Muara Angke mangrove forest and wildlife sanctuary is a protected nature conservation area at Kapuk Muara, Penjaringan along the north coast of Jakarta, Indonesia. Muara Angke Wildlife Sanctuary is located at the end of Muara Karang Raya street, near Mediterranean Gallery shopping complex.
Muara Angke Wildlife Sanctuary was protected since the colonial rule of the Dutch Indies on June 17, 1939, covering an area of 15.04 ha. During the 1960s, the conservation area was expanded to 1,344.62 hectares. Later, because of human pressure and environmental destruction within and around the national park, some of the mangrove forest area were destroyed.
On February 28, 1988, the area was declared a Nature Reserve (25.4 ha). [1] In November 1998, the status of this area changed to Wildlife Sanctuary or Suaka Margasatwa (25.02 ha). [2] Muara Angke Wildlife Sanctuary is listed as one of the important bird sanctuary in Java, protecting bird species such as milky stork and the endemic Sunda coucal. [3] Muara Angke Wildlife Sanctuary is currently facing issues such as mangrove cutting, water pollution (especially in Angke River), and settlements development at the edge of the area. [4]
There are about 30 species of plants recorded and 11 of them are true mangrove species in the mangrove forest. The true mangrove species include the bakau ( Rhizophora mucronata, R. apiculata ), api-api ( Avicennia spp.), pidada ( Sonneratia caseolaris ), and buta-buta ( Excoecaria agallocha ). Several types of mangrove associates can also be found in this area such as ketapang ( Terminalia catappa ) and nipah ( Nypa fruticans ). In addition to the above types, there are also several types of trees planted for reforestation. For example tamarind ( Tamarindus indica ), bintaro ( Cerbera manghas ), akasia ( Acacia auriculiformis ), nyamplung ( Calophyllum inophyllum ), putut ( Bruguiera gymnorrhiza ), and waru ( Hibiscus tiliaceus ).
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The wildlife sanctuary is home to various species of birds and other animals that have been hard to find in other areas of Jakarta. Jakarta Green Monster recorded all 91 species of birds, namely 28 species of water birds and 63 species of forest birds, living in this region. About 17 species of them are protected bird species.
Types of birds that often encountered include pecuk padi kecil(Phalacrocorax niger), blekok(Ardeola spp.), kuntul(Egretta spp.), kareo padi(Amaurornis phoenicurus), mandar batu(Gallinula chloropus), betet Jawa(Psittacula alexandri), Merbah cerukcuk(Pycnonotos goiavier), kipasan belang(Rhipidura javanica), and remetuk laut(Gerygone sulphurea). Some of them are distinctive birds of mangrove forests such as sikatan bakau(Cyornis rufigastra). In addition, it is also home to perenjak jawa(Prinia familiaris). The sanctuary is also inhabited by several species of endemic birds, which exist only on the island of Java. For example cerek jawa(Charadrius javanicus) and bubut jawa(Centropus nigrorufus), which is one of the most endangered species in the world, with limited distribution in a few places including this sanctuary. Another endangered bird that inhabits this area is bangau bluwok(Mycteria cinerea). In Java, this species of stork is known only to breed on Rambut Island located not far from Muara Angke in the Kepulauan Seribu group.
In addition to the species of birds, there are also groups of long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis). They live in groups up to a dozen individuals consisting of several males and females. The main food of the macaques in the mangroves are the young leaves and fruits of pidada(Sonneratia caseolaris), which gives them an important ecological role in the Muara Angke Wildlife Sanctuary, as they help spread the seeds of forest plants. The seeds that can not be digested will be removed again along with the feces.
Another type of mammals that can be found in the sanctuary, but rarely seen, is the small-clawed otter (Aonyx cinerea) which are small piscivores and are usually nocturnal. It is also home to a variety of reptile species such as biawak(Varanus salvator), sanca kembang(Python reticulatus), ular sendok jawa(Naja sputatrix), ular welang(Bungarus fasciatus), ular air belang(Homalopsis buccata), ular cincin emas(Boiga dendrophila), ular pucuk(Ahaetulla prasina) and ular tambak(Cerberus rhynchops). According to information given by local residents, there are also estuarine crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus) that live within the sanctuary.
The Vanuatu rain forests are tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests ecoregion which includes the islands of Vanuatu, as well as the Santa Cruz Islands group of the neighboring Solomon Islands. It is part of the Australasian realm, which includes neighboring New Caledonia and the Solomon Islands, as well as Australia, New Guinea, and New Zealand.
Yala (යාල) National Park is the most visited and second largest national park in Sri Lanka, bordering the Indian Ocean. The park consists of five blocks, two of which are now open to the public, and also adjoining parks. The blocks have individual names such as, Ruhuna National Park, and Kumana National Park or 'Yala East' for the adjoining area. It is situated in the southeast region of the country, and lies in Southern Province and Uva Province. The park covers 979 square kilometres (378 sq mi) and is located about 300 kilometres (190 mi) from Colombo. Yala was designated as a wildlife sanctuary in 1900, and, along with Wilpattu was one of the first two national parks in Sri Lanka, having been designated in 1938. The park is best known for its variety of wild animals. It is important for the conservation of Sri Lankan elephants, Sri Lankan leopards and aquatic birds.
Sundarbans is a mangrove area in the delta formed by the confluence of the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna Rivers in the Bay of Bengal. It spans from the Hooghly River in India's state of West Bengal to the Baleswar River in Bangladesh's division of Khulna. It comprises closed and open mangrove forests, land used for agricultural purpose, mudflats and barren land, and is intersected by multiple tidal streams and channels. Four protected areas in the Sundarbans are enlisted as UNESCO World Heritage Sites, viz. Sundarbans National Park, Sundarbans West, Sundarbans South and Sundarbans East Wildlife Sanctuaries.
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Penjaringan is a subdistrict of North Jakarta, Indonesia. It is the westernmost Subdistrict of North Jakarta. Muara Angke port and the mouth of Sunda Kelapa Port is located within Penjaringan. Penjaringan contains the remnants of the original mangrove forest of Jakarta, some is protected by the government. Penjaringan Subdistrict is crisscrossed with water draining channels, canals, and water reservoirs to protect the land from sea flooding. The Cengkareng Drain, part of Jakarta's flood control system, flows to the sea through this subdistrict.
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The Indonesian Forest Rangers is a park ranger civil service within the Ministry of Environment and Forestry of Indonesia. It serves on a national and regional level in the country. Polhut is a dedicated unit in the Ministry of Environment and Forestry to preserve and protect forest within its authority given by law in forestry and wildlife. Despite having the word Polisi, translated as "police", on its name, Polhut is not part of the Indonesian National Police (Polri).
Muara Angke is a fishing port located at Kapuk Muara, Penjaringan, along the north coast of Jakarta, Indonesia. The port is integrated with fishermen's housing and a fishing port management office owned by the Jakarta government. It has modern fish market with supporting facilities for landing and auction of fishes. The port is located at the mouth of Angke River, where it meets Java Sea. Muara Angke Wildlife Reserve is also located in this area, adjacent to Muara Karang.
Char Kukri-Mukri Wildlife Sanctuary is a wildlife sanctuary in southern Charfession Upazila of Bangladesh, located on the island Kukri Mukri in the Bay of Bengal in the south of the country. The area of the sanctuary is 40 ha, and is elongated in shape. It is 130 km from the Bharisal town in the gangetic delta on the mouth of Meghana river. It is also called Charfesson wildlife sanctuary. Most part of the sanctuary is submerged twice in a day due to high tide and is covered with dense mangrove vegetation. The soil type is clay.
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