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Veins are blood vessels in the circulatory system of humans and most other animals that carry blood towards the heart. Most veins carry deoxygenated blood from the tissues back to the heart; exceptions are those of the pulmonary and fetal circulations which carry oxygenated blood to the heart. In the systemic circulation, arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart, and veins return deoxygenated blood to the heart, in the deep veins.
Coronary circulation is the circulation of blood in the arteries and veins that supply the heart muscle (myocardium). Coronary arteries supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle. Cardiac veins then drain away the blood after it has been deoxygenated. Because the rest of the body, and most especially the brain, needs a steady supply of oxygenated blood that is free of all but the slightest interruptions, the heart is required to function continuously. Therefore its circulation is of major importance not only to its own tissues but to the entire body and even the level of consciousness of the brain from moment to moment. Interruptions of coronary circulation quickly cause heart attacks, in which the heart muscle is damaged by oxygen starvation. Such interruptions are usually caused by coronary ischemia linked to coronary artery disease, and sometimes to embolism from other causes like obstruction in blood flow through vessels.
Venous thrombosis is the blockage of a vein caused by a thrombus. A common form of venous thrombosis is deep vein thrombosis (DVT), when a blood clot forms in the deep veins. If a thrombus breaks off (embolizes) and flows to the lungs to lodge there, it becomes a pulmonary embolism (PE), a blood clot in the lungs. The conditions of DVT only, DVT with PE, and PE only, are all captured by the term venous thromboembolism (VTE).
In neuroanatomy, the ventricular system is a set of four interconnected cavities known as cerebral ventricles in the brain. Within each ventricle is a region of choroid plexus which produces the circulating cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The ventricular system is continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord from the fourth ventricle, allowing for the flow of CSF to circulate.
The fornix is a C-shaped bundle of nerve fibers in the brain that acts as the major output tract of the hippocampus. The fornix also carries some afferent fibers to the hippocampus from structures in the diencephalon and basal forebrain. The fornix is part of the limbic system. While its exact function and importance in the physiology of the brain are still not entirely clear, it has been demonstrated in humans that surgical transection—the cutting of the fornix along its body—can cause memory loss. There is some debate over what type of memory is affected by this damage, but it has been found to most closely correlate with recall memory rather than recognition memory. This means that damage to the fornix can cause difficulty in recalling long-term information such as details of past events, but it has little effect on the ability to recognize objects or familiar situations.
The great cerebral vein is one of the large blood vessels in the skull draining the cerebrum of the brain. It is also known as the vein of Galen, named for its discoverer, the Greek physician Galen.
The lateral ventricles are the two largest ventricles of the brain and contain cerebrospinal fluid. Each cerebral hemisphere contains a lateral ventricle, known as the left or right lateral ventricle, respectively.
In the brain, the interventricular foramina are channels that connect the paired lateral ventricles with the third ventricle at the midline of the brain. As channels, they allow cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) produced in the lateral ventricles to reach the third ventricle and then the rest of the brain's ventricular system. The walls of the interventricular foramina also contain choroid plexus, a specialized CSF-producing structure, that is continuous with that of the lateral and third ventricles above and below it.
In the human body, the femoral vein is the vein that accompanies the femoral artery in the femoral sheath. It is a deep vein that begins at the adductor hiatus as the continuation of the popliteal vein. The great saphenous vein, and the deep femoral vein drain into the femoral vein in the femoral triangle when it becomes known as the common femoral vein. It ends at the inferior margin of the inguinal ligament where it becomes the external iliac vein. Its major tributaries are the deep femoral vein, and the great saphenous vein. The femoral vein contains valves.
The interventricular septum is the stout wall separating the ventricles, the lower chambers of the heart, from one another.
The coronary sinus is the largest vein of the heart. It drains over half of the deoxygenated blood from the heart muscle into the right atrium. It begins on the backside of the heart, in between the left atrium, and left ventricle; it begins at the junction of the great cardiac vein, and oblique vein of the left atrium. It receives multiple tributaries. It passes across the backside of the heart along a groove between left atrium and left ventricle, then drains into the right atrium at the orifice of the coronary sinus.
The septal area, consisting of the lateral septum and medial septum, is an area in the lower, posterior part of the medial surface of the frontal lobe, and refers to the nearby septum pellucidum.
The dural venous sinuses are venous sinuses (channels) found between the endosteal and meningeal layers of dura mater in the brain. They receive blood from the cerebral veins, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the subarachnoid space via arachnoid granulations. They mainly empty into the internal jugular vein. Cranial venous sinuses communicate with veins outside the skull through emissary veins. These communications help to keep the pressure of blood in the sinuses constant.
The internal cerebral veins are two veins included in the group of deep cerebral veins that drain the deep parts of the hemispheres; each internal cerebral vein is formed near the interventricular foramina by the union of the superior thalamostriate vein and the superior choroid vein.
The cave of septum pellucidum (CSP), cavum septi pellucidi, or cavity of septum pellucidum is a slit-like space in the septum pellucidum that is present in fetuses but usually fuses during infancy. The septum pellucidum is a thin, laminated translucent vertical membrane in the midline of the brain separating the anterior horns of the right and left lateral ventricles. It lies posterior to the corpus callosum. Persistence of the cave of septum pellucidum after infancy has been loosely associated with neural maldevelopment and several mental disorders that correlate with decreased brain tissue.
Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST), cerebral venous and sinus thrombosis or cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT), is the presence of a blood clot in the dural venous sinuses, the cerebral veins, or both. Symptoms may include severe headache, visual symptoms, any of the symptoms of stroke such as weakness of the face and limbs on one side of the body, and seizures, which occur in around 40% of patients.
A vascular malformation is a blood vessel or lymph vessel abnormality. Vascular malformations are one of the classifications of vascular anomalies, the other grouping is vascular tumors. They may cause aesthetic problems as they have a growth cycle, and can continue to grow throughout life.
A developmental venous anomaly is a congenital variant of the cerebral venous drainage. On imaging it is seen as a number of small deep parenchymal veins converging toward a larger collecting vein.
Septum Verum is a region in the lower medial part of the telencephalon that separates the two cerebral hemispheres. The human septum consists of two parts: the septum pellucidum, a thin membrane consisting of white matter and glial cells that separate the lateral ventricles, and the lower, precommisural septum verum, which consists of nuclei and grey matter. The term is sometimes used synonymously with Area Septalis, to refer to the precommisural part of the lower base of the telencephalon. The Septum verum contains the septal nuclei, which are usually considered part of the limbic system.
The empty delta sign is a radiologic sign seen on brain imaging which is associated with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis. It is usually seen on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) scans with contrast. It is seen as dural wall enhancement in the absence of intra-sinus enhancement. This is due to the presence of a blood clot in the dural venous sinuses. The dural venous sinuses drain blood from the brain to the internal jugular veins, which in turn drains blood to the heart. It has been proposed that the empty delta sign occurs in dural venous thromboses due to contrast material filling the dural venous collateral circulation immediately surrounding the dura whilst being unable to fill the intra-dural sinus space due to the presence of a blood clot. The superior sagittal sinus is most commonly affected, but the radiologic sign may also be seen in the transverse sinuses.
References
- ↑ Zimmer, Alan E.; Annes, George P. (1966). "The Septal Vein: An Indicator of Space-Occupying Lesions in the Anterior Cranial Fossa". Radiology. 87 (5): 813–823. doi:10.1148/87.5.813. ISSN 0033-8419. PMID 5924893.
- 1 2 "Venous Drainage of the Brain". Earth's Lab. 2018-08-08. Retrieved 2023-11-29.
- ↑ "Encyclopedia of the Human Brain". ScienceDirect. Retrieved 2023-11-29.
- ↑ Brzegowy, K.; Zarzecki, M. P.; Musiał, A.; Aziz, H. M.; Kasprzycki, T.; Tubbs, R. S.; Popiela, T.; Walocha, J. A. (2019-10-01). "The Internal Cerebral Vein: New Classification of Branching Patterns Based on CTA". American Journal of Neuroradiology. 40 (10): 1719–1724. doi:10.3174/ajnr.A6200. ISSN 0195-6108. PMC 7028541 . PMID 31488502.
- ↑ Roth, Jonathan; Olasunkanmi, Adelou; Rubinson, Kalman; Wisoff, Jeffrey H. (December 2010). "Septal Vein Symmetry: Implications for Endoscopic Septum Pellucidotomy". Operative Neurosurgery. 67 (2 Suppl Operative): ons395–ons401. doi:10.1227/NEU.0b013e3181f7427e. ISSN 2332-4252. PMID 21099564. S2CID 43570791.
- ↑ Chen, Zhengzhen; Qiao, Huihuang; Guo, Yu; Li, Jiance; Miao, Huizhong; Wen, Caiyun; Wen, Xindong; Zhang, Xiaofen; Yang, Xindong; Chen, Chengchun (2016-10-07). "Visualization of Anatomic Variation of the Anterior Septal Vein on Susceptibility-Weighted Imaging". PLOS ONE. 11 (10): e0164221. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1164221C. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164221 . ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 5055311 . PMID 27716782.
- ↑ Gogineni, Sujana; Gupta, Dhananjay; Pradeep, R.; Mehta, Anish; Javali, Mahendra; Acharya, Purshottam T.; Srinivasa, Rangasetty (July 2021). "Deep Cerebral Venous Thrombosis—A Clinicoradiological Study". Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice. 12 (3): 560–565. doi:10.1055/s-0041-1730109. ISSN 0976-3147. PMC 8289541 . PMID 34295112.
- ↑ Gaillard, Frank. "Deep cerebral vein thrombosis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org". Radiopaedia. Retrieved 2023-12-01.
- ↑ Gaillard, Frank. "Cerebral venous thrombosis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org". Radiopaedia. Retrieved 2023-12-01.
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