Same-sex marriage in Florida

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Same-sex marriage has been legal in Florida since January 6, 2015, as a result of a ruling in Brenner v. Scott from the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Florida. The court ruled the state's same-sex marriage ban unconstitutional on August 21, 2014. The order was stayed temporarily. State attempts at extending the stay failed, with the U.S. Supreme Court denying further extension on December 19, 2014. In addition, a state court ruling in Pareto v. Ruvin allowed same-sex couples to obtain marriage licenses in Miami-Dade County on the afternoon of January 5, 2015. In another state case challenging the state's denial of marriage rights to same-sex couples, a Monroe County court in Huntsman v. Heavilin stayed enforcement of its decision pending appeal and the stay expired on January 6, 2015. Florida was the 35th U.S. state to legalize same-sex marriage.

Contents

Florida passed a statute banning same-sex marriage in 1977 and added a prohibition on the recognition of marriages from other jurisdictions in 1997. Voters approved a constitutional amendment that banned both same-sex marriage and civil unions in 2008. The state also imposed criminal penalties on any county clerk who issued marriage licenses to same-sex couples. These laws, while unenforceable, remain on the books.

Statutory ban

In 1977, following the success of the Save Our Children campaign in overturning an LGBT rights ordinance in Miami, the Florida Legislature enacted legislation banning same-sex marriage as well as adoption by gays and lesbians. [1] State Senator Curtis Peterson, sponsor of the legislation, said it was designed to say "we are tired of you and wish you would go back in the closet." [2] In 1997, the Florida Legislature overwhelmingly adopted its own Defense of Marriage Act, which stated marriage was the "union between one man and one woman" and barred the state from recognizing same-sex marriages performed in other states. Governor Lawton Chiles said: "I believe that, by and large, most Floridians are tolerant and will one day come to view a broader range of domestic partnerships as an acceptable part of life. But, that is not the case today." The bill became law without his signature. [3]

According to a legal opinion provided to the Florida Court Clerks' Association in December 2014 in anticipation of an injunction in the case of Brenner v. Scott, a clerk who granted marriage licenses to same-sex couples would face criminal penalties, a legal provision it called "apparently unique" to Florida. [4] Penalties could include fines as high as $1,000 and up to a year in prison. [5]

In August 2017, Senator Gary Farmer filed a bill to repeal the state's statutory ban on same-sex marriage. [6] A similar bill was introduced to the House by Representative David Richardson in November 2017. The bills were unsuccessful. Senator Tina Polsky filed a bill to repeal the statutory ban in December 2022, [7] [8] but it failed to pass before the end of the legislative session. Senator Fabián Basabe proposed a similar bill in October 2023, [9] which likewise failed to pass. [10]

Constitutional amendment

Activists urging voters to reject Amendment 2, Orlando, 2008 Orlando Pride Parade 1 (2937670531).jpg
Activists urging voters to reject Amendment 2, Orlando, 2008

On November 4, 2008, voters approved Amendment 2, a constitutional amendment banning same-sex marriage and civil unions in the state. A 60% approval rate was required to adopt the amendment; 62% of voters voted in favor. [11] Get Engaged and Equal Marriage Florida, two organizations dedicated to overturning the constitutional amendment in the 2014 elections, were formed in 2013. [12] [13] However, no measure was placed on the 2014 ballot to repeal the same-sex marriage ban.

In October 2023, Senator Basabe filed a constitutional amendment to repeal the ban. The measure would have required approval by voters in a referendum scheduled for November 2024, [9] but it died without a hearing in a Senate subcommittee in February 2024. [10]

Lawsuits

Several lawsuits for same-sex marriage rights were filed in federal and state courts in 2014 in the aftermath of the United States v. Windsor decision. Two courts ordered state officials to recognize a specific marriage established outside of Florida, a federal court in Brenner v. Scott, [14] and a state court in Estate of Bangor. [15]

Federal lawsuits

Wilson v. Ake

In January 2005, Judge James S. Moody Jr. of the U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Florida upheld the state's same-sex marriage ban and ruled against a same-sex couple who sought to have their Massachusetts marriage recognized in Florida. [16]

Brenner v. Scott

On February 28, 2014, civil rights attorneys filed a lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Florida on behalf of a Florida same-sex couple who had married in Canada. The case, Brenner v. Scott, was assigned to Judge Robert Lewis Hinkle. On March 13, 2014, attorneys for the American Civil Liberties Union filed a similar suit, Grimsley v. Scott, in the same court on behalf of South Florida LGBT advocacy group SAVE Dade and eight same-sex couples already married in other states, asking the court to order Florida to recognize their marriages. It named Governor Rick Scott and three other state officials as defendants. [17] [18] [19] Judge Hinkle consolidated Brenner and Grimsley on April 21. [20] On August 21, he ruled that Florida's statutory and constitutional bans on same-sex marriage were unconstitutional. [21] He issued a stay pending appeal. He also granted immediate relief by ordering the state to recognize the marriage in New York in 2011 of the late Carol Goldwasser and plaintiff Arlene Goldberg and to revise the former's death certificate to reflect that marriage. [14] The state defendants appealed to the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals and the case was retitled Brenner v. Armstrong. On December 3, the Eleventh Circuit denied a request to extend the stay from Hinkle's earlier ruling, and the U.S. Supreme Court on December 19 rejected Florida's request, with only Justices Antonin Scalia and Clarence Thomas dissenting. [22] Hinkle's stay expired on January 6, 2015, legalizing same-sex marriage in Florida. [23]

On January 1, 2015, Judge Hinkle clarified his order after one defendant, the Washington County clerk, inquired whether he was ordering her to issue more than the one marriage license specified in his preliminary injunction. Hinkle explained that his order applied only to the specific circumstances presented by the plaintiffs seeking relief, but that all Florida clerks should understand from his ruling that the U.S. Constitution required them to issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples. He warned that he was prepared to add additional plaintiffs and defendants to the lawsuit and that the costs would be borne by the defendants. [24] [25]

More than a year after same-sex marriage began in Florida, Judge Hinkle issued a ruling that declared Florida's voter-approved amendment prohibiting same-sex marriage unconstitutional. On March 31, 2016, Hinkle issued a final injunction in the Brenner case, affirming the unconstitutionality of the now-defunct constitutional and statutory bans on same-sex marriage and clarifying the state government's requirement to treat same-sex couples equal in all aspects of Florida law. Judge Hinkle rejected the state's argument that summary judgment would be moot on the basis that the state government had shown little, if any, inclination to accept and follow the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling in Obergefell v. Hodges , which was decided on June 26, 2015. [26] [27]

State lawsuits

Early state lawsuits

In June 1993, Shawna Underwood and Donia Davis, a lesbian couple from Orange County, filed suit in Underwood v. Florida, challenging Florida's statutory same-sex marriage ban enacted in 1977. The lawsuit was voluntarily dismissed after extensive discussions with LGBT rights legal experts who suggested that Baehr v. Miike , a same-sex marriage case from Hawaii, would be a better first test on this issue. [28]

In March 1997, a three-judge panel of the Florida Fifth District Court of Appeal affirmed a decision by Circuit Judge Edward M. Jackson in Posik v. Layton recognizing as enforceable a "nuptial-type agreement" between two women from Brevard County. The court pointed out that "[e]ven though the state has prohibited same-sex marriages and same-sex adoptions, it has not prohibited this type of agreement". [28] The court ruled that the support agreement, which detailed that Layton would pay liquidated damages in the amount of $2,500 a month if the couple separated, was valid in Florida.

In 2001, after the initial dismissal of the lawsuit, the Florida Fifth District Court of Appeal ruled in Frandsen v. County of Brevard that the denial of marriage licenses to same-sex couples did not violate the State Constitution's equal protection for gender classifications. [29]

The San Francisco 2004 same-sex weddings prompted a flurry of similar attempts at same-sex marriage in Florida. [30] On February 25, attorney Ellis Rubin filed suit in Broward County on behalf of 170 gay men and lesbians who sought the right to marry. The suit, brought against Broward County Clerk Howard Forman was, according to the NBC News, "believed to be the first formal legal challenge to the state law specifying that marriage licenses be issued only to parties consisting of one male and one female." The suit was Ash v. Forman. [31] Broward Circuit Judge Richard Eade rejected a bid by Liberty Counsel to intervene in the case in support of the ban. The city of Key West passed a symbolic resolution in support of same-sex marriage in March 2004. [32] On March 18, the Mayor of Tampa, Pam Iorio, signed an order, effective the following year, extending health care benefits to the domestic partners of city employees. [33] Other cases were filed throughout the state: Clayton v. Ake in Hillsborough County, Merritt v. Gardner in Orange County, [34] Berman v. Wilkin in Palm Beach County, and Kelley v. Green in Lee County. Liberty Counsel led counter suits against the couples in "a move designed to intimidate anyone suing for legal marriage", but they were later dropped. All the same-sex marriage cases were dismissed. A last case, Higgs v. Kolhage, brought in Monroe County, was dismissed in February 2006. [28]

Pareto v. Ruvin

On January 21, 2014, six same-sex couples, some of whom had children or grandchildren, filed a lawsuit in the Eleventh Judicial Circuit Court of Florida, challenging the state's ban on same-sex marriage. The plaintiffs alleged an equal protection violation of their rights under the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. The suit was organized by Equality Florida. It named Miami-Dade County Clerk Harvey Ruvin as defendant because his office had refused to issue marriage licenses to the couples. [35] [36] Miami-Dade Circuit Judge Sarah Zabel held a hearing in the case on July 2 and granted the plaintiffs' motion for summary judgment on July 25. She found that Florida's same-sex marriage ban and related statutes deprived couples due process and equal protection of the laws as guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment. She noted that under Florida Supreme Court precedent she needed to apply rational basis review to laws discriminating based on sexual orientation, but suggested the Florida Supreme Court revisit the question of the appropriate level of scrutiny on appeal. She stayed enforcement of her decision pending appeal. [37] She lifted that stay on January 5, 2015, ordering Miami-Dade County to issue licenses to same-sex couples, which county officials began doing around noon that day. [38] The first same-sex couples began marrying in the state on January 5, 2015. Catherina Pareto and Karla Arguello, plaintiffs in Pareto, were the first couple to marry in Florida. [39] Same-sex couples from across the state began marrying the next day, on January 6, when Judge Hinkle's stay in the Brenner case expired. [40]

Huntsman v. Heavilin

On April 1, 2014, plaintiffs Aaron Huntsman and William Lee Jones filed suit in the Sixteenth Judicial Circuit Court of Florida against Monroe County Clerk Amy Heavilin, after they were denied a marriage license. [41] Chief Judge Luis Garcia held an initial hearing in the case, Huntsman v. Heavilin, on July 7. [42] On July 17, Judge Garcia ruled in favor of the couple, overturning Florida's ban on same sex marriage. The judge, in declaring that Florida's same-sex marriage ban was unconstitutional under the Fourteenth Amendment, found that marriage is a fundamental right and that same-sex marriage could not be construed as a "new right". He found that Florida violated the plaintiffs' rights under both the Due Process and Equal Protection clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment, but that the plaintiffs lacked standing to raise the question of the recognition of same-sex marriages from other jurisdictions. He ordered Monroe County to issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples beginning on July 22, 2014. [43] The Florida Attorney General, Pam Bondi, filed a notice of appeal with the Third District Court of Appeal the same day, which stayed enforcement of Garcia's ruling. [44] Judge Garcia denied the plaintiffs' request to have the stay lifted, as did the Court of Appeal on July 23. [45] The stay expired on January 6, 2015, and Huntsman and Jones were married that day at 12:01 a.m. at the Monroe County Courthouse.

Consolidated cases in Pareto and Huntsman

Attorney General Bondi appealed both cases to the Florida Third District Court of Appeal, where the cases were consolidated. On July 28, the same-sex couples asked the court to exercise "pass through" jurisdiction and allow the case to be heard directly by the Florida Supreme Court. [46] On October 13, Bondi asked the Third District Court of Appeal to pass the consolidated case to the Florida Supreme Court, as the plaintiffs had earlier proposed. [47] In light of the Brenner decision, the courts lifted their stays and same-sex couples began marrying in Florida.

State lawsuits seeking recognition of specific marriages

Estate of Bangor

Francis C. Bangor was a Pennsylvania resident who owned a winter home in Boynton Beach. Bangor and his spouse, William Simpson, entered into a civil union in Vermont in 2001 and married in Delaware in October 2013. Bangor died on March 15, 2014. He left a will that named Simpson as his executor, which Florida called a "personal representative". Florida law required a non-resident personal representative to be a relative of the decedent. Circuit Judge Diana Lewis held a hearing at which Simpson testified to his 37-year relationship with Bangor. The state Attorney General was not represented. On August 5, she ruled that Simpson was entitled to be recognized as Bangor's surviving spouse, and that Florida's constitutional and statutory provisions prohibiting this recognition were unconstitutional as applied to this case. Lewis did not stay her order as three other circuit courts had in same-sex marriage cases. She issued Letters of Administration to Simpson, making Simpson and Bangor's marriage the first same-sex marriage recognized in Florida. [48]

Shaw v. Shaw

On January 15, 2014, Mariama Shaw, a Tampa woman who had married her wife in Massachusetts, filed a petition for divorce in the Thirteenth Judicial Circuit. [49] Shaw was seeking to have the state recognize her same-sex marriage for the purpose of granting a divorce. The spouses then entered into the collaborative divorce process, came to a full settlement agreement, and presented that agreement to the judge to ratify as part of a final judgment of divorce. After hearing arguments, the trial judge dismissed the petition, and the parties appealed. [50] On August 27, on a 10 to 3 vote, the judges of the Second District Court of Appeal asked the Florida Supreme Court to settle the case, Shaw v. Shaw. [51] The Supreme Court rejected that request on September 5. [52] The divorce was granted by the Second District Court of Appeal on May 29, 2015. [53]

Brassner v. Lade

Heather Brassner asked a state court to dissolve a civil union she had entered into with Megan Lade in Vermont in 2002. On August 4, 2014, Broward County Circuit Judge Dale Cohen ruled that Florida's denial of marriage rights to same-sex couples and its refusal to recognize same-sex marriages from other jurisdictions were unconstitutional. He stayed implementation of his decision allowing the divorce for 30 days pending appeal. [54] Attorney General Bondi said the state did not appeal because it was not a party to the case, and Cohen scheduled a final divorce hearing for September 11. Beyond the one divorce, his ruling did not direct local officials to take any action, but the Broward County Clerk, Howard Forman, said he would decide during the week of September 7 whether to issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples based on Cohen's ruling. [55] Before the final divorce hearing, Judge Cohen vacated his earlier ruling because Brassner's attorney had only notified the Attorney General of the constitutional challenge by email rather than certified mail as required by Florida law. [56] The Attorney General was properly served, and then intervened, [57] and Cohen reissued his order on December 8. [58] The judge issued his final judgment in the case on December 17, 2014, allowing the first same-sex divorce in Florida to be granted.

Native American nations

The federal and state court rulings do not apply to the Seminole Tribe of Florida and the Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of Florida, which have jurisdiction over marriages and divorces performed under tribal law. It is unclear if same-sex marriage is presently legal in these tribes. While there are no records of same-sex marriages as understood from a Western perspective being performed in Native American cultures, there is evidence for identities and behaviours that may be placed on the LGBT spectrum. Many of these cultures recognized two-spirit individuals who were born male but wore women's clothing and performed everyday household work and artistic handiwork which were regarded as belonging to the feminine sphere. It is possible that some tribes living in present-day Florida traditionally allowed for marriages between two biological males through this two-spirit status. [59]

The Timucua recognized two-spirit individuals, known as chocolo yucha (pronounced [ˈtʃokoloˈjutʃa] ), [60] who were born male but typically wore at least some female clothing, and could be distinguished from both women and men by the color of the feathers in their hair. Their work in the community included hauling provisions for men going to war, preparing dead bodies for burial, and tending to people with contagious diseases. [61] René Goulaine de Laudonnière reported in 1564 that he had encountered several Timucua two-spirit people, including one serving as an emissary of a Timucuan king. According to Jacques le Moyne, "because they were strong, [two-spirit people] accompanied warriors to battle, carrying provisions and tending to the injured." [59] [62] The Timucua were monogamous, but chiefs sometimes had two or three wives. It is unclear if Timucua two-spirit people were allowed to marry. With regard to the Seminole, it is possible their society had a designation like two-spirit but a lot of traditional knowledge was lost in the aftermath of the Second Seminole War and the Trail of Tears for those Seminole forcibly removed to the Indian Territory. [63] The modern Muscogee term poyvfekcv hokkolvn (pronounced [po.jəfɪ́ktʃəhok.kôːlɪn] ) may be used by Seminole two-spirit individuals. [64]

Demographics and marriage statistics

Data from the 2000 U.S. census showed that 41,048 same-sex couples were living in Florida. By 2005, this had increased to 54,929 couples, likely attributed to same-sex couples' growing willingness to disclose their partnerships on government surveys. Same-sex couples lived in all counties of the state and constituted 1.2% of coupled households and 0.65% of all households in the state. Most couples lived in Broward, Miami-Dade and Palm Beach counties, but the county with the highest percentage of same-sex couples was Monroe (1.59% of all county households). Same-sex partners in Florida were on average younger than opposite-sex partners, and more likely to be employed. The average and median household incomes of same-sex couples were higher than different-sex couples, but same-sex couples were far less likely to own a home than opposite-sex partners. 17% of same-sex couples in Florida were raising children under the age of 18, with an estimated 17,010 children living in households headed by same-sex couples in 2005. [65]

The 2020 U.S. census showed that there were 56,306 married same-sex couple households (30,096 male couples and 26,210 female couples) and 40,388 unmarried same-sex couple households in Florida. [66]

Public opinion

Public opinion for same-sex marriage in Florida
Poll sourceDates administeredSample sizeMargin of errorSupportOppositionDo not know / refused
Public Religion Research Institute March 9 – December 7, 2023 1,375 adults± 0.82%164%32%4%
Public Religion Research Institute March 11 – December 14, 2022  ? ?69%28%3%
Public Religion Research Institute March 8 – November 9, 2021  ? ?68%30%2%
Public Religion Research Institute January 7 – December 20, 2020 3,613 adults ?66%28%6%
Public Religion Research Institute April 5 – December 23, 2017 4,374 adults ?61%30%9%
Public Religion Research Institute May 18, 2016 – January 10, 2017 6,076 adults ?58%32%11%
Public Religion Research Institute April 29, 2015 – January 7, 2016 4,917 adults ?53%37%10%
Public Religion Research Institute April 2, 2014 – January 4, 2015 3,625 adults ?52%40%8%
New York Times/CBS News/YouGov September 20 – October 1, 20145,689 likely voters± 1.7%46%40%14%
Quinnipiac University April 23–28, 20141,413 registered voters± 2.6%56%39%5%
Public Policy Polling January 16–21, 2014591 primary voters± 4.0%47%44%9%
Public Religion Research Institute November 12 – December 18, 2013261 adults± 7.0%57%37%6%
StPetePolls August 1–2, 20133,034 registered voters± 1.8%46%47%7%
Quinnipiac University December 11–17, 20121,261 registered voters± 2.8%43%45%12%
The Washington Post September 19–23, 2012925 registered voters± 4.0%54%33%13%
Public Policy Polling May 31 – June 3, 2012642 voters± 3.9%42%45%13%
Public Policy Polling June 16–19, 2011848 voters± 3.4%37%53%10%
Strategic Vision 20051,200 voters± 3.0%34%54%12%
Schroth & Associates March 3–4, 2004800 registered voters± 3.5%27%65%8%

Notes:

See also

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In the United States, the history of same-sex marriage dates from the early 1940s, when the first lawsuits seeking legal recognition of same-sex relationships brought the question of civil marriage rights and benefits for same-sex couples to public attention though they proved unsuccessful. However marriage wasn't a request for the LGBTQ movement until the Second National March on Washington for Lesbian and Gay Rights in Washington (1987). The subject became increasingly prominent in U.S. politics following the 1993 Hawaii Supreme Court decision in Baehr v. Miike that suggested the possibility that the state's prohibition might be unconstitutional. That decision was met by actions at both the federal and state level to restrict marriage to male-female couples, notably the enactment at the federal level of the Defense of Marriage Act.

References

  1. ↑ "Askew signs bill to ban gay marriage". Boca Raton News. June 9, 1977. Retrieved February 15, 2013.
  2. ↑ "New Florida Laws Prohibit Same-Sex Marriage, Adoption". Toledo Blade. June 8, 1977. Retrieved February 15, 2013.
  3. ↑ Michael J. Kamotz, "For Better or For Worse: A Critical Analysis of Florida's Defense of Marriage Act," Florida State University Law Review, III. C., Vol. 25, No. 2 (Winter 1998). Retrieved February 3, 2014
  4. ↑ "Greenberg Traurig Memorandum, December 15, 2014". Miami Herald. Retrieved December 19, 2014.
  5. ↑ Rothaus, Steve (December 22, 2014). "Lawyers, activists: Greenberg Traurig wrong advising clerks not to issue same-sex marriage licenses". Miami Herald. Retrieved December 23, 2014.
  6. ↑ New Legislation Would Officially Abolish Florida's Outdated Gay Marriage Ban
  7. ↑ "Same-sex marriage ban in Florida law targeted". Fox13. December 15, 2022.
  8. ↑ Saunders, Forrest (January 9, 2023). "Florida Democrats list 2023 goals despite weakened strength in Legislature". WPTV. Tallahassee.
  9. 1 2 "Fabián Basabe proposes amendment to delete same-sex marriage ban from Florida Constitution". Florida Elects. October 16, 2023.
  10. 1 2 Scheckner, Jesse (February 26, 2024). "Proposal to delete same-sex marriage ban from Florida Constitution dies without a hearing". Florida Politics.
  11. ↑ Brunn, Stanley D. (2011). Atlas of the 2008 Elections. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 258. ISBN   9780742567962.
  12. ↑ "Equality Florida, Freedom to Marry launch 'Get Engaged' effort to repeal state's gay-marriage ban". The Miami Herald. June 19, 2013.
  13. ↑ "Brito files to begin statewide petition drive, hoping to end Florida's gay-marriage ban in 2014". The Miami Herald. June 21, 2013.
  14. 1 2 Sweeney, Dan (August 21, 2014). "Same-sex marriage ban struck down in Florida federal court". Sun-Sentinel. Retrieved August 21, 2014.
  15. ↑ Duret, Daphne (August 5, 2014). "Palm Beach County judge declares gay marriage ban unconstitutional". Palm Beach Post. Retrieved September 6, 2014.
  16. ↑ "Wilson v. Ake". h2o.law.harvard.edu. 2005.
  17. ↑ Schoettler, Jim (March 3, 2014). "Jacksonville civil rights attorneys challenge Florida laws refusing to recognize same-sex marriages". The Florida Times-Union . Archived from the original on March 7, 2014. Retrieved March 7, 2014.
  18. ↑ "Couple files federal lawsuit challenging Florida's ban on same-sex marriage". LGBTQ Nation. March 6, 2014.
  19. ↑ Rothaus, Steven (March 13, 2014). "Eight gay couples sue Florida to recognize their legal marriages". Miami Herald. Retrieved March 13, 2014.
  20. ↑ Hinkle, Robert (U.S. District Judge) (April 21, 2014). "Order Setting a Partial Schedule and Consolidating the Cases, Brenner v. Scott, No. 4:14-cv-107" (PDF). U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Florida, Tallahassee Division. Retrieved May 27, 2014.
  21. ↑ Snow, Justin (August 21, 2014). "Federal judge rules Florida same-sex marriage ban unconstitutional". Metro Weekly. Retrieved August 21, 2014.
  22. ↑ Snow, Justin (December 19, 2014). "Supreme Court allows Florida same-sex marriages to proceed". Metro Weekly. Retrieved December 19, 2014.
  23. ↑ "Judge Lifts Ban, and Gay Weddings Begin in Florida". The New York Times. January 5, 2015.
  24. ↑ Rothaus, Steve (January 1, 2014). "Federal ruling clears way for same-sex marriage in Florida, starting on Tuesday". Miami Herald. Retrieved January 1, 2014.
  25. ↑ Geidner, Chris (January 1, 2015). "Federal Judge In Florida Says "Constitution Requires" Same-Sex Marriages Beginning Jan. 6". BuzzFeed News. Retrieved January 2, 2015.
  26. ↑ Kirsten M. Clark (March 31, 2016). "After Florida officials' defiance, federal judge affirms gay marriage ban is unconstitutional". Tampa Bay Times.
  27. ↑ Dara Kam (March 31, 2016). "Federal judge closes books on Florida gay marriage ban". News4Jax.
  28. 1 2 3 "Legal Marriage Court Cases — A Timeline". www.buddybuddy.com. Retrieved August 7, 2022.
  29. ↑ Frandsen v. County of Brevard
  30. ↑ Clary, Mike (July 2, 2004). "10 Couples Launch Lawsuit Over State Ban on Gay Marriage". South Florida Sun Sentinel.
  31. ↑ "Gay couples in Florida sue for marriage". The Advocate. February 26, 2014. Retrieved February 3, 2014.
  32. ↑ Key West supports gay marriages
  33. ↑ Varian, Bill (March 12, 2004). "Tampa offers benefits to same-sex couples". St. Petersburg Times. Retrieved February 3, 2014.
  34. ↑ Schneider, Mike (March 19, 2004). "Eight gay couples refused marriage licenses in Orlando". Florida Times Union. Retrieved February 3, 2014.
  35. ↑ Man, Anthony (January 21, 2014). "Lawsuit seeks to overturn Florida ban on gay marriage". Florida Sun Sentinel. Retrieved January 21, 2014.
  36. ↑ Rothaus, Steve (March 13, 2014). "Married gay couples sue Florida for recognition". Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved March 13, 2014.
  37. ↑ Decision, accessed July 25, 2014
  38. ↑ Mazzei, Patricia; Rothaus, Steve (January 5, 2015). "Ruling by Miami-Dade judge allows same-sex marriages to begin in Florida". Miami Herald. Retrieved January 5, 2015.
  39. ↑ "Meet Florida's First Married Same-Sex Couples Who Tied the Knot Yesterday in Miami". Miami New Times. January 6, 2015.
  40. ↑ "Judge Lifts Ban, and Gay Weddings Begin in Florida". The New York Times. January 5, 2015.
  41. ↑ Rothaus, Steve. "Gay Key West men sue for right to marry in Florida after Monroe clerk's office denies couple a license". Miami Herald. Retrieved April 10, 2014.
  42. ↑ Staff Reports (July 7, 2014). "Key West couple's challenge to Fla. same-sex marriage ban goes to court". LGBTQ Nation.com.
  43. ↑ Luis M. Garcia, Circuit Judge (July 17, 2014). "Order on Plaintiff's Motion for Summary Judgment, Huntsman v. Heavilin, No. 2014-CA-305-K" (PDF). Sixteenth Judicial Circuit Court of Florida . LGBTQ Nation.com.
  44. ↑ Johnson, Chris (July 17, 2014). "Judge rules for marriage equality in Florida Keys". Washington Blade. Retrieved July 17, 2014.
  45. ↑ Lagoa, Barbara; Emas, Kevin; Fernandez, Ivan, Judges of the District Court of Appeal (July 23, 2014). "Order on Motion to Vacate Stay, Florida v. Huntsman, No. 14-1783". Florida Third District Court of Appeal . Scribd.com.
  46. ↑ Vigil-Farinas, Elena; Restivo, Bernadette; Reilly, Jessica; Hampton, Thomas (Attorneys for Plaintiff-Appellees) (July 28, 2014). "Appellees' Suggestion for Rule 9.125 Certification of Appeal to Florida Supreme Court, Huntsman v. Heavilin, No. 14-1783". Florida Third District Court of Appeal . Scribd.com.
  47. ↑ Rothaus, Steve (October 13, 2014). "Bondi: Let Florida Supreme Court decide same-sex marriage now". Miami Herald.
  48. ↑ Rothaus, Steve (August 5, 2014). "Florida must recognize gay widower's Delaware marriage, Palm Beach judge rules". Miami Herald. Retrieved September 6, 2014.
  49. ↑ Anton, Leonora (March 24, 2014). "Tampa couple's divorce could challenge same-sex marriage ban". Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved May 11, 2014.
  50. ↑ Cordover, Adam (May 10, 2014). "Tampa Same Sex Divorce Dismissed by Trial Judge; Parties to Appeal". ABC Family Law Blog. Retrieved May 11, 2014.
  51. ↑ Stutzman, Rene (August 27, 2014). "Appeals court asks Florida Supreme Court to take up the issue of gay marriage". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved August 27, 2014.
  52. ↑ Rothaus, Steve (September 5, 2014). "FL Supreme Court: Won't hear gay marriage case until after appellate court rules". Miami Herald. Retrieved September 6, 2014.
  53. ↑ Silvestrini, Elaine (June 2, 2015). "Lesbian couple in Tampa gets court OK to divorce". Orlando Sentinel.
  54. ↑ Brydum, Sunnivie (August 5, 2014). "Judge: Florida Must Recognize Out-of-State Marriages A third GOP-appointed stat". The Advocate. Retrieved September 6, 2014.
  55. ↑ Rothaus, Steve (September 4, 2014). "Pam Bondi doesn't appeal Broward judge's ruling that Florida gay marriage ban is unconstitutional". Miami Herald. Retrieved September 6, 2014.
  56. ↑ Rothaus, Steve (September 9, 2014). "Broward County judge vacates gay marriage ruling, says state wasn't properly notified". Miami Herald. Retrieved September 28, 2014.
  57. ↑ Kendall, Jonathan (September 23, 2014). "South Florida Lesbians Challenge Gay Marriage Law: 'We Are Not Second-Class Citizens'". Broward/Palm Beach New Times. Retrieved September 29, 2014.
  58. ↑ "In Re Marriage of Brassner and Lade (Florida state court) Order granting petitioner's motion for declaratory judgment. Filed December 8, 2014". Scribd.com. 17th Judicial District Circuit Court. Retrieved December 8, 2014.
  59. 1 2 Sabine Lang (1998). Men as women, women as men: changing gender in Native American cultures . University of Texas Press. ISBN   0-292-74701-2.
  60. ↑ "Timucua Dictionary". Webonary. Archived from the original on April 8, 2024. Retrieved August 20, 2022.
  61. ↑ "Timucuan Appearance". The Jackson Historical Society. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
  62. ↑ Ehrmann, W. W. (January 1940). "The Timucua Indians of Sixteenth Century Florida". Florida Historical Society. 18.
  63. ↑ ""It's Complicated": Two Spirits Not OK to Marry In Much of Indian Country". News from Native California. August 17, 2015.
  64. ↑ Martin, Jack B.; Mauldin, Margaret McKane (2004). A Dictionary of Creek Muskogee (Studies in the Anthropology of North American Indians). University of Nebraska Press. p. 269. ISBN   0803283024.
  65. ↑ "Census Snapshot" (PDF). Williams Institute. Retrieved August 31, 2022.
  66. ↑ "PCT1405 Couple Households, By Type". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 11, 2023.
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