̱ S
Malkauns is a serious, meditative raga, and is developed mostly in the lower octave (mandra saptak) and in a slow tempo (vilambit laya). Ornaments such as meend, gamak and andolan are used rather than 'lighter' ornaments such as murki and khatka. Komal Ni is generally considered the starting note (graha swara), and the notes komal Ga and komal Dha are performed with vibrato (andolit). All five swaras can function as pausing notes.
The komal Ni in Malkauns is different from the komal Ni in Bhimpalasi.
The best time for this raga is late night. The effect of the raga is soothing and intoxicating.
In teaching this rāg to students in the early 1980s, Ali Akbar Khan confirmed that Malkaush is a midnight rāg of Bhairavi thaat, Aurav jati, with moods of devotion, peace and heroism. He remarked: "Djinni like this rāg" and "At first makes you sleepy, then gives you energy to move mountains." A lakshan geet (song that describes the characteristics of the raag) taught by Khansahib relates that Malkaush is one of the six original male ragas (thus ancient) and that its rasas (roughly "moods") are devotion and heroism [tala: Ada Chautāl]:
Che ragŏ mĕ se eka rāga / Bhakti rasa, vira rasa / Mālakosha kehārvata / Vadī swara madhyamano samavādi sarajamano arohi SgmdmS avarohi nSSndmSndmgmgs
The unique musical structure of Malkauns has given rise to many variations, creating what may be called a 'Kauns' family of related ragas.
'Man Tarpat Hari Darshan Ko Aaj' (film Baiju Bawra, performed by Mohammad Rafi), 'Aadha Hai Chandrama Raat Aadhi' (film Navrang, performed by Mahendra Kapoor and Asha Bhosle), 'Chham Chham Ghunghroo Bole' (film Kaajal, performed by Asha Bhosle), 'Ankhiyan Sang Ankhiyaan Laagi Aaj' (film Bada Aadmi), 'Balma Maane Na' (film Opera House) and 'Rang raliyaan karat sautan sang' (film Birbal My Brother), 'Ek Ladki Thi' (film Love You Hamesha, performed by Kavita Krishnamurti) are a few Hindi film compositions based on Malkauns. 'Rajasekhara' in the film 'Anarkali' in Tamil and Telugu is a composition based on this in South India. "Ohm Namashivaya" and "Margazhi Poove" songs in Tamil by Ilaiyaraaja and AR Rahman from Salangai Oli and May Madham respectively,""Neenu Neene" song from the movie Gadibidi Ganda, "Ra Ra" song in the movie Apthamitra in Kannada are also the best examples.
Note that the following songs are composed in Hindolam, the equivalent of raga Malkauns in Carnatic music.
S.No | Bandish Type | Bandish Initial Bol | Composer Author | Taal |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Dhrupad | Aadi Brahma Aadi Naad आदि ब्रह्म आदि नाद [8] | Acharya Pt Gokulotsavji Maharaj | ChouTaal |
Raga Malgunji is a Hindustani classical raga from the Khamaj Thaat. Some say it is a part of the Kafi Thaat too.
Darbari Kanada, or simply Raga Darbari, is a raga in Carnatic music. It is a janya ragam of 20th Melakarta raga Natabhairavi. Being an ancient raga, its original name is unknown. It is believed to be borrowed into Hindustani classical music by Miyan Tansen, the famous 16th-century composer in emperor Akbar's court. It belongs to the Kanada family. This tradition is reflected in the name itself; Darbar is the Persian derived word in Hindi meaning "court." As the most familiar raga in the Kanada family, it may sometimes also be called Shuddha Kanada or pure Kanada. It belongs to the Asavari thaat. This raag is called raaga Kaanada in Yakshagana Karnataka state dance. It is also sometimes written as Durbari and Durbarikanada.
Bhairavi is a Hindustani Classical heptatonic (Sampurna) raga of Bhairavi thaat. In Western musical terms, raga Bhairavi employs the notes of the Phrygian mode, one of the traditional European church modes.
Puriya Dhanashree is a raga in Hindustani classical music. It belongs to the Purvi thaat and has been derived from the defining raga of that thaat – Raga Purvi.
Bhoopali, also known as Bhoop, Bhopali, or Bhupali, is a Hindustani classical raga. Bhupālī, is a raag in Kalyan Thaat. It is a pentatonic scale. Most of the songs in this raga are based on Bhakti rasa. Since it uses 5 notes, belongs to the "Audav jaati" of ragas.
Bhimpalasi or Bheempalasi is a Hindustani classical raga. The Carnatic Music equivalent of this raga is Abheri.
Bhupal Todi or Bhoopal Todi is a Hindustani classical raga. This raga is quite different from Bhopali. The Carnatic music equivalent of Bhupal Todi musical scale is Bhupalam.
Brindaavani Sarang or Brindaabani Sarang, also known as raga Sarang, is a Hindustani classical raga. It is also called Vridaavani Sarang. This raga falls under the category of Sarang ragas.
Hamsadhvani, is a rāga in Carnatic music. It is an audava rāgam. It is a janya rāga of the Melakartha raga, Sankarabharanam (29th) but according to Hamsadhvani's prayoga or the way it is sung it is said to be the janya of Kalyani (65th).
Sohini is a raga in Hindustani classical music in the Marwa thaat. Alternate transliterations include Sohani and Sohni. Like Bahar, it is a small raga, with not much space for elaboration. It emotes the feel of longing, of passive sensuousness.
Kafi is a raga in Hindustani classical music. It corresponds to Kharaharapriya in Carnatic music and Dorian mode in Western music
Jog is a Raga in Hindustani classical music. It is one of the more popular ragas appearing often in films. Sometimes, experts assign this raga to be a member of Kafi thaat.
Hindōḷaṃ is a ragam in Carnatic music. It is an audava rāgam as it does not have all the seven swaras. Hindolam is not the same as the Hindustani Hindol. The equivalent of Hindolam in Hindustani music is Malkauns.
Kalavati or Kalawati is a modern pentatonic Hindustani classical raga. Svaras Re and Ma are strictly omitted (Varjya/Varjit). Kalavati belongs to the Khamaj Thaat.
Shankara is a raga in Hindustani classical music.
Tilak Kamod is a Hindustani classical raga.
Bhinna Shadja is a raga of Hindustani classical music belonging to the Bilaval Thaat. It contains five Shuddha Swaras: Shadaja, Gandhar, Madhyama, Dhaivata, and Nishad. Rishabh and Pancham are omitted. In the form of notation it contains S,G,M,D and N.
Patdeep or Patdip (पटदीप), is a Hindustani classical raga from the Kafi Thaat.
Gandhara is the 3rd svara from the seven svaras of Hindustani music and Carnatic music. Gandhara is the long form of the syllable ग. For simplicity in pronouncing while singing the syllable, Gandhara is pronounced as Ga.
Nishada is the seventh and last svara in Hindustani music and Carnatic music. Nishada is the long form of the syllable नी. For simplicity in pronouncing while singing the syllable, Nishada is pronounced as Ni.
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)They are set to one of the most widely performed ragas in North India, the pentatonic midnight raga Malkauns. The most important notes of Malkauns are Sa (the tonic) and Ma (the fourth). Both the gats and the tihais "cadence" on one of ...