Ska punk

Last updated

Ska punk (also spelled ska-punk) is a fusion genre that mixes ska music and punk rock music. Ska punk tends to feature brass instruments, especially horns such as trumpets, trombones and woodwind instruments like saxophones, making the genre distinct from other forms of punk rock. It is closely tied to third wave ska which reached its zenith in the mid-1990s.

Contents

Before ska punk began, many ska bands and punk rock bands performed on the same bills. Some music groups from the late 1970s and early 1980s, such as the Clash, the Deadbeats, the Specials, the Beat, and Madness fused characteristics of punk rock and ska, but many of these were punk bands playing an occasional ska-flavored song or ska bands with punk influences. During the late 1980s and early 1990s, ska-punk enjoyed its greatest success, heralded by bands such as Fishbone, the Mighty Mighty Bosstones, Sublime, Less Than Jake, and more.

Ska punk had significant mainstream success in the middle-to-late 1990s, with many bands topping pop and rock music charts. The best-selling ska punk record of the era was No Doubt's Tragic Kingdom , which was certified diamond by the RIAA in 1999 and was certified diamond by Music Canada in 1997. By the early 2000s, many of the bands in ska punk had broken up, and the genre lost mainstream appeal, though it continued to have underground popularity and featured a revival in the late 2010s with bands like the Interrupters returning to chart success, when their song "She's Kerosene" reached the top 5 on alternative and rock music charts in Canada and the US, as well as in the early 2020s with hyperpop duo 100 gecs album 10,000 gecs incorporating elements of ska punk to critical acclaim. [1] [2]

Characteristics

Ska punk combines ska music with punk rock music. [3] Ska punk often features wind instruments, especially horns [4] such as saxophones, trombones [5] and trumpets, making the genre distinct from other forms of punk rock. It is similar to traditional Jamaican ska, but faster and heavier. [4]

History

Predecessors and early development (late 1970s, 1980s, early 1990s)

Ska punk band Operation Ivy performing live at 924 Gilman Street in 1988 Opivy2.jpg
Ska punk band Operation Ivy performing live at 924 Gilman Street in 1988

Before ska punk started, many ska bands and punk rock bands performed on the same bills together and appealed to the same audiences. [6] A ska revival occurred simultaneously around the beginning of British punk rock and the near-simultaneous rebirth of the late 1970s British mod and skinhead movements. [7] During the late 1970s and early 1980s in United Kingdom, many punk rock bands mixed punk rock with ska influences. Pioneering punk rock band the Clash incorporated influences from ska alongside a range of other genres on their seminal 1979 post-punk album London Calling . [8] Songs like 1978's "Kill the Hippies" by the Deadbeats prominently featured horns, although there are no ska elements. Other British bands that were influenced by both punk rock and ska included the Specials, the Beat and Madness. With both films like the 1981 documentary film Dance Craze and supportive radio stations like Los Angeles, California's KROQ, ska crossed the Atlantic. [7] During the 1980s, ska punk was underground. However, Fishbone, one of the earliest ska punk bands, achieved moderate success. [9] Other ska punk bands from the 1980s and early 1990s include Operation Ivy, [10] The Toasters, Culture Shock, [11] Voodoo Glow Skulls, [12] the Porkers, [13] Sublime, [14] Citizen Fish, [15] the Mighty Mighty Bosstones, [16] the Suicide Machines, MU330 and Dance Hall Crashers. [17]

Ska punk band No Doubt performing in Worcester, Massachusetts, United States. NoDoubtAtWorcester.jpg
Ska punk band No Doubt performing in Worcester, Massachusetts, United States.
Ska punk band the Mighty Mighty Bosstones performing in 2008 The Mighty Mighty Bosstones in concert.jpg
Ska punk band the Mighty Mighty Bosstones performing in 2008

Mainstream success (mid–late 1990s)

Ska punk broke into the mainstream in the mid-1990s with bands such as Sublime, No Doubt, Goldfinger, the Mighty Mighty Bosstones, Less Than Jake and Rancid all achieving mainstream success. Sublime's song "Date Rape" became a hit on major California alternative rock radio stations. [18] However, Sublime did not reach its peak of popularity until 1996 with the release of the band's 1996 self-titled album, which was certified 5× platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) in 1999. [19] Because of Sublime's popularity, the band's album 40oz. to Freedom was certified 2× platinum by the RIAA in 2005. [20]

Another ska punk band that achieved mainstream success during the mid-late 1990s was No Doubt. No Doubt's 1995 album Tragic Kingdom was certified diamond by the RIAA in 1999 [21] and was certified diamond by Music Canada in 1997. [22] Tragic Kingdom sold at least 16,000,000 copies worldwide. [23] Rancid's song "Time Bomb" peaked at number 48 on the Billboard Hot 100 Airplay chart [24] and the band's 1994 album ...And Out Come the Wolves was certified platinum by the RIAA. [25] Reel Big Fish's album Turn the Radio Off , which was released in August 1996, was certified gold by the RIAA in November 1997. [26] Reel Big Fish's song "Sell Out" peaked at number 69 on the Billboard Hot 100 Airplay chart. [27] Goldfinger's song "Here in Your Bedroom" peaked at number 47 on the Billboard Hot 100 Airplay chart. [28] The Mighty Mighty Bosstones achieved mainstream success in 1997; their song "The Impression That I Get" peaked at number 23 on the Billboard Hot 100 Airplay chart, [29] number 19 on the Mainstream Top 40 chart, [30] and number 17 on the Adult Pop Songs chart. [31] Also, the Mighty Mighty Bosstones' song "The Rascal King" peaked at number 68 on the Billboard Hot 100 Airplay chart. [29] The Mighty Mighty Bosstones' album Let's Face It , which was released in March 1997, was certified platinum by the RIAA in September 1997. [32] In 2000, Billboard wrote that according to Nielsen SoundScan, Let's Face It sold 1,700,000 copies. [33]

Decline and revival (2000s–present)

Ska and reggae influenced rock music retreated to niche status by the first decade of the 2000s, with many major acts, such as the Mighty Mighty Bosstones taking an extended hiatus, and chart success eluded most bands of the genre. Some acts continued to produce such music through the decade, spearheaded by groups from Southern California (the home of ska-punk pioneers Sublime) such as Slightly Stoopid, Long Beach Shortbus, Long Beach Dub Allstars, and Tribal Seeds. Chart success returned in 2018 when the Interrupters scored a minor hit with their song "She's Kerosene", that peaked at No. 4 on the Billboard Alternative Songs chart and No. 1 on the RPM Canadian rock/alternative chart. [34] Detroit ska punk outfit the Suicide Machines released a new album titled "Revolution Spring", released in March 2020 on Fat Wreck Chords. The Planet Smashers released "Too Much Information" on Stomp Records in 2019 and continue to play shows in the U.S. and Canada. The duo 100 gecs incorporated ska punk elements into their 2019 song "Stupid Horse" from their album 1000 Gecs , [35] as well as throughout their album 10,000 Gecs , released in 2023. [36] [37]

Ann Arbor, Michigan–based [38] ska punk band We Are the Union released "Self Care" in 2018 [39] and tour frequently. Their trombone player, Jeremy Hunter, runs the YouTube channel called Skatune Network, where they post ska and ska punk covers of video game soundtracks, [40] [41] [42] [43] cartoon themes, [44] [45] pop punk, [46] and other genres, [47] [48] garnering a significant international following online and releasing several albums. [43] [49] [50] [51] BrooklynVegan has written, "You can't talk about the renewed interest in ska without talking Jeremy Hunter". [52] Buck-O-Nine released a new album titled: "Fundaymental" in 2019. Other artists that continue to tour or put out music on a regular basis include: Kill Lincoln, Omnigone, Catbite, Big D and the Kids Table, Streetlight Manifesto (and by extension Bandits of the Acoustic Revolution), Five Iron Frenzy, Pilfers, Mad Caddies, Voodoo Glow Skulls, Joystick, Hans Gruber and the Die Hards, [53] Mike Park's The Bruce Lee Band, Tape Girl, [54] Poindexter, [55] Noise Complaint, Skatsune Miku, Sad Snack, [56] Monkey, Catbite, Young Costello [57] and the Interrupters.

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ska</span> Music genre

Ska is a music genre that originated in Jamaica in the late 1950s and was the precursor to rocksteady and reggae. It combined elements of Caribbean mento and calypso with American jazz and rhythm and blues. Ska is characterized by a walking bass line accented with rhythms on the off beat. It was developed in Jamaica in the 1960s when Stranger Cole, Prince Buster, Clement "Coxsone" Dodd, and Duke Reid formed sound systems to play American rhythm and blues and then began recording their own songs. In the early 1960s, ska was the dominant music genre of Jamaica and was popular with British mods and with many skinheads.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rancid (band)</span> American punk rock band

Rancid is an American punk rock band formed in Berkeley, California, in 1991. Founded by Tim Armstrong and Matt Freeman, former members of the band Operation Ivy, Rancid is often credited as being among the wave of bands that revived mainstream interest in punk rock in the United States during the mid-1990s. Over its 34-year career, Rancid has retained much of its original fan-base, most of which was connected to its underground musical roots.

Alternative rock is a category of rock music that evolved from the independent music underground of the 1970s. Alternative rock acts achieved mainstream success in the 1990s with the likes of the grunge subgenre in the United States, and the Britpop and shoegaze subgenres in the United Kingdom and Ireland. During this period, many record labels were looking for "alternatives", as many corporate rock, hard rock, and glam metal acts from the 1980s were beginning to grow stale throughout the music industry. The emergence of Generation X as a cultural force in the 1990s also contributed greatly to the rise of alternative music.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">The Mighty Mighty Bosstones</span> American ska punk band

The Mighty Mighty Bosstones were an American ska punk band from Boston, Massachusetts, formed in 1983. From the band's inception, lead vocalist Dicky Barrett, bassist Joe Gittleman, tenor saxophonist Tim "Johnny Vegas" Burton and dancer ("Bosstone") Ben Carr remained constant members. The band's final line-up also included drummer Joe Sirois, saxophonist Leon Silva, guitarist Lawrence Katz, keyboardist John Goetchius, and trombonist Chris Rhodes.

<i>...And Out Come the Wolves</i> 1995 studio album by Rancid

...And Out Come the Wolves is the third studio album by American punk rock band Rancid. It was released on August 22, 1995, through Epitaph Records. Rancid's popularity and catchy songs made them the subject of a major label bidding war that ended with the band staying on Epitaph. With a sound heavily influenced by ska, which called to mind Tim Armstrong and Matt Freeman's past in Operation Ivy, Rancid became one of the few bands of the mid-to-late 1990s punk rock boom to retain much of its original fan base. In terms of record sales and certifications, ...And Out Come the Wolves is a popular album in the United States. It produced three hit singles: "Roots Radicals", "Time Bomb" and "Ruby Soho", that earned Rancid its heaviest airplay on MTV and radio stations to date. All the singles charted on Modern Rock Tracks. ...And Out Come the Wolves was certified gold by the RIAA on January 22, 1996. It was certified platinum on September 23, 2004.

<i>Lets Go</i> (Rancid album) 1994 studio album by Rancid

Let's Go is the second studio album by the American punk rock band Rancid. It was released on June 21, 1994, through Epitaph Records and was the band's first album to feature Lars Frederiksen on guitar and vocals. The album initially achieved little mainstream success, though it appealed to the band's fanbase. However, the surprise success of punk rock bands such as The Offspring, Green Day and Bad Religion in the mid-1990s brought forth more mainstream interest in Let's Go, and it peaked at number 97 on the Billboard 200. "Salvation" was released to alternative radio on February 3, 1995.

Pop-punk is a rock music fusion genre that combines elements of punk rock with power pop or pop. It is defined by its fast-paced, energetic tempos, and emphasis on classic pop songcraft, as well as adolescent and anti-suburbia themes. It is distinguished from other punk-variant genres by drawing more heavily from 1960s bands such as the Beatles, the Kinks, and the Beach Boys. The genre has evolved throughout its history, absorbing elements from new wave, college rock, ska, hip hop, emo, boy band pop and even hardcore punk and metalcore. It is sometimes considered interchangeable with power pop and skate punk.

Skate punk is a skater subculture and punk rock subgenre that developed in the 1980s. Originally a form of hardcore punk that had been closely associated with skate culture, skate punk evolved into a more melodic genre of punk rock in the 1990s similar to pop punk. Since then, it has predominately featured fast tempos, lead guitar playing, fast drumming, and singing. Occasionally, skate punk also combines the fast tempos of hardcore punk and melodic hardcore with the catchy hooks of pop-punk.

<i>Lets Face It</i> 1997 studio album by The Mighty Mighty Bosstones

Let's Face It is the fifth studio album by American ska punk band The Mighty Mighty Bosstones. It was released on March 11, 1997, by Mercury Records and Big Rig Records.

<i>Dont Know How to Party</i> 1993 studio album by The Mighty Mighty Bosstones

Don't Know How to Party is the third full-length album by the American ska punk band The Mighty Mighty Bosstones, which was released in 1993. Don't Know How to Party was The Mighty Mighty Bosstones' major label debut on Mercury Records, their first venture away from their original label Taang! Records. The album reached #187 on the Billboard 200, and spawned several singles, including the Bosstones fan favorite—"Someday I Suppose". Lead singer Dicky Barret would later state that, "When we made `Don't Know How to Party', no one knew where [we] [were] coming from". Bassist Joe Gittleman stated that the album was "slower than [our] other records."

Post-grunge is an offshoot of grunge that has a less abrasive or intense tone than traditional grunge. Originally, the term was used almost pejoratively to label mid-1990s alternative rock bands such as Bush, Candlebox, Collective Soul, Live, Foo Fighters, and Silverchair, that emulated the original sound of grunge.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">John Feldmann</span> American musician and record producer

John William Feldmann is an American musician and record producer. He serves as the lead singer/guitarist of the punk rock band Goldfinger.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">The Impression That I Get</span> 1997 single by the Mighty Mighty Bosstones

"The Impression That I Get" is a song by American ska punk band the Mighty Mighty Bosstones, released as the lead single from their fifth studio album, Let's Face It (1997), in February 1997. The track reached number one on the US Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart and number 23 on the Billboard Hot 100 Airplay chart while also charting highly in Australia, Canada, and on the UK Singles Chart. The song was certified gold in the United States and Australia. Chris Applebaum directed the song's music video while Adam Stern produced it.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aimee Allen</span> American singer-songwriter

Aimee Allen is an American singer-songwriter based in Los Angeles, California. She is currently the lead vocalist for the ska-punk band the Interrupters under the moniker Aimee Interrupter. As a singer-songwriter, she has collaborated with Mark Ronson, Sublime with Rome, Tim Armstrong of Rancid, Billie Joe Armstrong of Green Day, Linda Perry, Lee "Scratch" Perry, Jimmy Cliff, the Mighty Mighty Bosstones, Travis Barker, Dirty Heads, and Tom Morello.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">The Mighty Mighty Bosstones discography</span> Ska punk discography

The discography of The Mighty Mighty Bosstones, an American ska punk band formed in 1985 in Boston, Massachusetts, consists of eleven studio albums, ten EPs and twenty two singles, among other recordings.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rancid discography</span>

The discography of Rancid, an American punk rock band, includes ten studio albums, two extended plays, two compilations, twenty-seven singles and thirty-seven music videos.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">The Skints</span> English reggae punk band

The Skints are an English reggae punk band from London, described by Clash Music as "the torchbearers for modern British reggae music." The Skints mix reggae, ska, dub, punk rock, dancehall, soul, and rap, touring extensively across the UK, Europe and the United States. Their album Swimming Lessons (2019) debuted at number 1 on the Billboard reggae chart. Their original style of music has been described as "tropical punk".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">The Interrupters (band)</span> American ska punk band

The Interrupters are an American ska punk band formed in Los Angeles, California, in 2011. The band comprises lead vocalist Aimee Interrupter, drummer Jesse Bivona, bassist Justin Bivona, and guitarist Kevin Bivona. They have released four studio albums. The latest, In the Wild, was released in 2022, along with the album's lead single, "Raised by Wolves".

Reggae punk is a genre of music originating in England in the late-1970s. It is characterized by a fusion of reggae music with punk rock. The genre originated amongst punk rock artists who mixed in reggae elements into their punk rock sound. The most notable band to do this was the Clash, having done so on many records. They even covered reggae songs such as Toots and the Maytals' "Pressure Drop", released as the B-side to "English Civil War", both from 1978's Give 'Em Enough Rope. Bob Marley also gave a nod to this genre by writing and recording "Punky Reggae Party" in 1977.

<i>When God Was Great</i> 2021 studio album by The Mighty Mighty Bosstones

When God Was Great is the eleventh and final studio album by the Boston ska punk band the Mighty Mighty Bosstones. It was released in 2021 on Hellcat, the band's only album with the label. The album was co-produced by Hellcat founder and Rancid member Tim Armstrong. The album was preceded by the singles and music videos for "The Final Parade", "I Don't Believe in Anything" and "The Killing of Georgie ".

References

Citations

  1. ↑ Shepherd, Julianne Escobedo (16 March 2023). "100 gecs: 10,000 gecs Album Review". Pitchfork . Retrieved 20 March 2023.
  2. ↑ Robinson, Ellie (15 March 2023). "100 gecs – '10,000 gecs' review: an intoxicating hurricane of manic nostalgia". NME . Retrieved 20 March 2023.
  3. ↑ "Ska Revival". AllMusic . Archived from the original on 9 December 2010. Retrieved 14 December 2011.
  4. 1 2 Cooper, Ryan. "The Subgenres of Punk Rock". About.com. Archived from the original on 14 October 2014. Retrieved 30 September 2016.
  5. ↑ Walker 2016, p. 74.
  6. ↑ Marciniak 2015, p. xxxiii.
  7. 1 2 Diehl 2013, p. 46.
  8. ↑ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas . Ska punk at AllMusic . Retrieved 7 April 2016.
  9. ↑ "Ska-Punk". AllMusic .
  10. ↑ "Operation Ivy | Biography & History". AllMusic .
  11. ↑ Sacher, Andrew (6 July 2016). "Culture Shock released their first album in 27 years, touring with World/Inferno". BrooklynVegan.
  12. ↑ Bush, John. "Voodoo Glow Skulls | Biography & History". AllMusic .
  13. ↑ Anderson, Rick. "Grunt! – The Porkers". AllMusic .
  14. ↑ Blakinger, Keri (22 February 2016). "Six Sublime songs that maintain relevance today". NY Daily News .
  15. ↑ "Citizen Fish | Biography & History". AllMusic .
  16. ↑ "The Mighty Mighty Bosstones | Biography & History". AllMusic .
  17. ↑ Ankeny, Jason. "Dance Hall Crashers | Biography & History". AllMusic .
  18. ↑ Diehl2013, p. 47.
  19. ↑ "American album certifications – Sublime – Sublime". Recording Industry Association of America.
  20. ↑ "American album certifications – Sublime – 40 Ounces to Freedom". Recording Industry Association of America.
  21. ↑ "American album certifications – No Doubt – Tragic Kingdom". Recording Industry Association of America.
  22. ↑ "Canadian album certifications – No Doubt – Tragic Kingdom". Music Canada. 15 August 1997.
  23. ↑ Van Meter, Jonathan (April 2004). "The First Lady of Rock". Vogue . 194 (4). New York. ISSN   0042-8000. OCLC   1769261.
  24. ↑ "Rancid – Chart history". Billboard .
  25. ↑ "American album certifications – Rancid – ...And Out Come the Wolves". Recording Industry Association of America.
  26. ↑ "American album certifications – Reel Big Fish – Turn the Radio Off". Recording Industry Association of America.
  27. ↑ "Reel Big Fish – Chart history". Billboard .
  28. ↑ "Goldfinger – Chart history". Billboard .
  29. 1 2 "The Mighty Mighty Bosstones – Chart history (Radio Songs)". Billboard .
  30. ↑ "The Mighty Mighty Bosstones – Chart history (Pop Songs)". Billboard .
  31. ↑ "The Mighty Mighty Bosstones – Chart history (Adult Pop Songs)". Billboard .
  32. ↑ "American album certifications – The Mighty Mighty Bosstones – Let's Face It". Recording Industry Association of America.
  33. ↑ Mays, Raqiyah (29 April 2000). "Mighty Bosstones 'Pay Attention' On Island/Def Jam Set". Billboard. Vol. 112, no. 18. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. ISSN   0006-2510.
  34. ↑ Payne, Chris (25 July 2018). "Meet The Interrupters, the First Female-Fronted Ska Band With an Alternative Radio Hit Since No Doubt". Billboard . Retrieved 21 January 2021.
  35. ↑ Bote, Joshua (13 December 2019). "No Album Left Behind: 100 gecs' 1000 gecs". Paste . Retrieved 4 January 2021.
  36. ↑ Shepherd, Julianne Escobedo (16 March 2023). "100 gecs: 10,000 gecs Album Review". Pitchfork . Retrieved 20 March 2023.
  37. ↑ Robinson, Ellie (15 March 2023). "100 gecs – '10,000 gecs' review: an intoxicating hurricane of manic nostalgia". NME . Retrieved 20 March 2023.
  38. ↑ "We Are the Union – Audiotree". 26 August 2019. Retrieved 25 February 2021.
  39. ↑ "Wannabe Reviews We Are The Union's 'Self Care' – Glide Magazine". 21 November 2018. Retrieved 21 January 2021– via Glide Magazine.
  40. ↑ "Here's the Animal Crossing: New Horizons ska cover you needed". 23 March 2020. Retrieved 21 January 2021– via venturebeat.com.
  41. ↑ Gurwin, Gabe. "An Undertale Fan Is Turning The Soundtrack Into A Ska Album" . Retrieved 21 January 2021– via GameSpot.
  42. ↑ "Hyrule Temple – (SSB: Melee) Ska Cover". YouTube. Archived from the original on 17 November 2021. Retrieved 29 January 2020.
  43. 1 2 "Skatune Network releasing ska covers album of 'Undertale' video game soundtrack". 19 October 2020. Retrieved 25 February 2021– via BrooklynVegan.
  44. ↑ "Cartoons!". YouTube. Retrieved 29 January 2020.
  45. ↑ Muncy, Julie (14 November 2020). "Ska Tune Network Turns a Beautiful Steven Universe Song Into a Self-Affirmation Anthem" . Retrieved 25 February 2021– via io9.gizmodo.com.
  46. ↑ "SKA goes POP PUNK". YouTube. Retrieved 29 January 2020.
  47. ↑ Ochoa, John. "This Person Is Determined to Make a Ska Version of Every Song, Ever". Vice . Retrieved 4 January 2021.
  48. ↑ Dunn, Thom (29 April 2020). "What if the Mighty Mighty Bosstones changed genre every 15 seconds" . Retrieved 21 January 2021– via boingboing.net.
  49. ↑ "Skatune Network teams with Counter Intuitive for covers album (stream a track)". 13 September 2019. Retrieved 21 January 2021– via BrooklynVegan.
  50. ↑ "Pick It the Fuck Up – album by Skatune Network". 27 September 2019. Retrieved 7 December 2020– via Spotify.
  51. ↑ "Ska Goes Emo, Vol. 1 – album by Skatune Network". 17 April 2020. Retrieved 7 December 2020– via Spotify.
  52. ↑ Sacher, Andrew (2 April 2022). "JER (Skatune Network, We Are The Union) announces debut LP (new song & ltd vinyl pre-order)". BrooklynVegan . Retrieved 28 January 2023.
  53. ↑ "Hans Gruber and the Die Hards fuse cumbia & ska-punk on new single off upcoming LP)". 5 April 2022. Retrieved 5 April 2022– via BrooklynVegan.
  54. ↑ "Tape Girl is putting a bedroom pop spin on ska (stream two singles)". 22 December 2020. Retrieved 25 February 2021– via BrooklynVegan.
  55. ↑ "Listen to Poindexter's new indie-ska-punk song Body Like That off upcoming debut LP". 13 February 2023. Retrieved 13 February 2023– via BrooklynVegan.
  56. ↑ "Watch San Francisco ska band Sad Snack's video for new song Kenny G Hotline". 22 November 2022. Retrieved 22 November 2022– via BrooklynVegan.
  57. ↑ "San Antonio ska-punks Young Costello prep new EP (watch the One Eye Open video)". 23 August 2022. Retrieved 23 August 2022– via BrooklynVegan.

Bibliography

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.