The origin of this invocation is derived from the Augustinian friars who propagated this particular devotion. Along with Saints Augustine, and Monica, Our Lady of Consolation is one of the three patrons of the Augustinian orders. The title Consolatrix Afflictorum (English: Comforter of the Afflicted) is part of the Litany of Loreto, and is Augustinian in origin.[2] Devotion to Our Lady of Consolation was propagated by the Augustinian monks. By the early 18th century the custom of asking for the final blessing before death in the name of Our Lady of Consolation was very popular.[3]
In congregations of the Augustinian Order, the "Augustinian Rosary" is sometimes called the "Crown of Our Mother of Consolation". The traditional depiction of Our Mother of Consolation in Augustinian houses show Mary holding the Child Jesus on her lap. They both hold the Augustinian cincture in their hands.[4]
The oldest and most celebrated of these Confraternities of the Cord is probably the Archconfraternity of Our Lady of Consolation, also called the Archconfraternity of the Cincture of Saint Monica, Saint Augustine and Saint Nicholas of Tolentino.[5] In 1439, the Augustinian Order obtained the faculty to set up the Confraternity of the Cincture for lay people.[6] Later on, it was adopted by the Hermits of Saint Augustine as a distinctive part of their habit.[7]
The confraternity of Our Lady of Consolation was founded in 1495 in Bologna, Italy. In 1575 both confraternities merged in a single Archconfraternity of Our Lady of Consolation and Cincture.[6] Other similar confraternities were aggregated to the Archconfraternity in Bologna.[8]
The annual feast of the Archconfraternity is 4 September.[9] Members are obliged to wear a black leather belt, to fast on the vigil of the feast of Saint Augustine and to recite daily the "Little Rosary of Our Lady of Consolation" which is composed of thirteen couplets of beads. The essential prayers to be said are Our Father and Hail Mary repeated thirteen times after which is recited the Hail Holy Queen.[10]
For the erection of and reception into this archconfraternity, special faculties must be had from the prior general. The headquarters of the society is the Church of Sant'Agostino, Rome where the body of Saint Monica lies.[5]
Marian Cult and Veneration
The feast of Our Lady of Consolation is observed in several Catholic countries within orders or religious institutes.
In Malta, the feast is celebrated on the last Sunday of October with pyrotechnic displays by Our Lady of Consolation Fireworks Factory.[12] The Feast Day in Rome for Our Lady of Consolation is January 31; in the United States it is the Saturday after the Feast of Saint Augustine (August 28).
Argentina
Pope Benedict XVI granted a decree of canonical coronation for the venerated 17th—century image of Our Lady of Consolation in Sumampa, Argentina, on 21 November 2009.
Pope Pius X granted a decree of pontifical coronation on 19 June 1907 towards a Pietà image dating from 1535 in the Franciscan church of Leuven. The image, also known as "Our Lady of Koorts" or "Our Lady of Fever" due to its longstanding claim to heal the sick, was renamed Our Lady of Consolation of the Afflicted by popular demand.[14]
France
Notre Dame du Consolatrice des Affliges de Verdelais
Stanbrook Abbey was founded in 1623 at Cambrai as the monastery of "Our Lady of Consolation", for English Catholic expatriates.
Our Lady Comforter of the Afflicted is venerated in the Marian Basilica of Kevelaer. In 1642 a copperplate engraving, representing Our Lady of Luxembourg, was installed in a sanctuary erected the same year. It is one of the best visited Catholic pilgrimage locations in north-western Europe.
The venerated image of Augustina Domina Taurinorum (English: Noble Mistress of Turin). The bottom inscription reads Sancta Maria de Populo de Urbe (Latin: Holy Mary of the City and its Peoples).
A church at the site, probably dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary, stood adjacent to the ancient Roman walls of the city. Pious legends claim that Saint Eusebius of Vercelli brought back an icon of Our Lady of Consolation when he was returning from exile in Alexandria, Egypt in 363 A.D. This venerated icon was presented to the city of Turin. Later on Bishop Maximus of Turin established a small shrine to house the icon in a church dedicated to Saint Andrew the Apostle.
Pope Pius X granted a decree of pontifical coronation for the image on 18 June 1904. Its golden aureole halo of twenty-four stars was donated by former Queen of Italy, Margherita of Savoy while the rest of its regalia were donated from the princes of Savoy and noble ladies of Turin. The rite of coronation was granted and executed by the former Prefect of the Sacred Congregation of the Index, Cardinal Vincenzo Vannutelli in a public religious event. A grand total of six Cardinals attended the rite of coronation, including Cardinal Giulio Boschi (Ferrara), Giuseppe Callegari (Padua), Alfonso Capecelatro (Capua), Andrea Carlo Ferrari (Milan), and Domenico Svampa (Bologna).
Pope Pius X raised the shrine Santuario della Consolata to status of Minor Basilica on 7 April 1906. He later issued the decree Virginis a Consolatione Templum for this shrine which approved the Archconfraternity of the namesake devotion on 25 July 1912.
In the 20th century, the rector of the Santuario della Consolata, Giuseppe Allamano, founded the Congregation of Clerics of Consolata Missionaries in 1902. These Christian missionaries later brought the Marian devotion the negroid peoples of Africa.
Another namesake image in Rome is enshrined since 23 June 1385, a condemned prisoner named Giordanello degli Alberini was in the Campidoglio waiting to be executed, entrusts his testamentary dispositions to the Roman notary Pietro Mancini. Among which he donates two gold florins to have an image of the Madonna painted to be placed in the place of executions in front of the gallows, next to "Santa Maria delle Grazie under Mount Campidoglio". The painting was created and placed on the wall of some barns of the Mattei family in Vico Jugario. It represents the Virgin seated with the child standing on her knees in the act of benediction and supporting her globe. The image was restored and repainted by the Roman artisan Antoniazzo Romano several times in 1465.
On 7 June 1470, the purported miracle of the Virgin Mary took place. According to Giovanni Antonio Bruzio, on that road corresponding to the ancient vico iugario there were the granaries of the Mattei Roman patricians. In their portico there was an image of the Holy Virgin, to whom a pious mother recommended herself, whose innocent son had been imprisoned and sentenced to death for evildoings, the Virgin told him, consoling her, that her son would not die, but miraculously saved from the forces. After this the faithful often offered gifts to this image and it was entrusted to the confraternity of Santa Maria in Portico. Near those granaries there was also a small hospital, near which a namesake church, the Santa Maria della Consolazione was later built.
Pope Sixtus V recognized the pious association under this Marian title on 3 June 1585 and issued a Pontifical decree titled Licet ex Debito which elevated their status to an Archconfraternity.
Pope Urban VIII further approved the venerated image recognized by the Vatican Chapter, which was promoted by Count Alessandro Sforza and Pontifically crowned on 7 December 1634.[18]
In Reggio Calabria
The original image of Our Lady of Consolation (1547) during a public religious Procession in Reggio Calabria.
The devotion started when the Bishop of Cavaillon, Girolamo Cancelli invited twelve friars of the Order of Capuchins to the site donated by the Italian nobleman Giovanni Bernardo Mileto where an existing smaller statue of the "Madonna of Consolation" was already enshrined. They finished a cloister in 1569 using the new rules of the Franciscan Order.
The Italian nobleman Lord Camillo Diano tasked the artisan Nicolò Andrea Capriolo in 1547 to make a larger image under this title. The canvas depicts Mary seated on a throne holding the Child Jesus and flanked by Saint Francis of Assisi holding a cross and a Bible and Saint Anthony of Padua holding a Lily flower and Christian book while a pair of Angels crown the head of the Madonna.
According to pious legend, this large painting mysteriously disappeared from its original place in Reggio Calabria Cathedral, only to be re-discovered by a young shepherd on the nearby hill of Eremo. The painting was brought back to the cathedral, only to be found again on the same hill. The faithful took this as a supernatural sign from the Blessed Virgin Mary and built a church on the exact site where the icon had appeared. The image remains today in what is known as the Basilica of Our Lady of Consolation in Eremo, Calabria. The first organized procession was recorded in 1636. The local townspeople decorated the image with silver crowns on their own accord on 10 November 1693 in thanksgiving for the earthquake relief in January 1693. These crowns are now located on the backside panel of the framed image.
Pope Innocent XIII granted the image a canonical coronation on 15 September 1722 with ornate crowns offered by the Vatican Chapter, currently installed on the image.
The local government further decreed the Marian title as their city patroness on 26 August 1752. The church was originally dedicated to Saint Theodore the Martyr and Saint Catherine of Alexandria but the enshrinement of the image dedicated it to the Madonna by popular demand. It was completely damaged due to earthquake in 1908 and was rebuilt in 1965. A new altar was made and modern bronze panels were crafted by Italian artist Alessandro Monteleone (1897—1967).
Pope Paul VI raised the shrine to the status of Minor Basilica via the decree Rhegium Urbs on 28 November 1971. The image was stolen from its shrine on 17 August 1982 but was returned a few days later due to public outcry.
In Salerno
Another image was honored a canonical coronation by Pope Pius X decreeing the coronation on 16 July 1905. The rite of coronation was executed on 1 October 1906 for the image venerated in the Church of Our Lady of Consolation in San Valentino Torio.
Japan
The Augustinian church located in the Shiroyama district of Nagasaki, Japan, is dedicated to Our Mother of Consolation.[19]
The devotion to Our Lady of Luxembourg, Comforter of the Afflicted, was initiated by the Jesuits in 1624 and led to the election of Our Lady as the protectress of the city in 1666 and of the duchy in 1678.
After the destruction of the old pilgrimage chapel at the time of the French Revolution, the namesake statue of Our Lady of Luxembourg was moved to the high altar of the former Church of Saint Peter, today renamed as the Notre-Dame Cathedral in Luxembourg City.[20]
Statues depicting her can be found in niches in buildings throughout the city of Luxembourg.[21] From there the devotion was adopted by the English Benedictine nuns of Cambrai. It is solemnly celebrated during the Oktav.
This devotion was later expanded in 1875 to Carey, Ohio, United States where a basilica enshrines a namesake statue today.
Malta
In the 1700s, members of the Augustinian Order introduced the devotion to Our Lady of Consolation to the island of Malta. On 1 December 1722, the Prior General of the Augustinian Order, Thomas Cervioni, issued the decree for the erection of the Confraternity of Our Lady of Consolation in the Church of Saint Mark, operated by the Augustinian Order at Rabat, Malta.
By this time the pious custom of asking for the final benediction before death in the name of this Marian title became very popular, and the friars were given a dispensation to leave the monastery at any time to confer it. Eventually, Marian processions were suspended during the French occupation of 1798 to discourage the gathering of crowds.[23]
A venerated namesake image is enshrined at the Church of Saint Augustine in Valetta, Malta which features the Marian apparition to Saint Monica receiving the Holy Cincture. The image was painted in 1786 by the Maltese artisan Hermenegildus Grech.
Pious accounts claim that the image arrived sometime in the 17th century. Accordingly in 1607, the Confraternity of the Cofradia de la Nuestra Señora de la Consolacion y Correa was founded in Intramuros, Manila being one of the oldest Marian confraternities in the country. The image survived the Second World War being hidden for safekeeping.[24]
On 13 February 2004, the original image of the Child Jesus attached to the Madonna was stolen, but was later replaced with a replica.[26] The official pilgrim image of the statue was then presented and blessed on 1 May 2023 during Mass in the First Archdiocese of Manila Shrines Principal Congress to further propagate the devotion nationwide.[27] On 15 August 2024, the Manila City Council passed an ordinance formally declaring the Nuestra Señora de la Consolación y Correa as the patroness of Intramuros, Manila, bestowing her the title "Queen and Protectress of the Distinguished and Ever Loyal City." The proclamation rites took place on 8 September of the same year, the feast of Our Lady of Consolation.[28]
In Palawan
The parish of Cuyo, Palawan.
The Marian devotion in Cuyo, Palawan began when the namesake image is brought by the Augustinian Recollects in 1623. Pious claims of a Marian apparition about a woman being seen along the scenic shore of Capusan, near the fortress parochial church. It is said by the town's Gurang Gurangs that the said woman have wavy long hair and that she carries with her a young boy by her side. On checking the retablo inside the church, they would later find out that the image of Our Lady of Consolation atop the altar was missing. The image was episcopally crowned on 27 August 2022, coinciding with the fourth centenary of Christianity in the island of Palawan.[29]
The town of Paombong was established as a Catholic parish in 1639, in which the Augustinian friars would introduce and propagate the devotion to Our Lady of Consolation and Cincture. In 1974, with the permission from the Archbishop of Manila, the Cofradia de la Nuestra Señora de la Consolación y Correa was established in Paombong to further strengthen the devotion, with its feast being celebrated every first Sunday of September. In 1988, the image was proclaimed as the Secondary Patroness. However, the devotion faced a decline with the death of most of the Cofradia's members.
Another contributing factor of the decline was when it was discovered that the image was made of ivory when a finger of the Child Jesus was broken. Out of fear of theft and for safekeeping measures, the image was kept in a well guarded glass altar-vault and it remained there for decades since 1993. To compensate the religious devotees, a replica was commissioned for processions and other parish functions. On 28 December 2019, the original image was re—introduced to public veneration and a pending application submitted towards an episcopal coronation.[30][31]
On 5 December 2023, an official announcement was made that the image was declared as the "Ina at Reynang Mapang-aliw ng Bayan ng Paombong" (English: Mother and Comforting Queen of the Town of Paombong) which immediately took effect on 15 November of the same year.[32]
Poland
Several images of the Blessed Virgin Mary under the title of Our Lady of Consolation have been honored by several popes and are venerated throughout Poland.
In Kombornia, canonically crowned on 11 June 2017.[42]
In the Sea Basilica of Gdynia, image canonically crowned on 12 June 2022.[43]
Spain
In Utrera, Sevilla
The venerated image of Our Lady of Consolation is a small carving of the seated virgin in the late Byzantine style, which dates back to the end of the 14th century, although its external appearance was later modified to adapt it to the tastes of the baroque prevailing in lower Andalusia.
Pope Paul VI signed the formal decree officially granting the canonical coronation of the statue on 7 July 1963. Within less than a year, the rite of coronation was executed on 1 May 1964 at the Plaza del Altozano.[44]
Pope John Paul II later issued a Pontifical decree Populum et Fideles Christianorum on 7 March 1989 declaring this Marian title as the official city patroness of Utrera.[45]
Pope Leo XIII granted this venerated image a decree of pontifical coronation on 12 July 1893.[15]
United States of America
In 1848, Luxembourgish immigrants began to settle in the area around Dacada, Wisconsin. The eldest statue of Our Lady of Consolation in the United States was brought by a Luxembourg immigrant, Anna Margaret Deppiesse, in 1849 and later donated to Saint Nicholas Church.[47]
During the American Civil War, three parishioners of Saint Augustine's Parish in Leopold, Indiana, fought for the North and were imprisoned at Andersonville Prison. Former Belgian nationals, Henry Devillez, Isidore Naviaux and Lambert Rogier, vowed that if they survived, one of them would make a pilgrimage to Luxembourg and obtain a copy of the statue of Our Lady of Consolation that stood in their ancestral church. Rogier went to Luxembourg in 1867 and upon his return in 1875 then enshrined it in Saint Augustine Church, where it now stands to the left of the main altar. In September 2013, the Archbishop of Indianapolis, Cardinal Joseph William Tobin dedicated a larger outdoor garden shrine.[48]
One of the two main celebrations held each year in the Tacony section of Philadelphia were Our Lady of Consolation's Feast Day Parade. (The other is Memorial Day.) Each July statues of the saints were paraded through the streets of the neighborhood.[49]
A namesake image dating from the sixteenth century is also enshrined in Tariba, Venezuela. The image of the Madonna and child is framed in solid gold with jewels donated by pious Marian devotees from the country.
In the fictionalized film Elizabeth (1998), Queen Mary I of England requests her cousin the Princess Elizabeth I, the retention of the Catholic Church as the state religion after her death, mentioning the "Consolations of the Blessed Virgin, (their) Holy Mother" with a Marian statue of the namesake image featured in the background.
Gallery
The Gnadenbild venerated at the Gnadenkapelle of the Basilica of Kevalaer, Germany.
Image of Our Lady of Consolation above the High altar in Orchówek
Our Lady of Consolation of the Afflicted in Miedzna
Our Lady of China, the Great Mother, also known as Our Lady of Donglü, is a Roman Catholic title of the Blessed Virgin Mary associated with a reputed Marian apparition in Donglü, China in 1900.
Our Mother of Perpetual Succour, colloquially known as Our Lady of Perpetual Help), is a Catholic title of the Blessed Virgin Mary associated with a 15th-century Byzantine icon and a purported Marian apparition. The image has been enshrined in the Church of San Matteo in Via Merulana since 27 March 1499, and is today permanently enshrined in the Church of Saint Alphonsus of Liguori in Rome, where the novena to Our Mother of Perpetual Help is prayed weekly.
Our Lady of Aparecida, is a title of the Blessed Virgin Mary associated with the Immaculate Conception.
Our Lady of Lourdes is a title of the Virgin Mary. She is venerated under this title by the Roman Catholic Church due to her apparitions that occurred in Lourdes, France. The first apparition of 11 February 1858, of which Bernadette Soubirous told her mother that a "Lady" spoke to her in the cave of Massabielle while she was gathering firewood with her sister and a friend. Similar apparitions of the "Lady" were reported on 18 occasions that year, until the climax revelation in which she introduced herself as: "the Immaculate Conception". On 18 January 1862, the local Bishop of Tarbes Bertrand-Sévère Laurence endorsed the veneration of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Lourdes.
The Confraternities of the Cord are pious associations in the Roman Catholic Church whose members wear a cord, girdle, or cincture in honour of a saint whom they wish to honour and to bear in mind some special grace or favour which they hope to obtain through the saint's intercession.
The Chapel of Graces of the Miraculous Virgin or informally the Chapel of Our Lady of the Miraculous Medal, is a Marian shrine located in Paris, France.
Our Lady of Prompt Succor is a Roman Catholic title of the Blessed Virgin Mary associated with a wooden devotional image of the Madonna and Child enshrined in New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America. The image is closely associated with Mother Saint Michel, the Superior of the New Orleans Ursulines.
A canonical coronation is a pious institutional act of the pope, duly expressed in a formal decree of a papal bull, in which the pope bestows the pontifical right to impose an ornamental crown, a diadem or an aureole to an image of Christ, Mary or Joseph that is widely venerated in a particular diocese or locality. The act was later regulated to Marian images only, through the De coronatione imaginum B.V. Mariae that was issued on 25 March 1973.
The Basilica and National Shrine of Our Lady of Consolation is a Roman Catholic basilica located in Carey, Ohio in the United States of America and is dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary under the title of Our Lady of Consolation. The Marian shrine is administered by the Order of Saint Francis and is designated as National shrine by the Holy Office.
Mary, Help of Christians is a Catholic title of the Blessed Virgin Mary, based on a devotion now associated with a feast day of the General Roman Calendar on 24 May.
Our Lady of the Fountain in Caravaggio is a purported Marian apparition of the Blessed Virgin Mary at Caravaggio, Lombardy, Italy in 26 May 1432.
Our Lady of Arcachon, the Star of the Sea is a venerated image of the Blessed Virgin Mary enshrined at the basilica of Arcachon, France. Originally from the 13th century, it was carved from a block of alabaster about 50cm in height representing the Madonna and Child.
Our Lady of Charity is a celebrated Marian title of the Blessed Virgin Mary venerated in many Catholic countries.
The Church of Our Lady of Mount Carmel is a Roman Catholic parish church under the authority of the Archdiocese of New York, located in East Harlem, Manhattan, New York City, United States. The church's formal address is 448 East 116th Street, although the entrance to the church building is on East 115th Street, just off Pleasant Avenue. The parish enshrines a vested statue of the Blessed Virgin Mary under the title of Our Lady of Mount Carmel, widely venerated by its devotees.
The Santuario della Madonna Consolata is a Catholic minor basilica and Marian shrine in central Turin, Piedmont, Italy. Located on the intersection of Via Consolata and Via Carlo Ignazio Giulio, the shrine is dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary under the title of Our Lady of Consolation.
The Bambino Gesu of Arenzano locally known as Il Grande Piccinino is a Roman Catholic image of the Child Jesus venerated by the Genoese faithful.
The Basilica of Our Lady of Consolation of TaribaSpanish: Basílica de Nuestra Señora de la Consolación) is a Roman Catholic Marian shrine and basilica located in the state of Táchira in Venezuela.
The Basilica of the Visitation of Our Lady also called Werl Basilica is a Catholic church located in Werl, Germany which was declared a minor basilica in 1953. It is dedicated to the Visitation of Mary.
The National Shrine and Parish of Our Lady of Mercy is a Roman Catholic church under the Diocese of Novaliches in the Philippines. It is the oldest parish in the diocese, established in 1856 by the Augustinian missionaries from Spain.
The Diocesan Shrine and Parish of Our Lady of the Abandoned, commonly known as the Church of Marikina, is a Roman Catholic church in Marikina, the Philippines. The church enshrines one of several images of the Madonna and Child venerated as miraculous, which has received a Pontifical decree of coronation.
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