Shiv Verma

Last updated

Shiv Verma
Comrade Shiv Verma.jpg
Verma in 1928
Born(1904-02-09)9 February 1904
Died10 January 1997(1997-01-10) (aged 92)
Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
Other namesPrabhat
Occupation Revolutionary
Organization(s) Communist Consolidation, Hindustan Socialist Republican Association
Political party Communist Party of India (Marxist)

Shiv Verma (Hindi: शिव वर्मा; 9 February 1904 — 10 January 1997) was an Indian Marxist revolutionary and a member of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association.

Contents

Early life

Shiv Verma was born on 9 February 1904 in Khateli village of Hardoi district in United Provinces. At the age of 17, he participated [1] in the Non-Cooperation Movement.

He was a student of the DAV College of Cawnpore. [2]

Revolutionary activities

Cawnpore was the place where the Hindustan Republican Association was formed by Sachindra Nath Sanyal, Suresh Chandra Bhattacharya and others. People like Bejoy Kumar Sinha, Shiv Verma, Jaidev Kapoor, and Surendra Nath Pandey joined the party. Verma's party name was 'Prabhat' (Hindi: प्रभात). [3]

Verma was inclined towards socialism. Sinha introduced Verma to the journalist and writer, Radha Mohan Gokul, [4] who became an ideological mentor and inspiration for Verma. [5] Radha Mohan had an extensive collection of books [6] and he encouraged Verma to read and discuss socialism. In 1925, after the Kakori incident, Chandra Shekhar Azad was staying in Jhansi, in seclusion. He came to Cawnpore with Kundan Lal Gupta and stayed with Radha Mohan Gokul. This was when Verma and Azad met for the first time.

While studying at DAV College, Cawnpore, Verma met Bhagat Singh for the first time in January 1927, when the latter had come to Cawnpore for a week to meet all the other revolutionaries of HRA.

Ram Prasad Bismil was going to be hanged on 19 December 1927. A day before, his mother, Moolrani Devi (Hindi: मूलरानी) came to visit him for the last time at District Jail, Gorakhpur. Verma had already reached there. He approached Bismil's mother and requested her to help him meet Bismil to discuss some party matters. Bismil's mother instantly agreed and asked him to pose as Bismil's cousin, Shankar Prasad, and refer to her as 'mausi' (Hindi: मौसी). Since it was the final meeting between mother and son, they were left alone for some time. Bismil's mother then asked him to talk to Verma, referring to him as an HRA member. [7]

It was Verma who recruited Mahabir Singh in June 1928 for HRA activities.

Verma regrouped with Sukhdev Thapar and others in Lahore. In November 1928, Verma underwent training in the manufacturing of bombs while staying in Agra near Noori Gate [8] where he rented a house under the alias - Amir Chand.

In the initial verdict of the Kakori conspiracy case, Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee was sentenced to 10 years of imprisonment. While he was kept in the District Jail, Fatehgarh in 1927, Verma and Sinha were entrusted with the job of getting Chatterjee's approval for getting him released from prison. [9] On 3 March 1928, after the duo left Fatehgarh, the police secretly were on their trail. The duo sensed this and decided to leave immediately. They bought train tickets for Cawnpore, but the ticket details were soon available to the police. When the train started, two policemen seated themselves in the same compartment where the duo had reserved their seats. They were looking for an opportunity to abscond during the journey. Later, when the train was leaving the Jalalabad station, they jumped out of the train cautiously. The constables hurt themselves in their attempt to follow them and could not give chase. The duo again evaded arrest at the Cawnpore Station but now had accepted the fact that, henceforth, they would have to lead the life of fugitives.

Verma was a member of the Central Committee [10] which was formed by the revolutionaries in the ruins of the Feroze Shah Kotla fort of Delhi on September 8 & 9, 1928. He was the organizer of the United Provinces branch. Verma wrote several articles for the paper 'Chand' (Hindi: चाँद).

By the beginning of 1929, it was clear that Viceroy Lord Irwin would use his veto power to pass the Public Safety Bill and the Trade Dispute Bills, despite being rejected in the assembly. Verma was assigned as the leader of a team that would assess the possibility of assassinating Lord Irwin. They decided to attempt it when the Viceroy was going to attend a banquet and dinner party held by some I.C.S officers in New Delhi. Shivaram Rajguru was the spotter, Jaidev Kapoor was supposed to hurl a bomb on Irwin's car and Verma was the backup - in case Kapoor missed. Rajguru noticed that the Viceroy's car was containing three ladies, hence, he didn't give any signal and was later praised by Azad and the other compatriots for avoiding indiscriminate assassinations. [11] They later learned that the Viceroy had proceeded to some other venue and reached the banquet venue later via a different route.

Azad had ordered that after Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt hurled bombs in the assembly, everyone except Verma and Kapoor must leave Delhi while Azad himself will head to Jhansi. Verma went to drop Azad at the station. Azad instructed Verma to take good care of Singh and Dutt as these two were headed on a path of no return. [12] Verma and Kapoor spent a sleepless and dejected night in their Delhi hideout, wondering about the future of their arrested compatriots.

Arrest

Gaya Prasad, Jaidev Kapoor, and Verma were given the task of setting up a bomb factory in Saharanpur. The modus operandi was simple - Prasad would rent a place to start a dispensary, and Verma and Kapoor would be his compounder and dresser, respectively. This plan had worked out successfully previously [13] e.g.: Ferozepur factory-cum-hideout (where Verma pretended to be 'Ram Narayan Kapoor' [14] ). This time, they couldn't secure any funds as their primary source, Kashiram (another HSRA revolutionary) failed to turn up with the money. Prasad then left for Cawnpore to arrange some funds while Verma and Kapoor stayed back. Soon, the locals and the police grew suspicious as these two were idle, the doctor was missing and there was no activity resembling a dispensary. This was in May 1929. Every night, Verma and Kapoor went to the terrace and observed the surrounding area. One of their observations was that the police conducted search raids and arrests around 0400 hours, therefore, they took turns and stood guard during the night. After sunrise, they would come down and sleep without any anxiety. On 13 May 1929, they were fast asleep in the courtyard when there was a knock on the door. Verma woke up and opened the door thinking that it was Prasad but it turned out to be armed police constables. The DSP, Mathura Dutt Joshi, and the Chief Police Officer marched in while the constables held Verma. Upon being asked about his whereabouts, Verma said that he was Prasad's relative, he was studying at the Banaras University and was here on a vacation. He denied any knowledge about the gunpowder lying in one of the cupboards. In the adjoining room, they found Kapoor along with bombshells and other material. The DSP compelled Verma to open a trunk. Verma opened the trunk, put his hand inside it, produced a bomb, and pretended to hurl it toward the DSP. The DSP and most of the constables ran outside the house while the Chief Police Officer hid behind the door and started to observe Verma's moves. To prevent accidents, the bombs and the pins required to trigger them were kept separately. Verma wanted the pins and two revolvers placed in another cupboard, hence, he placed the bomb on the floor and proceeded toward the cupboard. The Chief Officer seized this opportunity, overpowered Verma, and called for support. The constables stormed in again and finally, both Kapoor and Verma were handcuffed. Two days later, Prasad was arrested at the same location when he returned from Cawnpore, late in the night. [15]

Both were taken to the Police Headquarters, imprisoned but treated well to create an impression that the arrested revolutionaries were treated generously. One of the constables confided in Verma that the DSP had told them they were going to raid and arrest opium traders, had the constables had any idea about the revolutionaries, they would have allowed them to escape. Verma and Kapoor also learned that the tip-off was given by their HSRA compatriot, Phanindranath Ghosh, who had turned into a witness for the Police.

Hunger strike

Verma, Jaidev Kapoor, and Gaya Prasad were sent to Central Jail Lahore. Over a short period of time, the HSRA revolutionaries arrested at different locations were together in the prison. Verma, Kapoor, Kishori Lal and all the other HSRA revolutionaries began a hunger strike on 13 July 1929, to express solidarity with Bhagat Singh and B. K. Dutt, who had already been on a hunger strike for a month. Being lean and thin, Verma received less beating and thrashing from the Police while Singh, Mahabir Singh, Shivaram Rajguru, Sukhdev Thapar and other sturdier men bore most of the brunt. In the hunger strike, Jatin Das succumbed to the ill effects of forced feeding while Verma's condition turned critical. [16]

Lahore Conspiracy verdict

The Lahore Conspiracy Case ruling came on 7 October 1930. Verma was among the revolutionaries who were sentenced to life imprisonment. [17] One day, a senior Police Inspector ordered Verma and his associates to vacate their cells. He compassionately allowed Verma and others to meet Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev Thapar, and Shivaram Rajguru for one last time. Verma's eyes brimmed with tears when leaving. This is when Singh remarked, "Shiv, it is not the time to be emotional. I will be relieved of all difficulties in a few days; but you all have to undertake a long, difficult journey. I am confident that despite the heavy burden of responsibility, you will not be fatigued in this long campaign and you will not be disheartened enough to give up". [18]

Imprisonment

Verma was then sent to District Jail Rajahmundry of Andhra Pradesh where he learned about the deaths of first, Chandrasekhar Azad and later, Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev Thapar, and Shivaram Rajguru. He was later deported to the Kala Pani at Andaman Islands. In 1933, he participated in the hunger strike to protest against the inhuman and unfair treatment meted out to the inmates, especially, the political prisoners. [19] During this hunger strike, his HSRA compatriot, Mahabir Singh, died. The others who died were Mohit Maitra and Manakrishna Nabadas. The British authorities finally relented and agreed to the following demands:-

For political prisoners:-

Gradually, an academic environment grew within the premises of the prison. Prisoners studied political science and history under Satish Pakrashi, Verma, and Bhupal Bose. In 1937, under the leadership of Verma and Hare Krishna Konar the 36-day and final hunger striker was done before Kala Pani was shut down permanently in January 1938. He was repatriated to India in September 1937 but was finally released in 1946.

Later life

In 1948, Verma was elected secretary of the Uttar Pradesh state committee of the Communist Party of India. He was imprisoned several times during the years 1948, 1962, and 1965 when the ruling Indian National Congress took action against the communist parties. Verma sided with the CPI(M) but gradually faced opposition and humiliation during the internal rift for election tickets. [20] Though Verma got the MP ticket of CPI (M) from Kanpur in 1971 but defeated by his rival independent communist candidate S.M. Banerjee.

He incessantly tried to factually portray the Indian revolutionaries and counter the polarized opinions about them. He became the editor [21] of ‘लोकलहर’ (Loklahar) [22] and ‘Naya Savera’, the mouthpiece of the then Communist Party of India. He was also the editor of a Hindi journal Naya Path. [23] He was a lifelong trustee of the Lucknow Montessori Society started by Durga bhabhi. [24] He also founded the Martyrs Memorial and Freedom Struggle Research Centre, Lucknow. [25] [26] He traveled all over the country to collect articles, photographs, etc., of the revolutionaries. He even went to the British Museum, London, in this very connection.

Death

Verma died on January 10, 1997, at Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh due to age-related illness. [27]

Legacy

The municipal council of Hardoi has passed a resolution to erect statues of Shiv Verma, Jaidev Kapoor, and Hari Bahadur Shrivastav in the garden (Hindi: शहीद उद्यान) dedicated to Indian revolutionaries. [28]

In the movie The Legend of Bhagat Singh , Kapil Sharma portrayed the role of Shiv Verma. [29]

Bibliography

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bhagat Singh</span> Indian revolutionary (1907–1931)

Bhagat Singh was a charismatic Indian revolutionary who participated in the mistaken murder of a junior British police officer in what was to be retaliation for the death of an Indian nationalist. He later took part in a largely symbolic bombing of the Central Legislative Assembly in Delhi and a hunger strike in jail, which—on the back of sympathetic coverage in Indian-owned newspapers—turned him into a household name in the Punjab region, and after his execution at age 23 into a martyr and folk hero in Northern India. Borrowing ideas from Bolshevism and anarchism, he electrified a growing militancy in India in the 1930s, and prompted urgent introspection within the Indian National Congress's nonviolent but eventually successful campaign for India's independence.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chandra Shekhar Azad</span> Indian revolutionary (1906–1931)

Chandra Shekhar Tiwari , popularly known as Chandra Shekhar Azad, was an Indian revolutionary who reorganised the Hindustan Republican Association (HRA) under its new name of Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA) after the death of its founder, Ram Prasad Bismil, and three other prominent party leaders, Roshan Singh, Rajendra Nath Lahiri and Ashfaqulla Khan. He hailed from Bardarka village in Unnao district of United Provinces and his parents were Sitaram Tiwari and Jagrani Devi. He often used the pseudonym "Balraj" while signing pamphlets issued as the commander-in-chief of the HSRA.

<i>The Legend of Bhagat Singh</i> 2002 Indian film directed by Rajkumar Santoshi

The Legend of Bhagat Singh is a 2002 Indian Hindi-language biographical period film directed by Rajkumar Santoshi. The film is about Bhagat Singh, a revolutionary who fought for Indian independence along with fellow members of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association. It features Ajay Devgan as the titular character along with Sushant Singh, D. Santosh and Akhilendra Mishra as the other lead characters. Raj Babbar, Farida Jalal and Amrita Rao play supporting roles. The film chronicles Singh's life from his childhood where he witnesses the Jallianwala Bagh massacre until the day he was hanged to death before the official trial dated 24 March 1931.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Shivaram Rajguru</span> Indian revolutionary (1908–1931)

Shivaram Hari Rajguru was an Indian revolutionary from Maharashtra, known mainly for his involvement in the assassination of a British police officer named John Saunders. He was an active member of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA) and on 23 March 1931, he was hanged by the British government along with his associates Bhagat Singh and Sukhdev Thapar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sukhdev Thapar</span> Indian revolutionary (1907–1931)

Sukhdev Thapar was an Indian revolutionary who fought against the British government for the freedom of India. He was a member of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA). He was executed along with Shivaram Rajguru and Bhagat Singh on 23 March 1931.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ram Prasad Bismil</span> Indian revolutionary, poet & writer (1897-1927)

Ram Prasad Bismil was an Indian poet, writer, revolutionary and an Indian freedom fighter who participated in the Mainpuri Conspiracy of 1918, and the Kakori Conspiracy of 1925, and fought against British Raj. He also had a good command over Urdu and the Hindi languages and was an accomplished poet, composing in these languages using the pen names Ram, Agyat and Bismil, the latter through which he became famously known by.

The Revolutionary movement for Indian Independence was part of the Indian independence movement comprising the actions of violent underground revolutionary factions. Groups believing in armed revolution against the ruling British fall into this category, as opposed to the generally peaceful civil disobedience movement spearheaded by Mahatma Gandhi.

Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA), previously known as the Hindustan Republican Army and Hindustan Republican Association (HRA), was a radical left-wing Indian revolutionary organisation founded by Ram Prasad Bismil, Ashfaqulla Khan, Sachindra Nath Bakshi, Sachindranath Sanyal and Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee. HRA's manifesto titled The Revolutionary and written constitution were produced as evidence in the Kakori conspiracy case of 1925.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Batukeshwar Dutt</span> Indian revolutionary (1910–1965)

Batukeshwar Dutta was an Indian socialist and independence fighter in the early 1900s. He is best known for having exploded two bombs, along with Bhagat Singh, in the Central Legislative Assembly in New Delhi on 8 April 1929. After they were arrested, tried and imprisoned for life, he and Singh initiated a historic hunger strike protesting against the abusive treatment of Indian political prisoners, and eventually secured some rights for them. He was also a member of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association.

<i>23rd March 1931: Shaheed</i> 2002 Indian film directed by Guddu Dhanoa

23rd March 1931: Shaheed is a 2002 Indian Hindi-language historical biographical film about Bhagat Singh, directed by Guddu Dhanoa which depicts the events leading up to the hanging of Singh and his companions Shivaram Rajguru and Sukhdev Thapar on 23 March 1931. The film stars Bobby Deol as Singh, his elder brother Sunny Deol as Chandra Shekhar Azad and Amrita Singh in her comeback role as Vidyavati Kaur.

<i>Shaheed</i> (1965 film) 0000 Indian film

Shaheed (transl. Martyr) is a 1965 patriotic film directed by S. Ram Sharma, produced by Kewal Kashyap and starring Manoj Kumar, Kamini Kaushal and Pran in lead roles. Iftekhar, Nirupa Roy, Prem Chopra, Madan Puri and Anwar Hussain star in supporting roles. It is based on the life of Bhagat Singh. The music was composed by Prem Dhawan, with several songs being penned by freedom fighter Ram Prasad Bismil. Shaheed was the first of Manoj Kumar's series of patriotic films, followed by the likes of Upkar (1967), Purab Aur Paschim (1970), and Kranti (1981).

The Delhi Conspiracy Commission was created dated 9 April 1930 by an order of the Chief Commissioner of Delhi, exercising his special powers under section 3(1) of the Code of Criminal Procedure. The commission was directed that certain persons shall be tried by it for the offence of conspiring to wage a war against the British King. The number of accused to be tried by the commission was 24 in all. Out of these 24 persons, 14 were arrested and produced before the commission, while nine were declared absconding and one had died. Though only 24 persons were accused of the offence, during the trial it transpired that there were a large number of persons who had participated in the venture. It was an Indian revolutionary movement directed against the British to win India's freedom by violent revolutionary means.

Durgavati Devi, popularly known as Durga Bhabhi, was an Indian revolutionary and freedom fighter. She was one of the few women revolutionaries who actively participated in armed revolution against the ruling British Raj. She is best known for having accompanied Bhagat Singh on the train journey in which he made his escape in disguise after the killing of John P. Saunders. Since she was the wife of another Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA) member Bhagwati Charan Vohra, other members of HSRA referred to her as Bhabhi and became popular as "Durga Bhabhi" in Indian revolutionary circles.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bhagwati Charan Vohra</span> Indian revolutionary (1903–1930)

Bhagwati Charan Vohra was an Indian revolutionary, associated with Hindustan Socialist Republican Association. He was an ideologue, organiser, orator and campaigner.

<i>Chandrashekhar</i> (TV series) Indian film

Chandrashekhar is an Indian historical drama and biopic television series based on the life on a freedom fighter Chandra Shekhar Azad. It premiered on 12 March 2018 on Star Bharat and is produced by Anirudh Pathak.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gaya Prasad Katiyar</span> Member of the Hindustan Socialist Republic Army

Gaya Prasad Katiyar was an Indian revolutionary and member of Hindustan Socialist Republican Association. He worked for India's independence and joined hands with Bhagat Singh and Chandrasekhar Azad.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bejoy Kumar Sinha</span> Indian revolutionary (1909–1992)

Bejoy Kumar Sinha was an Indian revolutionary and member of Hindustan Socialist Republican Association.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jaidev Kapoor</span> Indian revolutionary (1908–1994)

Jaidev Kapoor was an Indian revolutionary who worked for the Hindustan Republican Association along with Chandra Shekhar Azad and Bhagat Singh. As a teenager, he was interested to join the HRA and later, he met Azad and became a comrade of Singh.

Hans Raj Vohra was an approver for British in HSRA, providing testimony for the British that identified his associates in return for his own freedom. In May 1930, his statement against Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev Thapar and Shivaram Rajguru, in the Lahore Conspiracy Case trial, became "crucial" in leading to passing of their death sentence.

Communists were actively involved in Indian independence movement through multiple series of protests, strikes and other activities. It was a part of revolutionary movement for Indian independence. Their main thrust was on organising peasants and working classes across India against the British and Indian capitalists and landlords.

References

  1. Tarique, Mohammad. Modern Indian History. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. pp. 3–9. ISBN   9780070660304.
  2. Chandra, Ram (2007). Waraich, Malwinderjit Singh (ed.). History of the Naujawan Bharat Sabha. Chandigarh: Unistar Books. p. 91. ISBN   978-8189899615. OCLC   212432388.
  3. Singh, Sohal, Harmandeep (11 December 2013). "LITERARY REPRESENTATION OF REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENTS". Shodhganga. hdl:10603/29720.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. "राधामोहन गोकुल", विकिपीडिया (in Hindi), 28 May 2016, retrieved 29 August 2018
  5. Saral, Śrīkr̥shṇa (1999). Indian revolutionaries : a comprehensive study, 1757-1961. Vol. 3. New Delhi: Ocean Books. p. 225. ISBN   978-8187100157. OCLC   47354233.
  6. Sharma, Rambilas (1982). भारत में अंग्रेज़ी राज और मार्क्सवाद. Rajkamal Publishers(originally, from the University of Michigan).
  7. सिंह, कृष्ण प्रताप (19 December 2017). "वतन पे मरने वालों के परिवारों का क्या यही बाकी निशां होगा?". thewirehindi.com. Retrieved 28 August 2018.
  8. Singh, Sindhu, Gurudev (2010). Bhagat Singh ko fasi. Nai Dilli [India] ̄: Rajkamal Prakashan. ISBN   9788126719075. OCLC   864811468.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. Sarala, Śrīkr̥shṇa (1999). Indian revolutionaries : a comprehensive study, 1757-1961. Vol. 3. New Delhi: Ocean Books. p. 227. ISBN   978-8187100157. OCLC   47354233.
  10. Freedom fighters of India (in four volumes). Agrawal, M. G. Delhi: Isha Books. 2008. p. 86. ISBN   978-8182054684. OCLC   259734603.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  11. Anila, Varmā (2010). "Challenging the Crown". Rajguru, the invincible revolutionary. India. Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. Publications Division. (1st ed.). New Delhi: Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India. ISBN   9788123016474. OCLC   791495752.
  12. Siṃha, Rāṇā, Bhavāna (2004). Chandra Shekhar Azad : an immortal revolutionary of India. Paliwal, Brij Bhushan. (1st ed.). New Delhi: Diamond Books. p. 109. ISBN   978-8128808166. OCLC   298181153.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. "पंजाब की इस इमारत में दफन है आजादी के मतवालाें के राज - Ujjwal Prabhat | DailyHunt". DailyHunt. Retrieved 29 August 2018.
  14. "फिरोजपुर के गुप्त ठिकाने पर शहीद-ए-आजम ने बदला था वेश- Amarujala". Amar Ujala. Retrieved 31 August 2018.
  15. Verma, Shiv (2010). संस्मृतियाँ. Rahul Foundation. ISBN   978-8187728726.
  16. "Exploring the Legend of Shaheed Bhagat Singh". apnaorg.com. Retrieved 29 August 2018.
  17. Nayar, Kuldip (2000). The martyr: Bhagat Singh experiments in revolution. New Delhi: Har-Anand Publications. p. 118. ISBN   978-8124107003. OCLC   46929363.
  18. Siṃha, Baccana (2006). Śahīde Āzama : Amara Śahīda Bhagata Siṃha ke jīvana para ādhārita Hindī kā pahalā upanyāsa (1 ed.). Dillī: Ātmārāma. p. 299. ISBN   978-8170436577. OCLC   70129313.
  19. "असहयोग आंदोलन में कूदे थे शिव वर्मा". Dainik Jagran (in Hindi). Retrieved 29 August 2018.
  20. Chauhan, Karan Singh (29 March 2015). Shriheen Hoti Hamari Duniya: Reminiscences (in Hindi). Karan Singh Chauhan.
  21. "Comrade Shiv Verma". webarchive.loc.gov. Archived from the original on 9 April 2009. Retrieved 29 August 2018.
  22. "Aug 26, 2018 / Page 01". www.loklahar.in. Retrieved 29 August 2018.
  23. Mishra, Ram Darash (2004). Sahachar Hai Samay (in Hindi). Kitabghar Prakashan. ISBN   9788188121281.
  24. "Durga Bhabhi's school caught in turf war - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 29 August 2018.
  25. "Voices from The Cell - Indian Express". archive.indianexpress.com. Retrieved 29 August 2018.
  26. "An institution keeping memories of Durga Bhabhi alive". Hindustan Times. 24 May 2018. Archived from the original on 5 April 2023. Retrieved 24 June 2023 via PressReader.
  27. "Preserving the past a labour love for him" (PDF). Mail Today. New Delhi. 16 July 2011.
  28. "शहीद उद्यान में राष्ट्रीय ध्वज स्तंभ की होगी स्थापना - The Last Page News". The Last Page News. Retrieved 29 August 2018.
  29. The Legend of Bhagat Singh (2002) , retrieved 29 August 2018
  30. Singh, Bhagat (1986). Selected writings of Shaheed Bhagat Singh. National Book Centre.
  31. Tiwari, Bharat. "अमर शहीद भगत सिंह : हवा में जिसके विचारों की खुशबू आज भी है, वो रहे, रहे न रहे - सरला माहेश्वरी | Sarla Maheshwari on Bhagat Singh". #Shabdankan. Retrieved 29 August 2018.