Same-sex marriage in Washington (state)

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Same-sex marriage has been legally recognized in the US state of Washington since December 6, 2012. On February 13, 2012, Governor Christine Gregoire signed legislation that established full marriage rights for same-sex couples in the state of Washington. Opponents mounted a challenge that required voters to approve the statute at a referendum, which they did on November 6. The law took effect on December 6, and the first marriages were performed on December 9. Within a couple of days, more than 600 marriage licenses were issued to same-sex couples in King County alone.

Contents

Previously, in 1998, the state had enacted the Defense of Marriage Act that restricted marriage to different-sex couples, reinforcing its statutes that had been interpreted by a state court in 1974 as imposing the same restriction. Several lawsuits filed in state court challenged the state's marriage laws without success, including one filed in 1971, one of the first such cases in the United States.

Statutory ban

In 1997, the Washington State Legislature, in response to events in Hawaii that suggested that the state might legalize same-sex marriage, [1] passed a bill that would define marriage as the "union of a man and a woman" and deny legal recognition to same-sex marriages established elsewhere. The vote was 63 to 35 in the House and 27 to 19 in the Senate. [2] Governor Gary Locke vetoed the legislation on February 21, calling it "divisive and unnecessary", citing the 1974 state court decision in Singer v. Hara . He wrote in his veto message: "Our overarching principle should be to promote civility, mutual respect and unity. This legislation fails to meet this test." [3] An attempt to override his veto failed in the Senate on a party-line vote, [4] 26 to 20, when seven Democrats who had originally supported the measure changed their position to support Governor Locke. [2] Although Republicans threatened to put the issue to a popular referendum in November, some of their members thought the issue was not urgent enough to risk a contentious public campaign. [2]

In 1998, the State Legislature passed the same legislation, the Defense of Marriage Act, and expected Governor Locke to allow it to become law without his signature. Instead, he vetoed it a second time, saying that "Our laws right now prohibit same-gender marriages, and I oppose this legislation because it is trying to make illegal something that is already illegal". Democrats who feared the impact of having the legislation on the November ballot helped override his veto. One Democratic leader in the House said: "I'll vote to override. I'll stand up and say it's a bad bill, but it's even worse to have this issue on the ballot." [4] According to The Seattle Times : "Lawmakers, eager to be done with the controversial issue, rushed the ban through in minutes and dumped it in the governor's lap. Locke's veto came within the hour. Then both houses voted summarily to override the veto. No one could remember the last time a bill was passed, vetoed and overridden within hours–with almost no discussion and no debate." [5]

Lawsuits

Singer v. Hara

In 1971, in Seattle, in one of the first same-sex marriage lawsuits in the United States, gay activists John Singer (later known as Faygele Ben-Miriam) [6] and Paul Barwick requested a marriage license from the King County Auditor, Lloyd Hara, to demonstrate the inequality between gay and heterosexual couples. [7] Hara refused, and Singer and Barwick brought suit on the grounds that the denial violated the Equal Rights Amendment of the State Constitution. The Washington Court of Appeals denied the claim in 1974 in Singer v. Hara, and the Washington Supreme Court later refused to review the decision. [8] [9]

Andersen v. King County

On March 8, 2004, six same-sex couples represented by Lambda Legal filed suit in state court challenging the constitutionality of Washington's Defense of Marriage Act. The four constitutional claims were based on due process, privacy, equal protection and gender equality. On August 4, King County Superior Court Judge William L. Downing issued an opinion in Andersen v. Sims that the state had no rational basis for excluding same-sex couples from the rights and benefits of marriage. The decision concluded that the state law limiting marriage to different-sex couples violated sections of the Constitution that required due process and equal protection of the laws. The court did not require the state to allow same-sex couples to marry, but mandated the creation of a civil union status that would provide all the rights and benefits of marriage to same-sex couples. Downing stayed enforcement of his order pending appeal to the Washington Supreme Court. On April 1, 2004, eleven same-sex couples represented by the American Civil Liberties Union filed suit in state court challenging Washington's laws that banned same-sex couples from marrying. It also sought recognition of marriages performed legally in other jurisdictions. On September 7, Thurston County Superior Court Judge Richard D. Hicks ruled in Castle v. State that the state's marriage laws violated the equal protection of privileges and immunities clause of the State Constitution.

The Washington Supreme Court consolidated the two cases, Andersen v. Sims and Castle v. State, for review as Andersen v. King County . It heard oral arguments on March 8, 2005. On July 26, 2006, it reversed the trial courts' determinations in a 5–4 ruling. The majority opinion focused on the constitutionality of the State Legislature's enactment of the Defense of Marriage Act limiting the privileges of marriage to opposite-sex couples. In October 2006, the court refused to reconsider its ruling. [10]

Initiative 957

On January 10, 2007, the Washington Defense of Marriage Alliance, an activist organization that, despite its name, favored marriage rights for same-sex couples, filed a voter initiative, Initiative 957, to incorporate part of the Andersen decision into state statutes by making procreation a requirement for all marriages in Washington. The group's stated rationale was to prompt public examination of the premise that marriage exists for the purpose of procreation and to create a test case in which Andersen would be reversed. The initiative's sponsors withdrew it on July 3, after failing to gather a sufficient number of signatures to qualify for the November ballot.

Same-sex marriage law

Just married couples leaving Seattle City Hall are greeted by well-wishers on the first day of same-sex marriage in Washington. Leaving Seattle City Hall on first day of gay marriage in Washington 2.jpg
Just married couples leaving Seattle City Hall are greeted by well-wishers on the first day of same-sex marriage in Washington.

Advocates of marriage rights for same-sex couples, lacking the votes in the State Legislature to accomplish their objective, instead focused on enacting domestic partnerships that would grant such couples a subset of the rights attached to marriage. A law to this effect was approved by the State Legislature in 2007. This legal status was also made available under certain circumstances to different-sex couples. The legislation took effect on April 22, 2007. [11] A same-sex marriage bill was also introduced in the 2007 legislative session, but failed to make it out of committee. [12]

On January 26, 2012, legislation legalizing same-sex marriage and converting most domestic partnerships not dissolved within two years into marriages passed the Washington State Senate's Committee for Government Operations, Tribal Relations and Elections. Republican Dan Swecker introduced four amendments that failed on a party-line vote of 3–4. Republican Don Benton asked for the legislation to be placed on the November 2012 ballot as a referendum but his motion failed by a 3–4 vote. The bill was reported out of the committee by a 4–3 vote. [13] It passed the Senate by a vote of 28–21 on February 1.

The House of Representatives took up the same measure and passed it out of the Judiciary Committee on January 30 by a 7–6 party-line vote. [14] The committee voted on the Senate-approved version of the bill on February 6, passing it by a 7–5 vote, with one Republican committee member absent. [15] [16] The House passed the legislation on February 8 by a vote of 55–43. [17] [18] The legislation also provided that all domestic partnerships not involving at least one member aged 62 years or older and not dissolved within two years of the date the law would go into effect would automatically become marriages. [19] [20] Governor Christine Gregoire signed the bill into law on February 13. [21] It was scheduled to take effect 90 days after the end of the legislative session.

Same-sex marriage referendum

Some of the first same-sex couples to be married in Washington proceeding to welcoming crowds down the steps of Seattle City Hall, December 9, 2012

Opponents of the legalization of same-sex marriage delayed its implementation by collecting the signatures necessary to put the measure to a popular vote on November 6, 2012, as Referendum 74. [22] In that referendum, voters approved the law by a 54%–46% margin. [23] [24] The law took effect on December 6. Because Washington requires a three-day waiting period (excluding the day of issue) before a marriage license may be signed, the first same-sex marriages in the state took place on December 9, 2012. [25] [26]

Following the coming into effect of the same-sex marriage law on December 6, 2012, the definition of marriage in the state of Washington is now as follows: [27]

Marriage is a civil contract between two persons who have each attained the age of eighteen years, and who are otherwise capable. [RCW 26.04.010 (1)]

Native American nations

Same-sex marriage is legal on the reservations of the Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation, whose Tribal Council voted unanimously to legalize same-sex marriage in September 2013, [28] the Port Gamble S'Klallam Tribe, the Puyallup Tribe of Indians, whose Tribal Council voted unanimously to legalize in July 2014, [29] the Suquamish Tribe, which was the first tribe to do so in August 2011, [30] and the Tulalip Tribes of Washington. The Tulalip Board of Directors amended the Tribal Code on May 6, 2016 to state: "'Marriage' means the legal union of two persons, regardless of their sex, created to the exclusion of all others." [31] The Port Gamble S'Klallam Tribe announced in the wake of Referendum 74 in December 2012 that they would allow same-sex couples to marry on their reservation, including at the Heronswood Botanical Gardens in Kingston. [32]

While there are no records of same-sex marriages as understood from a Western perspective being performed in Native American cultures, there is evidence for identities and behaviours that may be placed on the LGBT spectrum. Many of these cultures recognized two-spirit individuals who were born male but wore women's clothing and performed everyday household work and artistic handiwork which were regarded as belonging to the feminine sphere. [33] This two-spirit status allowed for marriages between two biological males or two biological females to be performed among some of these tribes. [33] The Sahaptin refer to two-spirit individuals as wáƛ̓uks (pronounced [wátɬʼuks] ). [34] The Quileute, who live in the present-day Quileute Indian Reservation in La Push, call them yá·x̓wa (pronounced [jǽːχʷa] ). Among the Sylix, two-spirit people are known as st̓ámyaʔ (pronounced [ˈst’amjaʔ] ). [35]

Economic impact

In 2006, a study from the University of California, Los Angeles estimated the impact of allowing same-sex couples to marry on Washington's state budget. The study concluded that allowing same-sex couples to marry would result in a net gain of approximately $3.9 million to $5.7 million each year for the state. This net impact would result from savings in state expenditures on means-tested public benefits programs and from an increase in sales tax revenue from weddings and wedding-related tourism. [36]

Marriage statistics

Two men marrying in Seattle on December 9, 2012, the first day in which the possibility to marry was opened to same-sex couples DSC0028 (8282884246).jpg
Two men marrying in Seattle on December 9, 2012, the first day in which the possibility to marry was opened to same-sex couples

By September 2013, nine months after same-sex marriage was legalized in Washington, 7,071 same-sex couples had legally entered into a marriage, 3,452 of them in highly populated King County. [37] Same-sex marriages accounted for 17% of all marriages, and 62% of those were between women. [38] By December 31, 2015, approximately 15,750 same-sex marriages had been performed in Washington, a significant proportion of which occurred in the first 12 months of legalisation. [39] 2,091 same-sex marriages were performed in 2016, 1,915 in 2017, 1,884 in 2018, 1,690 in 2019, and 1,747 in 2020, with most being between lesbian couples. These figures do not include conversions from domestic partnerships. [40]

The 2020 US census showed that there were 21,659 married same-sex couple households (9,825 male couples and 11,834 female couples) and 13,693 unmarried same-sex couple households in Washington. [41]

Same-sex marriages in Washington (2012–2016) [42]
County 20122013201420152016Total
Adams 202015
Asotin 11383530
Benton 2289374325216
Chelan 758291932145
Clallam 762402122152
Clark 981,431432127822,170
Columbia 1482015
Cowlitz 250272718124
Douglas 2840115
Ferry 021003
Franklin 11113111147
Garfield 002002
Grant 2201191052
Grays Harbor 760272023137
Island 27151614443326
Jefferson 668451325157
King 6873,8401,7469439288,144
Kitsap 252421349576572
Kittitas 2311081970
Klickitat 138224267
Lewis 53422151288
Lincoln 105309
Mason 558312510129
Okanogan 21889643
Pacific 3291571064
Pend Oreille 11061119
Pierce 875383342542531,466
San Juan 1082422515174
Skagit 994483719207
Skamania 1632949106
Snohomish 51376198144134903
Spokane 4533618985104759
Stevens 2983729
Thurston 723011429684695
Wahkiakum 023117
Walla Walla 451267795
Whatcom 25165725264378
Whitman 230175761
Yakima 1255423525169
Tribal Authority000000
Total1,2378,4293,8962,1972,09117,850

Public opinion

Supporters of same-sex marriage campaigning in June 2012, Seattle Seattle Pride 2012 (7445967814).jpg
Supporters of same-sex marriage campaigning in June 2012, Seattle

A May 2011 Public Policy Polling (PPP) survey found that 46% of Washington voters thought same-sex marriage should be legal, while 44% thought it should be illegal and 10% were not sure. [43] An October 2011 University of Washington poll found that 55% of Washington voters would vote to uphold a legislatively approved same-sex marriage bill if it were put to a referendum, while 38% would oppose it and 7% were undecided. A separate question on the same survey found that 43% of respondents thought that gay and lesbian couples should have the same right to marry as straight couples, 22% thought that gay and lesbian couples should have the same rights as straight couples without the word "marriage", 15% thought that gay and lesbian couples should have domestic partnerships with only some of the rights of marriage, while 17% opposed all legal recognition, and 3% did not know. [44]

A February 2012 PPP survey found that 50% of Washington voters would vote to uphold a same-sex marriage law, while 46% would vote to repeal it and 4% were not sure. In addition, 32% believed that same-sex couples should be allowed to enter civil unions but not marriage and 20% were opposed to all legal recognition of same-sex relationships. [45] A June 2012 PPP survey found that 51% of Washington voters thought same-sex marriage should be legal, while 42% thought it should be illegal and 7% were not sure. [46] A survey conducted by the same polling organization in November 2012 found that 54% of Washington voters thought same-sex marriage should be legal, while 40% thought it should be illegal and 5% were not sure. [47] A May 2015 PPP survey showed that 56% of Washington voters thought same-sex marriage should be legal, while 36% thought it should be illegal and 8% were not sure. [48]

A 2016 Public Religion Research Institute (PRRI) poll found that 64% of Washington residents supported same-sex marriage, while 26% were opposed and 10% were unsure or undecided. [49] In 2017, the PRRI placed support at 73% and opposition at 21%. [50] A 2020 PRRI survey showed that 72% of Washington respondents supported same-sex marriage, while 22% were opposed and 6% were undecided or did not answer. [51] A survey conducted by the same polling organization between March and November 2021 found that 82% of Washington respondents were in favour of same-sex marriage, while 16% were opposed and 2% were undecided. [52]

According to a PRRI survey conducted between March 11 and December 14, 2022, 83% of Washington respondents supported same-sex marriage, while 15% were opposed. [53] This was the highest level of support recorded in the country, tied with Massachusetts (83%), and followed by New Hampshire (82%), Connecticut (81%), and Rhode Island (80%).

See also

Related Research Articles

<i>Andersen v. King County</i> Washington Supreme Court case

Andersen v. King County, 138 P.3d 963, formerly Andersen v. Sims, is a Washington Supreme Court case in which eight lesbian and gay couples sued King County and the state of Washington for denying them marriage licenses under the state's 1998 Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA), which defined marriage as between a man and a woman. The court ruled that banning same-sex marriage is constitutional since the legislature could reasonably believe it furthers the government's interest in promoting procreation.

Same-sex marriage has been legal in Vermont since September 1, 2009. Vermont was the first U.S. state to introduce civil unions on July 1, 2000, and the first to introduce same-sex marriage by enacting a statute without being required to do so by a court decision. Vermont was the fourth state to legalize same-sex marriage after Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Iowa.

This article contains a timeline of significant events regarding same-sex marriage and legal recognition of same-sex couples worldwide. It begins with the history of same-sex unions during ancient times, which consisted of unions ranging from informal and temporary relationships to highly ritualized unions, and continues to modern-day state-recognized same-sex marriage. Events concerning same-sex marriages becoming legal in a country or in a country's state are listed in bold.

Same-sex marriage has been legally recognized in Oregon since May 19, 2014, when Judge Michael J. McShane of the U.S. District Court for the District Court of Oregon ruled in Geiger v. Kitzhaber that Oregon's 2004 state constitutional amendment banning same-sex marriages discriminated on the basis of sexual orientation in violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the U.S. Constitution. A campaign that was then under way to win voter approval of a constitutional amendment legalizing same-sex marriage was suspended following the decision. In July 2015, Governor Kate Brown signed legislation codifying same-sex marriage in various Oregon statutes. The law change went into effect on January 1, 2016.

Same-sex marriage has been legally recognized in Wisconsin since October 6, 2014, upon the resolution of a lawsuit challenging the state's ban on same-sex marriage. On October 6, the U.S. Supreme Court refused to hear an appeal of an appellate court ruling in Wolf v. Walker that had found Wisconsin's ban on same-sex marriage unconstitutional. The appellate court issued its order prohibiting enforcement of the state's ban on same-sex marriage the next day and Wisconsin counties began issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples immediately. Wisconsin had previously recognized domestic partnerships, which afforded limited legal rights to same-sex couples, from August 2009 until they were discontinued in April 2018.

Same-sex marriage has been legally recognized in Rhode Island since August 1, 2013. The state had authorized a limited form of domestic partnerships from 2002 to 2011 and the formation of civil unions from 2011 until the state began recognizing same-sex marriages in 2013. Rhode Island was the last U.S. state in New England to legalize same-sex marriage.

State Registered Domestic Partnerships (SRDP) in Washington were created in 2007 following the Andersen v. King County decision. Subsequent legislation has made an SRDP the equivalent of marriage under state law. As a result of the legalization of same-sex marriage in the state, from June 30, 2014, SRDP will be available only when at least one of the partners is sixty-two years of age or older.

This is a list of notable events in the history of LGBT rights that took place in the year 2009.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT rights in Nevada</span>

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in the U.S. state of Nevada enjoy the same rights as non-LGBT people. Same-sex marriage has been legal since October 8, 2014, due to the federal Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals ruling in Sevcik v. Sandoval. Same-sex couples may also enter a domestic partnership status that provides many of the same rights and responsibilities as marriage. However, domestic partners lack the same rights to medical coverage as their married counterparts and their parental rights are not as well defined. Same-sex couples are also allowed to adopt, and state law prohibits unfair discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity, among other categories, in employment, housing and public accommodations. In addition, conversion therapy on minors is outlawed in the state.

Same-sex marriage has been legally recognized in Nevada since October 9, 2014, when a federal district court judge issued an injunction against Nevada's enforcement of its same-sex marriage ban, acting on order from the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals. A unanimous three-judge panel of the Ninth Circuit had ruled two days earlier that the state's ban on same-sex marriage was unconstitutional. Same-sex marriage was previously banned by an amendment to the Constitution of Nevada adopted in 2002. The statutory and constitutional bans were repealed in 2017 and 2020, respectively.

Same-sex marriage has been legally recognized in Maine since December 29, 2012. A bill for the legalization of same-sex marriages was approved by voters, 53–47 percent, on November 6, 2012, as Maine, Maryland and Washington became the first U.S. states to legalize same-sex marriage by popular vote. Election results were certified by the Maine Secretary of State's office and the Governor of Maine, Paul LePage, on November 29.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2009 Washington Referendum 71</span> LGBT rights referendum

The 2009 Washington Referendum 71 (R-71) legalized domestic partnership in Washington state, the first statewide referendum in the United States that extended to LGBT people the rights and responsibility of domestic partnership. The bill had passed State Legislature, and it was signed into law by the Governor in May 2009, but opponents gathered enough signatures to put the measure before the voters, who returned ballots by mail over three weeks ending on November 3, 2009, approving the measure 53% to 47%. The new law went into effect 30 days later, on December 3, 2009.

Same-sex marriage has been legally recognized in Pennsylvania since May 20, 2014, when a U.S. federal district court judge ruled that the state's 1996 statutory ban on recognizing same-sex marriage was unconstitutional. Governor Tom Corbett announced the following day that he would not appeal the decision. Pennsylvania had previously prohibited the recognition of same-sex marriage by statute since 1996, but had never added such a ban to its State Constitution.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT rights in Delaware</span>

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in the U.S. state of Delaware enjoy the same legal protections as non-LGBT people. Same-sex sexual activity has been legal in Delaware since January 1, 1973. On January 1, 2012, civil unions became available to same-sex couples, granting them the "rights, benefits, protections, and responsibilities" of married persons. Delaware legalized same-sex marriage on July 1, 2013.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT rights in Georgia (U.S. state)</span>

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in the U.S. state of Georgia enjoy most of the same rights and liberties as non-LGBT people. LGBT rights in the state have been a recent occurrence, with most improvements occurring from the 2010s onward. Same-sex sexual activity has been legal since 1998, although the state legislature has not repealed its sodomy law. Same-sex marriage has been legal in the state since 2015, in accordance with Obergefell v. Hodges. In addition, the state's largest city Atlanta, has a vibrant LGBT community and holds the biggest Pride parade in the Southeast. The state's hate crime laws, effective since June 26, 2020, explicitly include sexual orientation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT rights in Washington (state)</span>

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights in the U.S. state of Washington have evolved significantly since the late 20th century. Same-sex sexual activity was legalized in 1976. LGBT people are fully protected from discrimination in the areas of employment, housing and public accommodations; the state enacting comprehensive anti-discrimination legislation regarding sexual orientation and gender identity in 2006. Same-sex marriage has been legal since 2012, and same-sex couples are allowed to adopt. Conversion therapy on minors has also been illegal since 2018.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT rights in Maine</span>

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in the U.S. state of Maine have the same legal rights as non-LGBT people. Same-sex marriage has been recognized in Maine since December 2012, following a referendum in which a majority of voters approved an initiative to legalize same-sex marriage. Discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity is prohibited in the areas of employment, housing, credit and public accommodations. In addition, the use of conversion therapy on minors has been outlawed since 2019, and joint adoption is permitted for same-sex couples.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT rights in Kansas</span>

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in the U.S. state of Kansas have federal protections, but many face some legal challenges on the state level that are not experienced by non-LGBT residents. Same-sex sexual activity is legal in Kansas under the US Supreme Court case Lawrence v. Texas, although the state legislature has not repealed its sodomy laws that only apply to same-sex sexual acts. The state has prohibited discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity in employment, housing and public accommodations since 2020. Proposed bills restricting preferred gender identity on legal documents, bans on transgender people in women's sports, bathroom use restrictions, among other bills were vetoed numerous times by Democratic Governor Laura Kelly since 2021. However, many of Kelly's vetoes were overridden by the Republican supermajority in the Kansas legislature and became law.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT rights in Alaska</span>

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) persons in the U.S. state of Alaska may face some legal challenges not experienced by non-LGBT Alaskans. Since 1980, same-sex sexual conduct has been allowed, and same-sex couples can marry since October 2014. The state offers few legal protections against discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity, leaving LGBT people vulnerable to discrimination in housing and public accommodations; however, the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling in Bostock v. Clayton County established that employment discrimination against LGBT people is illegal under federal law. In addition, four Alaskan cities, Anchorage, Juneau, Sitka and Ketchikan, representing about 46% of the state population, have passed discrimination protections for housing and public accommodations.

Same-sex marriage has been legal in Virginia since October 6, 2014, following the decision of the U.S. Supreme Court not to hear an appeal of the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals' ruling in Bostic v. Schaefer. Same-sex marriages subsequently began at 1:00 p.m. on October 6 after the Fourth Circuit issued its mandate, and since then Virginia has performed legal marriages of same-sex couples and recognized out-of-state same-sex marriages. Previously, the state had passed a statute prohibiting same-sex marriage in 1975, and further restrictions were added in 1997 and 2004, which made "void and unenforceable" any arrangements between same-sex couples bestowing the "privileges or obligations of marriage". Voters approved an amendment to the Constitution of Virginia reinforcing the existing laws in 2006. On January 14, 2014, a U.S. district court judge ruled in Bostic that Virginia's statutory and constitutional ban on the state recognition of same-sex marriages were unconstitutional, a decision upheld by the Fourth Circuit on July 28, 2014.

References

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  2. 1 2 3 Targovnik, Diane (February 27, 1997). "Locke's Veto of Gay Marriage Ban Stands". The Spokesman-Review. Associated Press. Retrieved September 2, 2014.
  3. ↑ Ammons, David (February 22, 1997). "Locke Vetoes Ban On Same-Sex Marriages Flays Bill As Discriminatory; Lawmakers Vow To Send Issue To Voters". The Spokesman-Review. Associated Press. Retrieved September 2, 2014.
  4. 1 2 "Democrats Plan To Defy Locke On Gay Marriage Even A Veto Override Would Be Better Than A Public Vote, They Say". The Spokesman-Review. February 5, 1998. Retrieved September 2, 2014.
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  7. ↑ McNerthney, Casey (December 13, 2012). "Seattle gay rights pioneer recalls struggle for marriage equality: Paul Barwick and John Singer were first to apply for same-sex marriage in King County". Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Retrieved December 13, 2012.
  8. ↑ "Gay Marriage’s Jewish Pioneer", Eli Sanders, The Tablet, June 6, 2012.
  9. ↑ Washington Court of Appeals: Singer v. Hara, May 20, 1974
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  27. ↑ Title 26 Chapter 26.04
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  32. ↑ "Port Gamble S'Klallam Tribe | Peninsular Thinking". Pugetsoundblogs.com. December 4, 2012. Retrieved December 27, 2015.
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  35. ↑ Mattina, Anthony (1987). Colville-Okanagan Dictionary. University of Montana. p. 317.
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  37. ↑ Thousands of gay couples tie the knot in Washington state
  38. ↑ "Gay weddings make up 17% of Washington state marriages in year". Al Jazeera. December 5, 2013.
  39. ↑ Demay, By Daniel (November 8, 2017). "Legal gay marriage marks 5 years in Washington". SeattlePI.com.
  40. ↑ "Washington State Vital Statistics" (PDF). doh.wa.gov. Retrieved May 18, 2022.
  41. ↑ "PCT1405 Couple Households, By Type". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on June 9, 2023. Retrieved December 11, 2023.
  42. ↑ "Marriage Tables by Year". Washington State Department of Health. Archived from the original on January 27, 2022.
  43. ↑ "WA voters done with Rossi, not open to Kucinich bid" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 20, 2011. Retrieved January 20, 2012.
  44. ↑ "2011 Washington Poll" (PDF). Retrieved January 20, 2012.
  45. ↑ Voters Support Gay Marriage
  46. ↑ "McKenna takes lead in Wa. gubernatorial race" (PDF). Public Policy Polling. Retrieved June 19, 2012.
  47. ↑ WA-Gov a toss up, Obama and gay marriage well ahead
  48. ↑ Washington Voters Grow Further In Support of Gay Marriage, Marijuana, Background Checks
  49. ↑ "American Values Atlas 2016, Washington". Public Religion Research Institute.
  50. ↑ "American Values Atlas 2017, Washington". Public Religion Research Institute.
  51. ↑ "American Values Atlas: Same-sex marriage in Washington state". PRRI. Retrieved March 19, 2022.
  52. ↑ "PRRI – American Values Atlas 2021: Washington". Public Religion Research Institute. Retrieved May 8, 2022.
  53. ↑ "PRRI – American Values Atlas 2022: Washington". Public Religion Research Institute. Retrieved April 25, 2022.
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