Rudimentary horn pregnancy

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Pregnancy in a rudimentary horn of the uterus is a very rare type of ectopic pregnancy. [1] [2] [3] This type of pregnancy can be life-threatening, as the rudimentary horn is not meant to sustain a pregnancy and is at risk of rupturing. [4]

Contents

Unicornuate uterus with rudimentary horn is a type of congenital uterine anomaly that arises when one of the Müllerian ducts fails to develop fully, resulting in a small rudimentary horn on one side of the uterus. Different terms have been used in the literature to describe the rudimentary horn, such as uterus bicornis with accessory horn, uterus bicornis unicollis with rudimentary horn, uterus bicornis unicollis with atretic horn, hernia uterus inguinale, and Robert's uterus. [5]

Complications

This condition is considered a medical emergency, as rupture of the rudimentary horn can occur in the late first or second trimester of pregnancy (between 10 and 15 weeks of gestation), leading to massive bleeding and threatening the patient's life. [6] Pregnancy in a rudimentary horn is typically associated with several complications, including intrauterine growth restriction, low amniotic fluid levels, preterm birth, fetal death, and occasionally, full-term gestation. [7] While there have been cases of successful live births, the prognosis for pregnancy in the rudimentary horn is generally poor. [6] [8]

Epidemiology

It is reported that 1 out of every 200 to 600 fertile women have a congenital uterine anomaly, while the occurrence of unicornuate uterus with rudimentary horn is even less common, with a frequency of 1 in 100,000. [6] Although pregnancy in the rudimentary horn is extremely rare, it can lead to an ectopic gestation with an incidence of 1 in 100,000 to 1 in 140,000 pregnancies. [6] [8]

Diagnosis

Diagnosing rudimentary horn pregnancy requires specific tests, such as hysteroscopy, hysterosalpingography, and laparoscopy, and close monitoring is essential if a person with a suspected rudimentary horn becomes pregnant to avoid the risk of rupture and its complications. Recent progress in diagnostic imaging techniques, including magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound, have enabled the detection of these pregnancies before they lead to rupture. [9] [10] Obstetric ultrasonography, particularly the transvaginal method, is used for attempting prenatal diagnosis. [6]

Many patients experience acute abdominal pain, and it can be challenging to differentiate rudimentary horn pregnancy from other acute abdominal or gestational problems through ultrasound, leading to a high rate of misdiagnosis. [11] Additionally, during advanced stages of gestation, rudimentary horn pregnancy can closely resemble abdominal pregnancy. [12]

Management

The standard approach for managing a rudimentary horn, regardless of the trimester, is to remove it along with the corresponding tube using either laparoscopy or laparotomy. [13] This is advised because the functional endometrial horn has a higher risk of ectopic pregnancy, infertility, and dysmenorrhoea. [13]

References

  1. ↑ Siwatch, Sujata; Mehra, Reeti; Pandher, Dilpreet Kaur; Huria, Anju (2012-11-27). "Rudimentary horn pregnancy: a 10-year experience and review of literature" . Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 287 (4). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 687–695. doi:10.1007/s00404-012-2625-7. ISSN   0932-0067. PMID   23183713.
  2. ↑ Dahiya, Krishna; Duhan, Nirmala; Nanda, Smiti (2011). "Rudimentary Horn Pregnancy: Series of Four Cases and Review of the Literature". Journal of Gynecologic Surgery. 27 (3). Mary Ann Liebert Inc: 139–141. doi:10.1089/gyn.2010.0032. ISSN   1042-4067.
  3. ↑ Ambusaidi, Qamariya; Jha, Chitra (2014). "Pregnancy in the Rudimentary Uterine Horn Case Report of an Unusual Presentation = عرض لحالة نادرة لحمل في قرن رحم غير مكتمل النمو". Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal. 14 (1): 134–138. doi:10.12816/0003349. ISSN   2075-0528. PMC   3916269 . PMID   24516746.
  4. ↑ Zhang, Salina; Lamari, Alessandra; Ferris, Edward; Maseelall, Priya (2022). "Fertility after treatment of a noncommunicating rudimentary horn pregnancy: A case report". Case Reports in Women's Health. 35. Elsevier BV: e00429. doi:10.1016/j.crwh.2022.e00429. ISSN   2214-9112. PMC   9287488 . PMID   35855949.
  5. ↑ Jayasinghe, Yasmin; Rane, Ajay; Stalewski, Harry; Grover, Sonia (2005). "The Presentation and Early Diagnosis of the Rudimentary Uterine Horn" . Obstetrics & Gynecology. 105 (6). Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health): 1456–1467. doi:10.1097/01.aog.0000161321.94364.56. ISSN   0029-7844. PMID   15932844.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 Chopra, Seema; Keepanasseril, Anish; Rohilla, Meenakshi; Bagga, Rashmi; Kalra, Jaswinder; Jain, Vanita (2009-03-13). "Obstetric morbidity and the diagnostic dilemma in pregnancy in rudimentary horn: retrospective analysis" . Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 280 (6). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 907–910. doi:10.1007/s00404-009-1013-4. ISSN   0932-0067. PMID   19283398.
  7. ↑ Zhang, Yu; Pang, Yingxin; Zhang, Xue; Zhao, Zhe; Liu, Peishu (2020-08-21). "Full-term pregnancy in a rudimentary horn with a live fetus". Medicine. 99 (34). Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health): e21604. doi:10.1097/md.0000000000021604. ISSN   0025-7974. PMC   7447397 . PMID   32846770.
  8. 1 2 Pal, Kalpana; Majumdar, Subrata; Mukhopadhyay, Sambit (2006-05-13). "Rupture of rudimentary uterine horn pregnancy at 37 weeks gestation with fetal survival" . Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 274 (5). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 325–326. doi:10.1007/s00404-006-0170-y. ISSN   0932-0067. PMID   16699796.
  9. ↑ Ueda, Makiko; Ota, Kuniaki; Takahashi, Toshifumi; Suzuki, Satoshi; Suzuki, Daisuke; Kyozuka, Hyo; Jimbo, Masatoshi; Soeda, Shu; Watanabe, Takafumi; Fujimori, Keiya (2021-10-26). "Successful pregnancy and term delivery after treatment of unicornuate uterus with non-communicating rudimentary horn pregnancy with local methotrexate injection followed by laparoscopic resection: a case report and literature review". BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 21 (1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 715. doi: 10.1186/s12884-021-04195-5 . ISSN   1471-2393. PMC   8547051 . PMID   34702216.
  10. ↑ Dhanawat, Juhi; Pape, Julian; Stuhlmann-Laeisz, Christiane; Maass, Nicolai; Freytag, Damaris; Gitas, Georgios; Alkatout, Ibrahim (2021). "Ectopic pregnancy in noncommunicating horn of unicornuate uterus: 3D-ultrasound and primary laparoscopic management". Clinical Case Reports. 9 (5). Wiley: e04261. doi: 10.1002/ccr3.4261 . ISSN   2050-0904. PMC   8142796 . PMID   34084520.
  11. ↑ Zhang, Duo-Duo; Gao, Ying; Lang, Jing-He; Zhu, Lan (2018-12-20). "Diagnosis and Treatment of Rudimentary Horn Pregnancy". Chinese Medical Journal. 131 (24). Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health): 3012–3014. doi: 10.4103/0366-6999.247200 . ISSN   0366-6999. PMC   6302637 . PMID   30539921.
  12. ↑ Bidiga, Semtama; Henry, Kiwango; Augustino, Onesmo; Mujuni, Fridolin; Matovelo, Dismas; Ndaboine, Edgar; Kihunrwa, Albert; Kiritta, Richard (2023-05-12). "Rudimentary horn pregnancy, a differential diagnosis of an intraabdominal pregnancy: a case report". Journal of Medical Case Reports. 17 (1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 210. doi: 10.1186/s13256-023-03882-5 . ISSN   1752-1947. PMC   10176794 . PMID   37170291.
  13. 1 2 Jomaa, Sami; Ahmad, Afaf; Adwan, Dema (2021). "Successful diagnosis and management of prerupture rudimentary horn pregnancy in the second trimester: a case report". Radiology Case Reports. 16 (10). Elsevier BV: 3068–3071. doi:10.1016/j.radcr.2021.07.044. ISSN   1930-0433. PMC   8365452 . PMID   34429804.
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