Same-sex marriage in Montana

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Same-sex marriage has been recognized in Montana since a federal district court ruled the state's ban on same-sex marriage unconstitutional on November 19, 2014. Montana had previously denied marriage rights to same-sex couples by statute since 1997 and in its State Constitution since 2004. The state appealed the ruling to the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, but before that court could hear the case, the U.S. Supreme Court struck down all same-sex marriage bans in the country in Obergefell v. Hodges , mooting any remaining appeals.

Contents

Statute

In 1997, the Montana Legislature passed a ban on same-sex marriage and any "contractual relationship entered into for the purpose of achieving a civil relationship". [1] [2] [3]

Constitution

On November 2, 2004, Montana voters approved Initiative 96, a state-initiated constitutional amendment that prohibited the recognition of same-sex marriage, as well as anything "identical or substantially similar to marital status" in the state of Montana. [4]

Lawsuits

Rolando v. Fox

Four same-sex couples represented by the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) and local attorneys filed a lawsuit in federal district court in Great Falls on May 21, 2014, challenging the Montana Constitution's definition of marriage as the "union of one man and one woman" and related statutes. The plaintiffs in the suit, Rolando v. Fox, were three couples (Shauna and Nicole Goubeaux, Ben Milano and Chase Weinhandl, and Sue Hawthorne and Adel Johnson) who had married in Hawaii, Iowa, and Washington, respectively. A fourth couple, Angela and Tonya Rolando, were denied a marriage license by the Cascade County Clerk of Court. Governor Steve Bullock expressed support for the plaintiffs. Attorney General Tim Fox defended the state. [5] On October 15, citing the recent decision of the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals in Latta v. Otter and Sevcik v. Sandoval , which ended bans on same-sex marriage in Idaho and Nevada, the plaintiffs asked the court for summary judgment. Their brief compared the texts of Montana's ban with those of Idaho and Nevada and used the Latta decision to counter the state's arguments. [6] U.S. District Court Judge Brian Morris ruled for the plaintiffs on November 19, 2014, and his injunction against the state's enforcement of its ban on same-sex marriage took effect immediately. Among the first couples to marry were Tonya and Angela Rolando, plaintiffs in Rolando, who filed marriage paperwork and were married at the Cascade County Courthouse on Thursday morning, November 20. [7] Leslie Burgess and Serena Early were the first couple to be issued a marriage license in Missoula County. [8] Former Supreme Court Judge James C. Nelson officiated at the wedding of Linda Gryczan and Constance Enzweiler, a couple for 31 years, who were the first to marry in Helena, the state capital, on November 20. [9]

Governor Bullock welcomed the court ruling, saying, "Today's decision ensures we are closer to fulfilling our promise of freedom, dignity, and equality for all Montanans. It is a day to celebrate our progress, while recognizing the qualities that bind us as Montanans: a desire to make a good life for ourselves and our families, while providing greater opportunities to the next generation. I have instructed my administration to quickly take all appropriate steps to ensure that we are recognizing and affording the same rights and responsibilities to legally married same-sex couples that all married Montanans have long enjoyed." Senator John Walsh said, "Today's overdue court ruling reflects our Montana values of individual freedom, fairness and equality. I believe every Montanan – our sons, daughters, friends and family – should live free of discrimination", and Senator Jon Tester also welcomed the court decision, saying, "I applaud today's ruling. It aligns our laws with our values and is a big step forward for our state. Denying same-sex couples the right to marry denies them happiness and equal protection under the law." Representative Steve Daines said he was "disappointed that an unelected federal judge ha[d] ignored Montanans' voice". [10]

Attorney General Fox announced plans to appeal the decision to the Ninth Circuit. [11] At the request of all parties, the Ninth Circuit suspended proceedings in the state's appeal on February 9, 2015, pending action by the Supreme Court in Obergefell v. Hodges . [12] On June 26, 2015, the Supreme Court ruled in Obergefell that laws depriving same-sex couples of the rights of marriage violate the Due Process and Equal Protection clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment, striking down all same-sex marriage bans in the country and mooting the state's appeal to the Ninth Circuit.

Donaldson v. State of Montana

In July 2010, seven same-sex couples in Montana filed a lawsuit against the state. The suit contended that even with the ban on same-sex marriage, the State Constitution's guarantees of privacy, dignity, and the pursuit of life's basic necessities and its guarantees of equal protection and due process require the state to offer same-sex couples the same rights and protections it offers to different-sex couples through marriage. [13] A state district court heard oral arguments in January 2011 in the case, Donaldson v. State of Montana. [14] The city of Bozeman backed their suit. [15] The court ruled against the plaintiffs on April 19, 2011, [16] and the plaintiffs, represented by the ACLU, appealed that decision to the Montana Supreme Court on August 4, arguing that the marriage amendment does not preclude providing rights other than the name "marriage" to same-sex couples. [17] On December 17, 2012, that court in a 4–3 decision denied the plaintiffs' request to find Montana's entire "statutory scheme" unconstitutional, but invited them to renew their suit in district court by specifying the statutes they were challenging. [18]

Native American nations

The Law and Order Code of the Blackfeet Nation specifies that state law and state jurisdiction govern marriage relations and that neither common-law marriages nor marriages performed under native customs are valid within the Blackfeet Reservation. [19] In 2006, a traditional Blackfoot marriage ceremony was held in Seeley Lake for a two-spirit (Blackfoot : ááwowáakii, [20] ᖳᖶᖷᖽ, pronounced [áːwowâːki] ) couple. [21] As same-sex marriage is legal under state law, same-sex couples can also marry on the Blackfeet Reservation. The Crow Tribe of Montana's Law and Order Code provides that marriage is a consensual relationship between "a man and a woman" arising out of a civil contract. However, the code also states that marriages which are validly contracted under the laws of the place where they occurred are recognized as valid within the Crow Indian Reservation. [22] Likewise, the Tribal Code of the Northern Cheyenne Tribe defines marriage as "a personal relationship between a man and a woman", but states that marriages validly performed under the laws of the jurisdiction where performed are valid in its reservation. [23] Similar language is found in the codes of the Assiniboine and Sioux Tribes, [24] and the Gros Ventre and Assiniboine Tribes. [25] The laws of the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes are silent on who can marry; "The Code is silent on defining who can marry. If the Tribal Code is silent, then we rely on federal law first and then state law", said a tribal member during a meeting of the Tribal Council on December 20, 2016. [26]

While there are no records of same-sex marriages as understood from a Western perspective being performed in Native American cultures, there is evidence for identities and behaviours that may be placed on the LGBT spectrum. Many of these cultures recognized two-spirit individuals who were born male but wore women's clothing and performed everyday household work and artistic handiwork which were regarded as belonging to the feminine sphere. [27] Marriages between two-spirit people and cisgender men or women have been historically performed in these tribes. In Cheyenne culture, two-spirit people are known as he'émáné'e (pronounced [hɛ̀ʔɛ́mánɛ́ʔɛ̥] ), [28] and filled an important role in Cheyenne society as a third gender. They were revered as warriors, directed the traditional scalp dances, were believed to be able to talk to coyotes, and were known for their skills in matchmaking, particularly for young, unmarried men who sought to impress young women. The he'émáné'e often served as a second wife in a married man's polygynous household. [29] Among the Assiniboine, two-spirit people, known as wįktą (pronounced [ˈwĩktã] ), would marry men, [27] whereas the Crow batée (pronounced [bə̀ˈtêː] ) [30] would marry either women or men. Osh-Tisch, a famous Crow batée, adorned women's clothing and married a woman. [27] In the Gros Ventre language, two-spirit individuals are known as níí3ʼa bíitéinɔh, [31] and in Montana Salish as sncˀew̓s snx̣péw̓s, meaning "twin-spirit". [32] [33] The Kutenai refer to two-spirit people who were born female but wore men's clothing and performed men's activities as titqatʼiʔtik (pronounced [tɪtqaˈtʼɪʔtɪk] ). One famous Kutenai two-spirit person was Kaúxuma Núpika, who, after leaving his White fur trader husband, returned to his people and adopted men's clothing and weapons, and took a wife. Kaúxuma was one of the "principal leaders" of the tribe and supernatural powers were attributed to him. He "is remembered among the Kutenai as a respected shamanic healer", a masculine occupation. [34] The two-spirit status thus allowed for marriages between two biological males or two biological females to be performed in these tribes.

Demographics and statistics

Data from the 2000 U.S. census showed that 1,218 same-sex couples were living in Montana. By 2005, this had increased to 1,662 couples, likely attributed to same-sex couples' growing willingness to disclose their partnerships on government surveys. Same-sex couples lived in all counties of the state, except Liberty County, and constituted 0.6% of coupled households and 0.3% of all households in the state. Most couples lived in Missoula, Yellowstone and Cascade counties, but the counties with the highest percentage of same-sex couples were Big Horn (0.82% of all county households), Garfield (0.75%) and Jefferson (0.67%). Same-sex partners in Montana were on average younger than opposite-sex partners, and more likely to be employed. However, the average and median household incomes of same-sex couples were lower than different-sex couples, and same-sex couples were also far less likely to own a home than opposite-sex partners. 35% of same-sex couples in Montana were raising children under the age of 18, with an estimated 762 children living in households headed by same-sex couples in 2005. [35]

By November 19, 2015, one year after the ruling in Rolando, 436 same-sex couples had married in Montana. In Cascade County, containing the third-largest city in Montana, Great Falls, the "initial rush" of same-sex couples seeking marriage licenses had decreased by then; "It was busy at first [...] We [now] probably do a couple a month or a few more", said Cascade County Clerk of Court Faye McWilliams in November 2015. [36]

The 2020 U.S. census showed that there were 1,276 married same-sex couple households (482 male couples and 794 female couples) and 1,094 unmarried same-sex couple households in Montana. [37]

Domestic partnerships

In 2004, the Montana Supreme Court ruled in Snetsinger v. Montana University System that the University of Montana's policy of denying insurance coverage to the same-sex domestic partners of its gay and lesbian employees violated the State Constitution's equal protection requirements. [38] Montana has provided benefits to same-sex partners of state employees since 2005. [39]

A domestic partnership bill was introduced to the Montana Legislature in 2009. It would have provided for basic rights such as hospital visitation access for one's partner and joint property ownership, but was swiftly killed in the Legislature. [40] [41]

On April 3, 2003, Missoula County commissioners approved a domestic partnership registry for the county. It went into effect on July 1, 2003. [42] A similar domestic partnership registry went into force in Missoula on October 1, 2013. [43] [44] The Missoula City Council voted to repeal the city's domestic partnership registry in October 2022, citing the legalization of same-sex marriage as a reason why "the registry was no longer needed". [45]

Public opinion

Public opinion for same-sex marriage in Montana
Poll sourceDates administeredSample sizeMargin of errorSupportOppositionDo not know / refused
Public Religion Research Institute March 9 – December 7, 2023 166 adults ?63%36%1%
Public Religion Research Institute March 11 – December 14, 2022  ? ?70%29%1%
Public Religion Research Institute March 8 – November 9, 2021  ? ?62%38%<0.5%
Public Religion Research Institute January 7 – December 20, 2020 254 adults ?69%30%1%
Public Religion Research Institute April 5 – December 23, 2017 348 adults ?57%37%6%
Public Religion Research Institute May 18, 2016 – January 10, 2017 524 adults ?53%36%11%
Public Religion Research Institute April 29, 2015 – January 7, 2016 465 adults ?49%43%8%
Public Religion Research Institute April 2, 2014 – January 4, 2015 256 adults ?47%43%10%
New York Times/CBS News/YouGov September 20 – October 1, 2014549 likely voters± 4.5%45%41%14%
MSU Billings October 2013410 adults± 5.0%47%43%10%
Public Policy Polling June 21–23, 2013807 registered voters± 3.4%42%48%10%
Public Policy Polling February 15–17, 20131,011 voters± 3.1%43%49%8%
Public Policy Polling April 26–29, 2012934 voters± 3.2%41%48%11%
Public Policy Polling November 28–30, 20111,625 voters± 2.4%37%51%12%

See also

Related Research Articles

Same-sex marriage has been legally recognized in the U.S. state of Washington since December 6, 2012. On February 13, 2012, Governor Christine Gregoire signed legislation that established full marriage rights for same-sex couples in the state of Washington. Opponents mounted a challenge that required voters to approve the statute at a referendum, which they did on November 6. The law took effect on December 6, and the first marriages were performed on December 9. Within a couple of days, more than 600 marriage licenses were issued to same-sex couples in King County alone. Washington was the seventh U.S. state, and the eighth U.S. jurisdiction, to legalize same-sex marriages.

Same-sex marriage has been legally recognized in Connecticut since November 12, 2008 as a result of the Connecticut Supreme Court ruling 4–3 in Kerrigan v. Commissioner of Public Health that the state's statutory prohibition on same-sex marriage violated the Constitution of Connecticut and that the state's civil unions failed to provide same-sex couples with rights and privileges equivalent to those of marriage.

Same-sex marriage has been legal in Florida since January 6, 2015, as a result of a ruling in Brenner v. Scott from the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Florida. The court ruled the state's same-sex marriage ban unconstitutional on August 21, 2014. The order was stayed temporarily. State attempts at extending the stay failed, with the U.S. Supreme Court denying further extension on December 19, 2014. In addition, a state court ruling in Pareto v. Ruvin allowed same-sex couples to obtain marriage licenses in Miami-Dade County on the afternoon of January 5, 2015. In another state case challenging the state's denial of marriage rights to same-sex couples, a Monroe County court in Huntsman v. Heavilin stayed enforcement of its decision pending appeal and the stay expired on January 6, 2015. Florida was the 35th U.S. state to legalize same-sex marriage.

Same-sex marriage has been legally recognized in Wisconsin since October 6, 2014, upon the resolution of a lawsuit challenging the state's ban on same-sex marriage. On October 6, the U.S. Supreme Court refused to hear an appeal of an appellate court ruling in Wolf v. Walker that had found Wisconsin's ban on same-sex marriage unconstitutional. The appellate court issued its order prohibiting enforcement of the state's ban on same-sex marriage the next day and Wisconsin counties began issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples immediately. Wisconsin had previously recognized domestic partnerships, which afforded limited legal rights to same-sex couples, from August 2009 until they were discontinued in April 2018.

Same-sex marriage has been legally recognized in Colorado since October 7, 2014. Colorado's state constitutional ban on same-sex marriage was struck down in state district court on July 9, 2014, and by the U.S. District Court for the District of Colorado on July 23, 2014. The Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals had already made similar rulings with respect to such bans in Utah on June 25 and Oklahoma on July 18, which are binding precedents on courts in Colorado. On October 6, 2014, the U.S. Supreme Court declined to hear the Tenth Circuit cases, and the Tenth Circuit lifted its stay. On October 7, the Colorado Supreme Court and the Tenth Circuit cleared the way for same-sex marriages to begin in Colorado.

Same-sex marriage has been legally recognized in Wyoming since October 21, 2014. The U.S. state of Wyoming had previously prohibited state recognition of same-sex marriages by statute since 1977 and had enacted a more explicit ban in 2003. An attempt to enact legislation recognizing domestic partnerships as an alternative to marriage for same-sex couples failed in 2013. On October 17, 2014, a federal district court found the state's ban on same-sex marriage unconstitutional. Its ruling took effect on October 21 when state officials notified the court that they would not appeal the decision.

Same-sex marriage has been legally recognized in Nevada since October 9, 2014, when a federal district court judge issued an injunction against enforcement of Nevada's same-sex marriage ban, acting on order from the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals. A unanimous three-judge panel of the Ninth Circuit had ruled two days earlier that the state's ban on same-sex marriage was unconstitutional. Same-sex marriage was previously banned by an amendment to the Constitution of Nevada, which was approved by voters in 2002. The statutory ban on same-sex marriages was repealed by the Nevada Legislature in 2017, and the constitutional ban was repealed by voters in 2020 by 62–38 percent.

Same-sex marriage has been legal in Michigan since the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling in Obergefell v. Hodges on June 26, 2015. The U.S. state of Michigan had previously banned the recognition of same-sex unions in any form after a popular vote added an amendment to the Constitution of Michigan in 2004. A statute enacted in 1996 also banned both the licensing of same-sex marriages and the recognition of same-sex marriages from other jurisdictions.

Same-sex marriage has been legal in Arizona since October 17, 2014. The U.S. state had denied marriage rights to same-sex couples by statute since 1996 and by an amendment to its State Constitution approved by voters in 2008. On October 17, Judge John W. Sedwick ruled in two lawsuits that Arizona's ban on same-sex marriage was unconstitutional, and enjoined the state from enforcing its ban, effective immediately. Attorney General Tom Horne said the state would not appeal that ruling, and instructed county clerks to comply and issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples.

Same-sex marriage has been legally recognized in North Carolina since October 10, 2014, when a U.S. District Court judge ruled in General Synod of the United Church of Christ v. Cooper that the state's denial of marriage rights to same-sex couples was unconstitutional. Governor Pat McCrory and Attorney General Roy Cooper had acknowledged that a recent ruling in the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals and the U.S. Supreme Court's decision not to hear an appeal in that case established the unconstitutionality of North Carolina's ban on same-sex marriage. State legislators sought without success to intervene in lawsuits to defend the state's ban on same-sex marriage. North Carolina was the 28th U.S. state to legalize same-sex marriage.

Same-sex marriage has been legal in Louisiana since the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling in Obergefell v. Hodges on June 26, 2015. The court held that the denial of marriage rights to same-sex couples is unconstitutional, invalidating Louisiana's ban on same-sex marriage. The ruling clarified conflicting court rulings on whether state officials are obligated to license same-sex marriages. Governor Bobby Jindal confirmed on June 28 that Louisiana would comply with the ruling once the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals reversed its decision in a Louisiana case, which the Fifth Circuit did on July 1. Jindal then said the state would not comply with the ruling until the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana reversed its judgment, which it did on July 2. All parishes now issue marriage licenses in accordance with federal law.

The Supreme Court decision in Obergefell v. Hodges that legalized same-sex marriage in the states and most territories did not legalize same-sex marriage on Indian reservations. In the United States, Congress has legal authority over tribal reservations. Thus, unless Congress passes a law regarding same-sex marriage that is applicable to tribal governments, federally recognized American Indian tribes have the legal right to form their own marriage laws. As such, the individual laws of the various United States federally recognized Native American tribes may set limits on same-sex marriage under their jurisdictions. At least ten reservations specifically prohibit same-sex marriage and do not recognize same-sex marriages performed in other jurisdictions; these reservations remain the only parts of the United States to enforce explicit bans on same-sex couples marrying.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBTQ rights in Montana</span>

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) people in the U.S. state of Montana may face some legal challenges not experienced by non-LGBTQ residents. Same-sex sexual activity has been legal in Montana since 1997. Same-sex couples and families headed by same-sex couples are eligible for all of the protections available to opposite-sex married couples, as same-sex marriage has been recognized since November 2014. State statutes do not address discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity; however, the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling in Bostock v. Clayton County established that employment discrimination against LGBTQ people is illegal under federal law. A number of cities also provide protections in housing and public accommodations.

Same-sex marriage has been legally recognized in Idaho since October 15, 2014. In May 2014, the U.S. District Court for the District of Idaho found Idaho's statutory and state constitutional bans on same-sex marriage unconstitutional in the case of Latta v. Otter, but enforcement of that ruling was stayed pending appeal. The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed that ruling on October 7, 2014, though the U.S. Supreme Court issued a stay of the ruling, which was not lifted until October 15, 2014.

Same-sex marriage has been legal in North Dakota since the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling in Obergefell v. Hodges on June 26, 2015, which invalidated state bans on same-sex marriage throughout the United States. Previously, North Dakota had restricted marriage to the "union of one man and one woman" both by statute and in its State Constitution.

Same-sex marriage has been legal in South Dakota since June 26, 2015 when the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Obergefell v. Hodges that the U.S. Constitution guarantees same-sex couples the right to marry. Attorney General Marty Jackley issued a statement critical of the ruling but said that the state would comply and recognize same-sex marriages. Previously, South Dakota had restricted marriage to the "union of a man and a woman" both by statute and in its State Constitution.

Same-sex marriage has been legal in Nebraska since June 26, 2015, when the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in the case of Obergefell v. Hodges that the denial of marriage rights to same-sex couples violates the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. Following the court ruling, Attorney General Doug Peterson announced that the state of Nebraska would comply and recognize same-sex marriages.

Same-sex marriage became legal in Kansas following the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in Obergefell v. Hodges on June 26, 2015, which found the denial of marriage rights to same-sex couples unconstitutional. By June 30, all 31 judicial districts and all 105 Kansas counties were issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples or had agreed to do so. Kansas state agencies initially delayed recognition of same-sex marriages for purposes including but not limited to changing names, ascribing health benefits and filing joint tax returns, but began doing so on July 6.

Same-sex marriage has been legal in Oklahoma since October 6, 2014, following the resolution of a lawsuit challenging the state's ban on same-sex marriage. On that day, following the U.S. Supreme Court's refusal to review Bishop v. Smith, a case that had found the ban unconstitutional, the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals ordered Oklahoma to recognize same-sex marriages. On January 14, 2014, Judge Terence C. Kern of the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Oklahoma declared the state's statutory and constitutional same-sex marriage bans unconstitutional. The case, Bishop v. Smith, was stayed pending appeal. On July 18, 2014, a panel of the Tenth Circuit upheld Kern's ruling overturning Oklahoma's same-sex marriage ban. However, the panel put its ruling on hold pending disposition of a petition for certiorari by the U.S. Supreme Court. On October 6, 2014, the U.S. Supreme Court rejected the request for review, leaving the Tenth Circuit Court's ruling in place. State officials responded by implementing the Tenth Circuit's ruling, recognizing same-sex marriage in the state.

Same-sex marriage has been legal in Mississippi since June 26, 2015. On November 25, 2014, U.S. District Court Judge Carlton W. Reeves of the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Mississippi ruled that Mississippi's ban on same-sex marriage was unconstitutional. Enforcement of his ruling was stayed pending appeal to the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals. On June 26, 2015, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Obergefell v. Hodges that the denial of marriage rights to same-sex couples violates the U.S. Constitution. On June 29, Attorney General Jim Hood ordered clerks to comply with the court ruling and issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples. The Fifth Circuit lifted its stay on July 1, and Judge Reeves ordered an end to Mississippi's enforcement of its same-sex marriage ban. However, until July 2, 2015, several counties in Mississippi continued to refuse to issue marriage licenses, including DeSoto, Jasper, Jones, Newton, Pontotoc, Simpson and Yalobusha.

References

  1. ↑ "XIII.7 Marriage". University of Montana. Retrieved October 11, 2022.
  2. ↑ 40-1-103. Formalities.
  3. ↑ 40-1-401. Prohibited marriages -- contracts.
  4. ↑ CNN: Election 2004 - Ballot Measures, accessed April 7, 2011.
  5. ↑ King, Jon (May 21, 2014). "Lawsuit Filed to End Montana Defenition of Marriage, Governor Bullock Applauds". KGVO. Retrieved October 15, 2014.
  6. ↑ "Montana judge asked to decide on gay marriage". Billings Gazette. Associated Press. October 15, 2014. Retrieved October 15, 2014.
  7. ↑ Fischer-Nitschke, Andrea (November 20, 2014). "Montana gay couples exchange vows after ban tossed". Great Falls Tribune.
  8. ↑ Towle, Andy (November 20, 2014). "First Gay Couples Marry in Montana: PHOTOS". Towleroad.
  9. ↑ "Gay couples exchange vows in Montana after ruling". The Seattle Times. November 21, 2014.
  10. ↑ "Reaction on lifting of Montana's gay marriage ban". NBC Montana. Helena, Montana. November 20, 2014. Archived from the original on April 20, 2021.
  11. ↑ Johnson, Chris (November 19, 2014). "Judge strikes down Montana ban on same-sex marriage". Washington Blade. Retrieved November 19, 2014.
  12. ↑ "Motion to stay proceedings granted". Scribd.com. Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals. Retrieved February 9, 2015.
  13. ↑ Garcia, Michelle (2010-07-22). "Gay Montana Couples Sue State". Advocate.com. Retrieved 2010-07-23.
  14. ↑ Billings Gazette: "Gay couples argue for same rights as wedded people," January 25, 2011, accessed April 14, 2011
  15. ↑ KTVM: "Bozeman Commission Backs Same-Sex Couples," September 27, 2010, accessed April 14, 2011
  16. ↑ Independent Record (Helena): Matt Gouras, "Judge rules against gay couples seeking rights," April 21, 2011, accessed April 21, 2011
  17. ↑ KTVM.com: Lauren Maschmedt, "ACLU Takes Same-Sex Case To State Supreme Court," August 4, 2011, accessed August 4, 2011
  18. ↑ Geidner, Chris (December 17, 2012). "Montana Supreme Court Rejects Broad Equal Benefits Claim By Gay Couples". Buzz Feed. Retrieved December 17, 2012.
  19. ↑ "Chapter 3, Blackfeet Tribe Law and Order Code" (PDF). narf.org. Retrieved January 28, 2022.
  20. ↑ "Blackfoot dictionary". dictionary.blackfoot.atlas-ling.ca. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 15 April 2024.
  21. ↑ "A Spirit of Belonging, Inside and Out". The New York Times. October 8, 2006.
  22. ↑ "Title 10 : Domestic Relations, Law and Order Code of the Crow Tribe of Montana" (PDF). indianlaw.mt.gov. Retrieved January 28, 2022.
  23. ↑ "Title VIII : Domestic Relations, Tribal Code of the Northern Cheyenne Tribe" (PDF). www.narf.org.
  24. ↑ "Section 202. Requirements. Title 10 – Family Code of the Assiniboine and Sioux Tribes" (PDF).
  25. ↑ "The Laws of the Gros Ventre and Assiniboine Tribes" (PDF). indianlaw.mt.gov.
  26. ↑ "Page 1 Tribal Council Meeting Minutes of the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Indian Nation, Montana" (PDF). Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Reservation. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 23, 2019.
  27. 1 2 3 Sabine Lang (1998). Men as women, women as men: changing gender in Native American cultures . University of Texas Press. ISBN   0-292-74701-2.
  28. ↑ "Cheyenne Dictionary: he'émáné'e". Archived from the original on April 25, 2023. Retrieved August 16, 2022.
  29. ↑ George Bird Grinnell (2008). The Cheyenne Indians: Their History and Lifeways: Edited and Illustrated. World Wisdom. ISBN   978-1933316604.
  30. ↑ "Crow Dictionary: batée". Crow Language Consortium. Archived from the original on April 18, 2024. Retrieved June 1, 2024.
  31. ↑ Cowell, Andrew (2012). English - Gros Ventre/White ClayStudent Dictionary. University of Colorado.
  32. ↑ Turney-High, Harry Holbert (1937). The Flathead Indians of Montana. American Anthropological Association. p. 157. ISBN   0527005479.
  33. ↑ "Seliš Translation, English to Salish Dictionary" (PDF). December 1, 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 29, 2021. Retrieved June 2, 2024.
  34. ↑ Schaeffer, Claude (1965). "The Kutenai Female Berdache". Duke University Press. 12 (3).
  35. ↑ "Census Snapshot" (PDF). Williams Institute. Retrieved August 15, 2022.
  36. ↑ Rosenbaum, Traci; Inbody, Kristen (November 19, 2015). "How many same-sex couples have married in Montana?". Great Falls Tribune.
  37. ↑ "PCT1405 Couple Households, By Type". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 9 June 2023. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
  38. ↑ Justia.com: Snetsinger v. Montana University System, accessed April 25, 2011
  39. ↑ National Conference of State Legislatures: "States offering benefits for same-sex partners of state employees", accessed April 16, 2011
  40. ↑ HOUSE BILL NO. 590
  41. ↑ HB 590
  42. ↑ Missoula County, Montana approves health benefits for domestic partners
  43. ↑ Missoula City Council Unanimously Approves Same-Sex – Domestic Partner Registration [AUDIO]
  44. ↑ Missoula City Council passes domestic partnership registry resolution
  45. ↑ "Missoula Repeals Domestic Partnership Registry; Keeps Tabs On Same-Sex Marriage At Supco". Missoula Current. October 12, 2022. Archived from the original on October 13, 2022.
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