Paphiopedilum

Last updated

Venus slipper
Paphiopedilum henryanum Orchi 001.jpg
Paphiopedilum henryanum
CITES Appendix I (CITES) [1]
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Orchidaceae
Subfamily: Cypripedioideae
Genus: Paphiopedilum
Pfitzer
Type species
Paphiopedilum insigne
Subgenera

7, see text

Diversity
About 80 species
Paphiopedilum distribution map.png
Synonyms [2]
  • Cordula Raf.
  • MenephoraRaf.
  • StimegasRaf.

Paphiopedilum, often called the Venus slipper, is a genus of the lady slipper orchid subfamily Cypripedioideae of the flowering plant family Orchidaceae. The genus comprises some 80 accepted taxa including several natural hybrids. The genus is native to Southeast Asia, the Indian Subcontinent, southern China, New Guinea and the Solomon and Bismarck Islands. The type species of this genus is Paphiopedilum insigne . [2] [3] [4]

Contents

The species and their hybrids are extensively cultivated, and are known as either paphiopedilums, or by the abbreviation paphs in horticulture.

Due to their popularity, Paphiopedilums have been ruthlessly gathered and poached from the wild, making them very rare or extinct there. As soon as a new species or population is discovered, poachers will take the plants for orchid collectors who pay large sums of money. Habitat destruction is an additional factor contributing to their rarity. [5] [6] [7]

Description

Paphiopedilum hennisianum flower, showing detail of the staminode (click to magnify) Paphiopedilum hennisianum.JPG
Paphiopedilum hennisianum flower, showing detail of the staminode (click to magnify)

Paphiopedilum species naturally occur among humus layers as terrestrials on the forest floor, while a few are true epiphytes and some are lithophytes. These sympodial orchids lack pseudobulbs. Instead, they grow robust shoots, each with several leaves; some are hemicryptophytes. The leaves can be short and rounded or long and narrow and typically have a mottled pattern. When older shoots die, newer ones take over. Each new shoot only blooms once when it is fully grown, producing a raceme between the fleshy, succulent leaves. The roots are thick and fleshy. Potted plants form a tight lump of roots that, when untangled, can be up to 1 m long.

Members of this genus are considered highly collectible by orchid fanciers due to the curious and unusual form of their flowers. Along with Cypripedium , Mexipedium , Phragmipedium and Selenipedium , the genus is a member of the subfamily Cypripedioideae, commonly referred to as the "lady's-slippers" or "slipper orchids" due to the unusual shape of the pouch-like labellum of the flower. The pouch traps insects seeking nectar, and to leave again they have to climb up past the staminode, behind which they collect or deposit pollinia. Orchids of this genus are notoriously difficult to propagate by tissue culture; as of 2016, commercial cultivation is almost exclusively seed-based. [8] This means every plant is unique.

Paphiopedilum fairrieanum Orchid from Eastern Himalayas, India Paphiopedilum-fairrieanum.jpg
Paphiopedilum fairrieanum Orchid from Eastern Himalayas, India

Members of this genus have unusual stomata. Whereas most land plants' stomata have guard cells with chloroplasts in their cytoplasm (including those of closely related Phragmipedium slipper orchids), Paphiopedilum stomata do not. This difference results in simpler, but weaker control of stomatal function. [9] For example, most plants close their stomata in response to either blue or red light, but Paphiopedilum guard cells only respond to blue light. [10] The fact that they lack chloroplasts has made them valuable to researchers investigating stomatal function. For example, it enabled the discovery of intracellular events that precede stomatal closure. [11]

One of the "Miya" hybrid Paphiopedilum cultivars bred by T. Ozawa Paphiopedilum miya.jpg
One of the "Miya" hybrid Paphiopedilum cultivars bred by T. Ozawa

In horticulture

The paphiopedilums are among the most widely cultivated and hybridized of orchid genera. Spectacular new species are being discovered every now and then; for example the golden slipper orchid (P. armeniacum), discovered in 1979 and described in 1982, amazed growers of orchids by the extraordinary beauty of its golden flowers. In addition, growers have bred thousands of interspecific hybrids and registered them with the Royal Horticultural Society in London over the years.

Paphiopedilums are terrestrial and evergreen in growth habit, and by careful selection of species and hybrids, it is possible to have a flowering period extending over nine months of the year. [12] They can be grown indoors, as long as conditions that mimic their natural habitats are created. Most species thrive in moderate to high humidity (50–70%), moderate temperatures ranging from 13 to 35 degrees Celsius and low light of 12,000 to 20,000 lux. Modern hybrids are typically easier to grow in artificial conditions than their parent species.

Taxonomy and systematics

Paphiopedilum cultivar in Kew Gardens, England Asparagales - Paphiopedilum sp. - 11.jpg
Paphiopedilum cultivar in Kew Gardens, England
Paphiopedilum acmodontum Paphiopedilum acmodontum.jpg
Paphiopedilum acmodontum
Paphiopedilum appletonianum Medium P wolterianum 713-3x.jpg
Paphiopedilum appletonianum
Paphiopedilum callosum Paphiopedilum callosum.jpg
Paphiopedilum callosum
Paphiopedilum dayanum Paphiopedilum dayanum.jpg
Paphiopedilum dayanum
Paphiopedilum fairrieanum Paphiopedilum fairrieanum.jpg
Paphiopedilum fairrieanum
Paphiopedilum glanduliferum Paphiopedilum glanduliferum Orchi 04.jpg
Paphiopedilum glanduliferum
Paphiopedilum haynaldianum Paphiopedilum haynaldianum Orchi 05.jpg
Paphiopedilum haynaldianum
Paphiopedilum helenae Paphiopedilum helenae toapel.jpg
Paphiopedilum helenae
Paphiopedilum hirsutissimum Paphiopedilum hirsutissimum Orchi 01.jpg
Paphiopedilum hirsutissimum
Paphiopedilum hookerii Paphiopedilum hookerii.jpg
Paphiopedilum hookerii
Paphiopedilum liemianum Paphiopedilum liemianum.jpg
Paphiopedilum liemianum
Paphiopedilum niveum Paphiopedilum niveumd.jpg
Paphiopedilum niveum
Paphiopedilum primulinum Paphiopedilum primulinum.jpg
Paphiopedilum primulinum
Paphiopedilum Pinocchio, hybrid of Paphiopedilum primulinum x Paphiopedilum glaucophyllum Paphiopedilum Pinocchio (yellow).jpg
Paphiopedilum Pinocchio, hybrid of Paphiopedilum primulinum × Paphiopedilum glaucophyllum
Paphiopedilum superbiens Paphiopedilum superbiens.jpg
Paphiopedilum superbiens
Paphiopedilum wardii Paphiopedilum wardii.jpg
Paphiopedilum wardii
Paphiopedilum wenshanense (center) Paphiopedilum Xconco-bellatulum OrchidsBln0906.jpg
Paphiopedilum wenshanense (center)

The genus name Paphiopedilum was established by Ernst Hugo Heinrich Pfitzer in 1886; it is derived from Paphos (a city in Cyprus, a place sacred to Aphrodite. It was said she landed at the site when rose from the sea as her birth.) and Ancient Greek pedilon "slipper". No paphiopedilum occurs on Cyprus – at least not as the genus is understood today. But it was long mixed up with its Holarctic relative Cypripedium, which grows in the Mediterranean region. Paphiopedilum was made a valid taxon in 1959, but its use has become restricted to eastern Asian species in our time.

Subdivisions

The genus Paphiopedilum has been divided into several subgenera, and then further into sections and subsections:

Selected species

There are more than 550 taxa in this genus, including some 80 valid species. Some notable species and their natural hybrids are listed here, together with some assorted varieties and forms:

Conservation

All Paphiopedilum species are listed under Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), meaning that commercial international trade in wild-sourced specimens is prohibited, while non-commercial trade is regulated. [1]

See also

Related Research Articles

<i>Magnolia</i> Genus of angiosperms

Magnolia is a large genus of about 210 to 340 flowering plant species in the subfamily Magnolioideae of the family Magnoliaceae. The natural range of Magnolia species is disjunct, with a main center in east and southeast Asia and a secondary center in eastern North America, Central America, the West Indies, and some species in South America.

<i>Phragmipedium</i> Genus of orchids

Phragmipedium is a genus of the Orchid family (Orchidaceae) and the only genus comprised in the tribe Phragmipedieae and subtribe Phragmipediinae. The name of the genus is derived from the Greek phragma, which means "division", and pedium, which means "slipper". It is abbreviated 'Phrag' in trade journals.

<i>Antidesma</i> Genus of flowering plants

Antidesma is a genus of tropical plant in the family Phyllanthaceae formally described by Linnaeus in 1753. It is native to tropical Africa, S + E + SE Asia, Australia, and various oceanic islands. The greatest diversity occurs in Southeast Asia.

<i>Mallotus</i> (plant) Genus of flowering plants in the spurge family Euphorbiaceae

Mallotus is a genus of the spurge family Euphorbiaceae first described as a genus in 1790. Two species are found in tropical Africa and Madagascar. All the other species are found in East Asia, the Indian Subcontinent, Southeast Asia, eastern Australia, and certain islands of the western Pacific. The genus has about 150 species of dioecious trees or shrubs.

<i>Agrostophyllum</i> Genus of orchids

Agrostophyllum is a genus with about ninety species from the orchid family (Orchidaceae). The genus name is derived from the Greek words agrostis ("grass") and phyllos ("leaf"), referring to the grass-like appearance of the leaves of some species.

<i>Tainia</i> Genus of orchids

Tainia, commonly known as ribbon orchids or 带唇兰属 is a genus of about thirty species of evergreen, terrestrial orchids in the distributed from India, China, Japan, Southeast Asia to New Guinea, the Solomon Islands and Queensland.

<i>Dipterocarpus</i> Genus of trees

Dipterocarpus is a genus of flowering plants and the type genus of family Dipterocarpaceae.

<i>Phoebe</i> (plant) Genus of flowering plants

Phoebe is a genus of evergreen trees and shrubs belonging to the Laurel family, Lauraceae. There are 75 accepted species in the genus, distributed in tropical and subtropical Asia and New Guinea. 35 species occur in China, of which 27 are endemic. The first description of the genus was of the type species P. lanceolata made in 1836 by Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Esenbeck in Systema Laurinarum, p. 98.

<i>Paphiopedilum glaucophyllum</i> Species of orchid

Paphiopedilum glaucophyllum, common name shiny green leaf paphiopedilum or tropical lady's-slipper, is a species of flowering plant in the genus Paphiopedilum of the family Orchidaceae.

<i>Acriopsis</i> Genus of orchids

Acriopsis, commonly known as chandelier orchids or 合萼兰属 is a genus of flowering plants in the family Orchidaceaes. Orchids in this genus are epiphytic herbs with spherical or cylindrical pseudobulbs, creeping, branched rhizomes, thin white roots, two or three leaves and many small flowers. The flowers are non-resupinate with the lateral sepals joined along their edges and have spreading petals and a three-lobed labellum. The column has projections that extend hood-like beyond the anther.

<i>Dipodium</i> Genus of orchids

Dipodium, commonly known as hyacinth orchids, is a genus of about forty species of orchids native to tropical, subtropical and temperate regions of south-east Asia, New Guinea, the Pacific Islands and Australia. It includes both terrestrial and climbing species, some with leaves and some leafless, but all with large, often colourful flowers on tall flowering stems. It is the only genus of its alliance, Dipodium.

Charles Curtis was an English botanist who was sent by James Veitch & Sons to search for new plant species in Madagascar, Borneo, Sumatra, Java and the Moluccas, before settling in Penang, where he became the first superintendent of the Penang Botanic Gardens.

<i>Pholidota</i> (plant) Genus of orchids

Pholidota, commonly known as rattlesnake orchids, is a genus of flowering plants from the orchid family, Orchidaceae. Plants in this genus are clump-forming epiphytes or lithophytes with pseudobulbs, each with a single large leaf and a large number of small, whitish flowers arranged in two ranks along a thin, wiry flowering stem that emerges from the top of the pseudobulb. There are about thirty five species native to areas from tropical and subtropical Asia to the southwestern Pacific.

<i>Thelasis</i> Genus of orchids

Thelasis, commonly known as fly orchids, is a genus of flowering plants from the orchid family, Orchidaceae. Plants in this genus are usually epiphytes, sometimes lithophytes or rarely terrestrials. Some species have pseudobulbs with up to three leaves, whilst others have several leaves in two ranks. A large number of small, white or greenish yellow flowers are borne on a thin, arching flowering stem. There are about thirty species, distributed from tropical and subtropical Asia to the southwest Pacific.

<i>Urceola</i> (plant) Genus of plants

Urceola is a plant genus in the family Apocynaceae, first described as a genus in 1798. It is native to China, the Himalayas, Southeast Asia, and New Guinea.

<i>Phrynium</i> Genus of flowering plants

Phrynium is a genus of flowering plants native to China, India, Southeast Asia, New Guinea and Melanesia. It was described as a genus in 1797.

<i>Rhomboda</i> Genus of flowering plants

Rhomboda, commonly known as velvet jewel orchids, is a genus of about twenty species of flowering plants in the orchid family Orchidaceae. Plants in this genus are mostly terrestrial herbs with a fleshy, creeping rhizome and a loose rosette of green to maroon coloured leaves. Small resupinate or partly resupinate, dull coloured flowers are borne on a hairy flowering stem. The dorsal sepal and petals overlap and form a hood over the column and there is a deep pouch at the base of the labellum. They are found in tropical regions from northern India through Southeast Asia, China, Japan to Australia and some Pacific Islands.

<i>Gomphostemma</i> Genus of flowering plants

Gomphostemma is a genus of flowering plants in the mint family, Lamiaceae, first described in 1830. It is native to Southeast Asia, China, and the Indian subcontinent.

  1. Gomphostemma aborensisDunn - Arunachal Pradesh
  2. Gomphostemma arbusculumC.Y.Wu - Yunnan
  3. Gomphostemma callicarpoides(Yamam.) Masam. - Taiwan
  4. Gomphostemma chinenseOliv. - Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Jiangxi, Vietnam
  5. Gomphostemma crinitumWall. ex Benth. - Indochina, Yunnan, Assam, Bangladesh
  6. Gomphostemma curtisiiPrain - Malaya, Sumatra, Borneo
  7. Gomphostemma deltodonC.Y.Wu - Yunnan
  8. Gomphostemma dolichobotrysMerr. - Sumatra
  9. Gomphostemma eriocarpumBenth. - southern India
  10. Gomphostemma grandiflorumDoan ex Suddee & A.J.Paton - Vietnam
  11. Gomphostemma hainanenseC.Y.Wu - Hainan
  12. Gomphostemma hemsleyanumPrain ex Collett & Hemsl. - Java, Myanmar
  13. Gomphostemma heyneanumWall. ex Benth. - southern India
  14. Gomphostemma hirsutumWalsingham - Sabah
  15. Gomphostemma inopinatumPrain - Myanmar
  16. Gomphostemma javanicum(Blume) Benth. - Indochina, Andaman Islands, Borneo, Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, Bali, Lombok, Timor, Philippines
  17. Gomphostemma keralensisVivek., Gopalan & R.Ansari. - Kerala
  18. Gomphostemma laceiMukerjee - Myanmar
  19. Gomphostemma latifoliumC.Y.Wu - Yunnan, Guangdong
  20. Gomphostemma leptodonDunn - Guangxi, Vietnam
  21. Gomphostemma lucidumWall. ex Benth. - Indochina, Assam, Bangladesh, Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan
  22. Gomphostemma mastersiiBenth. ex Hook.f. - Assam, Bangladesh, Thailand
  23. Gomphostemma melissifoliumWall. ex Benth. - Assam, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal
  24. Gomphostemma microcalyxPrain - Borneo, Malaya, Sumatra
  25. Gomphostemma microdonDunn - Yunnan, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam
  26. Gomphostemma nayariiA.S.Chauhan - Assam
  27. Gomphostemma niveumHook.f. - Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Vietnam
  28. Gomphostemma nutansHook.f. - Assam, Myanmar
  29. Gomphostemma ovatumWall. ex Benth. - Assam, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal
  30. Gomphostemma parviflorumWall. ex Benth. - Assam, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal, Yunnan, Indochina, Borneo, Java, Sumatra
  31. Gomphostemma pedunculatumBenth. ex Hook.f. - Assam, Yunnan, Vietnam
  32. Gomphostemma pseudocrinitumC.Y.Wu - Guangxi
  33. Gomphostemma salarkhanianumKhanam & M.A.Hassan - Sylhet District in Bangladesh
  34. Gomphostemma scortechiniiPrain - Myanmar, Thailand, Malaya
  35. Gomphostemma stellatohirsutumC.Y.Wu - Yunnan
  36. Gomphostemma strobilinum Wall. ex Benth. - Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam
  37. Gomphostemma sulcatumC.Y.Wu - Yunnan
  38. Gomphostemma thomsoniiBenth. ex Hook.f. - Assam
  39. Gomphostemma velutinumBenth. - Assam, Bangladesh
  40. Gomphostemma wallichiiPrain - Assam, Myanmar, Thailand
<i>Paphiopedilum <span style="font-style:normal;">subg.</span> Megastaminodium</i> Subgenus of flowering plants

Paphiopedilum subgenus Megastaminodium is a subgenus of the orchid genus Paphiopedilum. It was erected to accommodate the single species Paphiopedilum canhii due to its distinct characteristics that made it unfit for the other subgenera. Its placement has since been backed by cytological, molecular and micromorphological evidence.

References

  1. 1 2 "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
  2. 1 2 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
  3. ↑ Koopowitz, H. (2012). An updated, annotated checklist of the genus Paphiopedilum. Orchid Digest 76: 178-215.
  4. ↑ Leong, K.F. (2013). Flora of Peninsular Malaysia - Cypripedioideae. Malesian Orchid Journal 12: 117-131.
  5. ↑ “Paphiopedilum insigne, Splendid Paphiopedilum”, Assessment by: Rankou, H. & Kumar, P. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. ISSN 2307-8235. Accessed on 23.12.2021.
  6. ↑ Pham, The & Averyanov, L.V. & Phan, Loc & Tien, Hiep & Xuan, Canh & Tien, Vinh & Quang, Hieu. (2014). Field survey of Paphiopedilum canhii: from discovery to extinction. Slipper Orchids FALL. 2014. 2-11.
  7. ↑ Amy Hinsley, Hugo J de Boer, Michael F Fay, Stephan W Gale, Lauren M Gardiner, Rajasinghe S Gunasekara, Pankaj Kumar, Susanne Masters, Destario Metusala, David L Roberts, Sarina Veldman, Shan Wong, Jacob Phelps, A review of the trade in orchids and its implications for conservation, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, Volume 186, Issue 4, April 2018, Pages Pages 435–455, https://doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/box083
  8. ↑ Zeng, Songjun; Huang, Weichang; Wu, Kunlin; Zhang, Jianxia; Teixeira Da Silva, Jaime A.; Duan, Jun (2016). "In vitro propagation of Paphiopedilumorchids". Critical Reviews in Biotechnology. 36 (3): 521–534. doi:10.3109/07388551.2014.993585. PMID   25582733. S2CID   2506714.
  9. ↑ Assmann, Sarah M.; Zeiger, Eduardo (1985). "Stomatal responses to CO2 in Paphiopedilum and Phragmipedium". Plant Physiology. 77 (2): 461–464. doi:10.1104/pp.77.2.461. PMC   1064536 . PMID   16664075.
  10. ↑ Zeiger, E.; Assmann, S. M.; Meidner, H. (1983). "Photobiology of Paphiopedilum stomata: Opening under blue light but not red". Photochemistry and Photobiology. 38 (5): 627. doi:10.1111/j.1751-1097.1983.tb03394.x. S2CID   97955450.
  11. ↑ Irving, Helen R.; Gehring, Christoph A.; Parish, Roger W. (1992). "Changes in cytosolic pH and calcium of guard cells precede stomatal movements". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 89 (5): 1790–1794. Bibcode:1992PNAS...89.1790I. doi: 10.1073/pnas.89.5.1790 . PMC   48538 . PMID   11607281.
  12. ↑ Victorian Orchid Club (1953), Orchid culture in Victoria / issued by Victorian Orchid Club of Victoria, The Victorian Orchid Club, p. 17, retrieved 8 May 2022
  13. ↑ Pfahl, Jay. "Paphiopedilum praestans [Rchb.f] Pfitz 1894 SUBGENUS Polyantha SECTION Mastigopetalum". Internet Orchid Species Photo Encyclopedia.
  14. ↑ Braem; Chiron; Öhlund (2014). Paphiopedilum. BookBaby. p. 42. ISBN   9788793044012.
  15. ↑ Braem; Chiron; Öhlund (2014). Paphiopedilum. BookBaby. p. 43. ISBN   9788793044012.
  16. 1 2 3 4 Braem; Chiron; Öhlund (2014). Paphiopedilum. BookBaby. p. 28. ISBN   9788793044012.
  17. 1 2 Dopp, Alan C. MD (Fall 1984). "Standards in Judging Paphiopedilums" (PDF). American Orchid Society.
  18. ↑ Górniak, Marcin; Szlachetko, Dariusz L.; Kowalkowska, Agnieszka K.; Bohdanowicz, Jerzy; Canh, Chu Xuan (2014-01-01). "Taxonomic placement of Paphiopedilum canhii (Cypripedioideae; Orchidaceae) based on cytological, molecular and micromorphological evidence". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 70: 429–441. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2013.08.016. ISSN   1055-7903. PMID   24001522 . Retrieved 2022-03-21.
  19. ↑ Lee, Yung-I; Chung, Mei-Chu; Sydara, Kongmany; Souliya, Onevilay; Aphay, Sulivong Luang (2017-03-29). "Taxonomic placement of Paphiopedilum rungsuriyanum (Cypripedioideae; Orchidaceae) based on morphological, cytological and molecular analyses". Botanical Studies. Springer Science and Business Media LLC. 58 (1): 16. doi: 10.1186/s40529-017-0170-1 . ISSN   1999-3110. PMC   5432934 . PMID   28510199.
  20. ↑ Braem; Chiron; Öhlund (2014). Paphiopedilum. BookBaby. p. 327. ISBN   9788793044012.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.