Skate punk

Last updated

Skate punk (also known as skatecore and skate rock) is a skater subculture and punk rock subgenre that developed in the 1980s. Originally a form of hardcore punk that had been closely associated with skate culture, skate punk evolved into a more melodic genre of punk rock in the 1990s similar to pop punk. Since then, it has predominately featured fast tempos, lead guitar playing (including guitar riffs and guitar solos), fast drumming, and singing (sometimes including vocal harmonies). Occasionally, skate punk also combines the fast tempos of hardcore punk and melodic hardcore with the catchy hooks of pop-punk.

Contents

1970s and early 1980s punk rock bands like Buzzcocks, Descendents, Adolescents, Black Flag, and Circle Jerks paved the way for skate punk. Skate punk was pioneered in the 1980s by bands such as the Big Boys, Suicidal Tendencies, JFA, T.S.O.L., Drunk Injuns and Love Canal. Many early skate punk bands are part of the hardcore punk movement nardcore, which emerged in Oxnard, California. Skate punk band Bad Religion started the more melodic style of skate punk in 1988 with the band's influential album Suffer . This melodic style of skate punk continued in the 1990s with several skate punk bands emerging at the time. In the 1990s, skate punk changed into a more melodic punk rock genre with bands like NOFX, Lagwagon, Pennywise, Face to Face, and No Use for a Name.

Skate punk broke into the mainstream during the 1990s with bands such as the Offspring and Blink-182. Other bands, like NOFX, Pennywise, Face to Face, MxPx and Bad Religion, achieved underground to moderate success. Many skate punk bands' songs were featured in Tony Hawk's video games, a series that sold millions. Punk's popularity continued in the early 2000s with many bands continuing to make albums that received a lot of attention. During the 2010s, later skate punk bands such as Trash Boat, Cerebral Ballzy, and Trash Talk, achieved underground success through the influence of previous skate punk bands.

Characteristics

Skateboarding has largely been associated with skate punk and punk rock culture. Skateboarder.jpg
Skateboarding has largely been associated with skate punk and punk rock culture.

Skate punk is also known as skate rock and skatecore. [1] Noted by AllMusic for having "high-energy", skate punk features fast tempos. [2] Many of the original skate punk bands in the 1980s were hardcore punk bands. In the 1990s, this changed when more bands began to play a style of skate punk that sounded more like pop punk and standard punk rock than hardcore punk. [2]

Also a skater subculture, skate punk's origins go back to skate culture and surf culture. [3] Author Sharon M. Hannon noted skate punk is known for "its fast guitars, driving bass lines, and surf music–style drums". [4] According to Mark Lepage of Spin magazine, it often has a "double-time hup-two-three-four beat". [5] Skate punk music often features singing and vocal harmonies. [6] Rolling Stone described skate punk as "a sort of pop hardcore". [7] Some skate punk music has lyrics that are about humor - "mostly of the smartass variety". [2]

Much skate punk music features lead guitar playing, guitar riffs, and sometimes guitar solos. Skate punk is described by AllMusic as having "thrashier guitars" than regular punk rock. [2] Blast beats and fast drumming are very common in skate punk. Skate punk features the fast tempos of hardcore punk and melodic hardcore, occasionally combining them with the catchy hooks of pop punk. Some skate punk bands play other genres of music; pop punk, funk metal, and hardcore punk are genres that are noted for being played by some skate punk bands. [2] Skate punk paved the way for third-wave ska. [2] Some skate punk bands, including NOFX [8] and the Suicide Machines, [9] also play ska punk. Some skate punk bands, including Suicidal Tendencies and Excel, also play thrash metal or crossover thrash. [10]

History

Predecessors (1970s and early 1980s)

California punk bands like Black Flag, Adolescents, and Circle Jerks paved the way for skate punk with their "fast and raw" music, "which replicated the feel of skating." [11] 1970s punk bands like the Buzzcocks and 1980s punk bands like The Descendents made fast and catchy punk rock songs about teenage confusion, and also combined the aggression and speed of hardcore punk with pop-inspired melodies. [12]

Origins (1980s)

Bad Religion performing live in the Netherlands in 1995 Badr1995.jpg
Bad Religion performing live in the Netherlands in 1995

Originally derived from hardcore punk, [2] skate punk began in the early 1980s. [4] The Big Boys [4] and JFA [4] are considered pioneers of skate punk. Bands such as Gang Green, Suicidal Tendencies, [2] The Faction, Rich Kids on LSD, Tales of Terror, Agression, [13] Drunk Injuns and NOFX were among the first wave of skate punk bands. [2] Johnny Loftus of AllMusic described early skate punk music as "a confluence of punk's anger and simplicity, the furious speed of hardcore, and defiantly smart-assed machismo". [13] Many early skate punk bands are part of the hardcore punk movement nardcore, which emerged in Oxnard, California. [13] Popular among skateboarders, 1980s hardcore punk bands with connections to skateboarding culture were labeled as "skate punk" - the origin of the term. [2] Early skate punk bands are noted for creating the connection between punk rock and skateboarding. [13] Mörizen "Mofo" Föche, vocalist of Drunk Injuns and former employee of the magazine Thrasher , is "often credited with first coining the term 'skate-punk'." [1] Bad Religion's 1988 album Suffer is seen by many as a highly influential landmark album in the skate punk genre. [14] Suffer helped start the melodic style of skate punk that continued in the 1990s. [15]

Mainstream success (1990s and early 2000s)

As skate punk became more popular during the 1990s, it changed into a more melodic genre. [2] During this time, some skate punk bands experienced mainstream success and were featured at events such as the Warped Tour, which started in 1995. Prominent skate punk bands of the 1990s include Consumed, [16] Good Riddance, [17] Strung Out, [18] [19] NOFX, [20] [21] Goldfinger, [22] Lagwagon, [23] [24] Guttermouth, [25] No Use for a Name, [26] Blink-182, [27] [28] Face to Face, [29] Slick Shoes, [30] MxPx, [22] Unwritten Law, [31] Ten Foot Pole, [32] Screeching Weasel, [33] Bad Religion, [6] [34] the Offspring, [35] and Pennywise. [36]

Skate punk band NOFX NOFX2.jpg
Skate punk band NOFX

Skate punk broke into the mainstream in 1994. The Offspring's album Smash , released in 1994, launched the band into the mainstream. [37] Smash, certified 6× platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), [38] sold at least 6.3 million copies in the United States [39] and at least 5 million copies outside the United States. [40] NOFX's 1994 album Punk in Drublic was eventually certified gold by the RIAA on May 5, 2000. [41] Unlike other 1990s punk rock bands, NOFX never signed to a major record label. Also, NOFX has not given permission for its music videos to be played on channels like MTV and VH1. [42] Explaining this decision NOFX member Fat Mike said: "We made the 'Leave It Alone' video, and we decided not to send it to MTV. We just didn't want to be a part of that machine, of that 'punk wave.' I think it's one of the best decisions we've ever made." [43] California skate punk band Face to Face had local success with their song "Disconnected", which was played often on California radio station KROQ-FM. With "Disconnected" constantly playing on KROQ-FM, Face to Face's 1995 album Big Choice sold more than 100,000 copies. [44]

Skate punk band Pennywise at Warped Tour 2007 Pennywise Warped Tour.jpg
Skate punk band Pennywise at Warped Tour 2007

Other skate punk bands achieved underground to moderate success. Pennywise's 1993 album Unknown Road sold 100,000 copies within two years, according to Nielsen SoundScan, and helped bring the band underground popularity. [45] Bad Religion's 1994 album Stranger Than Fiction was certified gold by the RIAA on March 4, 1998. [46] Stranger Than Fiction's song "21st Century (Digital Boy)" peaked at number 11 on the Alternative Songs chart on December 24, 1994 [47] and the song's music video was played a lot on MTV. [48] Although Ixnay on the Hombre by the Offspring did not achieve the same sales as the Offspring's album Smash, Ixnay on the Hombre by the Offspring was certified platinum by the RIAA in April 1997. [49] As of November 1998, the album sold at least 3 million copies worldwide [50] and, as of August 2015, the album sold 1.4 million copies in the United States. [51] In June 1997, Blink-182 released its album Dude Ranch . It was certified gold by the RIAA in February 1998, and was certified platinum by the RIAA in November 1999. [52] Scott Heisel of Alternative Press described Dude Ranch as "a killer skate-punk record". [53] Dude Ranch's single "Dammit" was a hit. It peaked at number 61 on Billboard's Hot 100 Airplay chart, [54] received heavy radio airplay, [55] and was played a lot by MTV. [56] In 1998, the Offspring released their album Americana , which was certified 5× platinum by the RIAA. [57] MxPx began to receive underground attention in 1996 with the band's third album Life in General , which sold 89,000 copies within two years, according to Nielsen SoundScan, and helped the band's first two albums, Pokinatcha (1994) and Teenage Politics (1995), sell 50,000 combined. [58] The song "Chick Magnet" received limited play on MTV and M2. [59] MxPx released its fourth album Slowly Going the Way of the Buffalo , which was certified gold by the RIAA in January 2000. [60]

The skateboarding video game series Tony Hawk's featured music by many skate punk bands, including Lagwagon, Guttermouth, the Vandals, Suicidal Tendencies, Millencolin, Bad Religion, and Consumed. [61] Tony Hawk's Pro Skater was one of the top-selling video games for PlayStation in November 1999. [62] Quickly after being released, Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 2 , released in 2000, was the top-selling PlayStation title for two consecutive weeks. [63] [64] Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 2 quickly sold 1,000,000 copies. [63] The sales of the video game reached 5,300,000 copies in the United States. [65] Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 3 , released in 2001, sold about 2,100,000 copies in the United States. [66] As skate punk achieved success in the 1990s, record labels like Epitaph Records and Fat Wreck Chords signed numerous punk bands. [67]

Underground revival (2010s)

During the 2010s, there was an emergence of skate punk bands influenced by older skate punk bands. [68] These bands include Trash Talk, [68] [69] FIDLAR, [68] Trash Boat [70] [71] and Cerebral Ballzy. [68] [72] Many of them attracted cult followings by promoting their music on the Internet. [68] Many of these bands, including Trash Talk [69] and Cerebral Ballzy, [72] are influenced by hardcore punk and speed metal. FIDLAR is influenced by skate punk bands Blink-182 and the Offspring. [68] and achieved underground and moderate success; their self-titled album debuted at number five on Billboard's Top Heatseekers chart. [68]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NOFX</span> American punk rock band

NOFX is an American punk rock band formed in Los Angeles in 1983. Bassist/lead vocalist Fat Mike, rhythm guitarist Eric Melvin and drummer Erik Sandin are original founding and longest-serving members of the band, who have appeared on every release by the band, although Sandin departed briefly in 1985, only to rejoin the following year. El Hefe joined the band in 1991 to play lead guitar and trumpet, rounding out the best-known iteration of the line-up.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">MxPx</span> American punk band

MxPx is an American punk rock band from Bremerton, Washington, formed in 1992 as Magnified Plaid. As of 2016, current members include Mike Herrera on lead vocals and bass guitar, Yuri Ruley on drums and percussion, Tom Wisniewski on lead guitar and backing vocals, and Chris Adkins on rhythm guitar and backing vocals. The band's discography includes twelve studio albums, four EPs, four compilation albums, a live album, a VHS tape, a DVD and 20 singles. A number of the group's releases have charted on Billboard, including the Billboard 200 and No. 1 on Billboard Christian Albums.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Epitaph Records</span> American independent record label

Epitaph Records is an American independent record label owned by Bad Religion guitarist Brett Gurewitz. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, most acts signed to the label were punk and pop punk acts, while there are many post-hardcore and emo bands signed to the label as well. A large portion of the record label, known as Hellcat Records, is owned by Tim Armstrong, frontman of the punk rock band Rancid. Several sister labels also exist, such as ANTI-, Burning Heart Records, Hellcat Records, and Heart & Skull Records that have signed other types of bands.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bad Religion</span> American punk rock band

Bad Religion is an American punk rock band, formed in Los Angeles, California, in 1980. The band's lyrics cover topics related to religion, politics, society, the media and science. Musically, they are noted for their melodic sensibilities and extensive use of three-part vocal harmonies. The band has experienced multiple line-up changes, with singer Greg Graffin being the band's only constant member, though fellow founding members Jay Bentley and Brett Gurewitz have also been with the band for most of their history while guitarist Brian Baker has been a member of the group since 1994. Guitarist Mike Dimkich and drummer Jamie Miller have been members of the band since 2013 and 2015 respectively. To date, Bad Religion has released seventeen studio albums, two live albums, three compilation albums, three EPs, and two live DVDs. They are considered to be one of the best-selling punk rock acts of all time, having sold over five million albums worldwide.

<i>Ignition</i> (The Offspring album) 1992 studio album by the Offspring

Ignition is the second studio album by American punk rock band the Offspring, released on October 16, 1992, by Epitaph Records. Issued during the alternative rock and grunge era, the album brought the band small success in Southern California as they started to gather a following. This success would continue to grow with their next album, Smash (1994).

<i>Cheshire Cat</i> (Blink-182 album) 1995 studio album by Blink-182

Cheshire Cat is the debut studio album by American rock band Blink-182, released on February 17, 1995, by Cargo Music. The trio, composed of guitarist Tom DeLonge, bassist Mark Hoppus, and drummer Scott Raynor, formed in 1992 and recorded three demos that impressed the San Diego–based Cargo label. In addition, their reputation as an irreverent local live act at venues such as SOMA alerted the label, who was seeking to expand into different genres.

Pop-punk is a rock music fusion genre that combines elements of punk rock with power pop or pop. It is defined by its fast-paced, energetic tempos, and emphasis on classic pop songcraft, as well as adolescent and anti-suburbia themes. It is distinguished from other punk-variant genres by drawing more heavily from 1960s bands such as the Beatles, the Kinks, and the Beach Boys. The genre has evolved throughout its history, absorbing elements from new wave, college rock, ska, rap, emo, boy band pop and even hardcore punk. It is sometimes considered interchangeable with power pop and skate punk.

<i>Punk in Drublic</i> 1994 studio album by NOFX

Punk in Drublic is the fifth studio album by the American punk rock band NOFX. It was released on July 19, 1994, through Epitaph Records. The title is a spoonerism of "Drunk in Public".

<i>The War on Errorism</i> 2003 studio album by NOFX

The War on Errorism is the ninth studio album by the American punk rock band NOFX. It was released on May 6, 2003, through Fat Wreck Chords.

This is a timeline of punk rock, from its beginnings in the 1960s to the present day. Bands or albums listed either side of 1976 are of diverse genres and are retrospectively called by their genre name that was used during the era of their release.

<i>Trashed</i> (album) 1994 studio album by Lagwagon

Trashed is the second album by the punk rock group Lagwagon, released on January 4, 1994. In this album, there are skate punk, harmonized vocals and a start-stop rhythm with sound similar to that of NOFX. The album is pretty lyrically as well. Along with some of the more serious songs, there are an equal number of tunes that reflect a more playful side.

<i>Slowly Going the Way of the Buffalo</i> 1998 studio album by MxPx

Slowly Going the Way of the Buffalo is the fourth studio album released by American punk rock band MxPx in 1998. The album title was taken from a letter that a fan had written to the band, complaining that the band was changing and was "slowly going the way of the buffalo".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jim Lindberg</span> American singer-songwriter

James William Lindberg is an American singer and guitarist. Active since the 1980s, when he played in local bands in his early career, he is best known as the songwriter and lead singer of the punk rock band Pennywise, which he fronted from 1988 to 2009, and has again since 2012. He also founded The Black Pacific, who released a debut album in 2010.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tony Sly</span> American singer-songwriter

Anthony James Sly was an American singer, songwriter and guitarist, best known as the front man of the punk rock band No Use for a Name. In his later years he also gained attention for his acoustic solo work, with two acoustic split albums he released with Lagwagon front man Joey Cape and two solo albums.

Since the mid-1970s, California has had thriving regional punk rock movements. It primarily consists of bands from the Los Angeles, Orange County, Ventura County, San Diego, San Fernando Valley, San Francisco, Fresno, Bakersfield, Alameda County, Sacramento, Lake Tahoe, Oakland and Berkeley areas.

Deconstruction Tour was a one-day punk music and skate festival that was staged in various countries across Europe. It first took place in 1999 and occurred annually until 2006. The tour was arranged by Destiny Tourbooking. In general, the tour offered the opening slot of each day to a local, often unsigned band, with the following acts increasing in notability throughout the lineup. The festival also included displays by BMX riders and skaters.

One Nine Nine Four is a documentary film written and directed by Jai Al-Attas, "exploring the birth, growth and eventual tipping point of punk rock during the 90s" and produced by the independent Australian company Robot Academy Films. The bulk of the film's content consists of band interviews and archive footage. The film was screened once at the Calgary International Film Festival on September, 29th.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pennywise (band)</span> American punk rock band

Pennywise is an American punk rock band from Hermosa Beach, California, formed in 1988. The band took its name from the antagonist in Stephen King's horror novel It known as Pennywise the Dancing Clown.

References

Citations

  1. 1 2 Peacock, Tim (November 14, 2018). "Heaven Is A Half-Pipe: The Joys Of Skate-Punk". uDiscover. Retrieved January 12, 2019.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 "Skatepunk". AllMusic . Archived from the original on March 10, 2017. Retrieved 5 June 2014.
  3. ↑ Sklar 2013.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Hannon 2010, p. 164.
  5. ↑ Lepage, Mark (1999). "REVIEWS". Spin . 15 (1): 114. ISSN   0886-3032.
  6. 1 2 Egerdahl 2010, pp. 20–21.
  7. ↑ Brackett & Hoard 2004, p. 85.
  8. ↑ "The Absolute Sound, Issues 152-157". Absolute Sound, Limited. 2005. p. 131.
  9. ↑ Preira, Matt (October 16, 2012). "Top 10 Third Wave Ska Bands of All Time; Sublime Tribute Badfish Show at Revolution". New Times Broward-Palm Beach . Archived from the original on March 10, 2017.
  10. ↑ Distefano, Alex (February 12, 2015). "The 10 Best Crossover Thrash Bands". OC Weekly .
  11. ↑ McIntyre, Ken (June 14, 2017). "Skate or die! How skate-punk took over the world". Louder . Retrieved January 13, 2019.
  12. ↑ Ankeny, Jason. "Descendents | Biography & History". AllMusic . Retrieved January 13, 2019.
  13. 1 2 3 4 Loftus, Johnny. "Agression | Biography & History". AllMusic .
  14. ↑ Barnard, Laurent (July 9, 2015). "This Is Hardcore: Bad Religion - Suffer". Louder . Retrieved November 30, 2019.
  15. ↑ Gormely, Ian (October 14, 2020). "Bad Religion Autobiography 'Do What You Want' Is Compelling but Sanitized Account of the Punk Icons". Exclaim! . Retrieved February 20, 2021.
  16. ↑ Williams, Sarah (February 24, 2018). "Consumed: Hindsight, Hopes & Tony Hawks [Interview]". Shout Louder. Retrieved January 13, 2019.
  17. ↑ "Good Riddance, Success, The Last Gang, The Brass". The Portland Mercury . Retrieved January 13, 2019.[ permanent dead link ]
  18. ↑ Ali, Reyan (September 27, 2012). "Skate-Punk Veterans Strung Out Spend Some Time With Nostalgia". OC Weekly . Retrieved January 13, 2019.
  19. ↑ "No slowing down for skate punk stalwarts". The Newcastle Herald . March 18, 2016. Retrieved January 13, 2019.
  20. ↑ Deluxe 2013.
  21. ↑ Budofsky et al. 2006, p. 156.
  22. 1 2 Chesler, Josh (September 29, 2015). "10 Best Skate Punk Albums of All Time". OC Weekly . Archived from the original on June 3, 2016. Retrieved May 28, 2017.
  23. ↑ Holden, Eric (February 5, 2015). "Lagwagon plays unique brand of melodic skate punk". AXS.
  24. ↑ Zanotti, Marc (September 24, 2014). "Lagwagon Ditch Skate Punk On 'The Cog In The Machine'". Music Feeds .
  25. ↑ Ulibas, Joseph (May 17, 2015). "Let's help Guttermouth 'Shave the Planet'". AXS.
  26. ↑ Joiner, James (October 11, 2013). "Exclusive: Alkaline Trio Cover No Use for a Name". Esquire .
  27. ↑ "blink-182 | Biography & History". AllMusic .
  28. ↑ Rogowski, Jordan (February 10, 2006). "Face to Face - Shoot the Moon: The Essential Collection". Punknews.org.
  29. ↑ Sarachik, Justin (June 30, 2014). "5 Punk Rock Bands Every Christian Music Fan Should Know – MxPx, Relient K, FM Static, Dogwood, Slick Shoes (VIDEOS)". BREATHEcast.
  30. ↑ Jeffers, Michele (March 31, 2005). "Unwritten Law's latest better left unwritten". The Observer. Retrieved February 17, 2017.
  31. ↑ Scott (June 9, 2004). "Ten Foot Pole - Subliminable Messages". Punknews.org. Retrieved March 8, 2017.
  32. ↑ DaRonco, Mike. "Kill the Musicians - Screeching Weasel". AllMusic .
  33. ↑ Myers 2006.
  34. ↑ Weinstein 2015, p. 262.
  35. ↑ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Pennywise | Biography & History". AllMusic .
  36. ↑ Bobbitt, Melissa. "The Offspring's 'Smash' Turns 20". About.com. Archived from the original on 2014-07-12.
  37. ↑ "American album certifications – The Offspring – Smash". Recording Industry Association of America.
  38. ↑ Graff, Gary (May 21, 2012). "The Offspring Still Fly as 'Days Go By' Rises on Rock Charts". Billboard .
  39. ↑ Wiederhorn, Jon (August 28, 2014). "The Offspring Were 'Flying By the Seat of Their Pants' As They Rocketed to Stardom". Yahoo! Music.
  40. ↑ "American album certifications – NOFX – Punk in Drublic". Recording Industry Association of America.
  41. ↑ Cooper, Ryan. "The Sultans Of Slander - A NOFX Biography". About.com. Archived from the original on 2016-01-23. Retrieved 2016-04-10.
  42. ↑ Sutherland, Sam (March 31, 2006). "NOFX Punk Off Their Asses". Exclaim! .
  43. ↑ Frey, Tracy. "Big Choice - Face to Face". AllMusic . Retrieved January 12, 2019.
  44. ↑ "Popular Uprisings". Billboard . June 10, 1995. p. 19. Retrieved January 20, 2022.
  45. ↑ "American album certifications – Bad Religion – Stranger Than Fiction". Recording Industry Association of America.
  46. ↑ "Bad Religion Chart History". Billboard . Retrieved September 3, 2018.
  47. ↑ Harville, Bobbie (January 5, 1995). "Dressing Stars Makes Her Shine". Daily Press . Retrieved September 3, 2018.
  48. ↑ "American album certifications – The Offspring – Ixnay on the Hombre". Recording Industry Association of America.
  49. ↑ Boehm, Mike (November 17, 1998). "The 'Americana' Dream : Post-Hoopla, the Offspring Settles Into Normal Music-Making". Los Angeles Times .
  50. ↑ Christman, Ed (August 13, 2015). "The Offspring's Columbia Catalog Is On the Block for $35 Million: Exclusive". Billboard .
  51. ↑ Crane, Matt; Major, Nick; Obenschain, Philip; Heisel, Scott (August 22, 2014). "And the best Blink-182 album of all time is..." Alternative Press .
  52. ↑ "blink-182 - Chart history". Billboard .
  53. ↑ Hoppus 2001, p. 70.
  54. ↑ "Blink 182 Propelled By Cargo's Vision". Billboard . Vol. 110, no. 4. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. 1998. pp. 11, 100. ISSN   0006-2510.
  55. ↑ "American album certifications – The Offspring – Americana". Recording Industry Association of America.
  56. ↑ Reece, Doug (May 23, 1998). "A&M Rounds Up Existing Fan Base For MxPx's 'Buffalo' Set". Billboard . p. 18. Retrieved January 20, 2022.
  57. ↑ Reece, Doug (9 August 1997). "A&M To Co-Market MxPx With Tooth & Nail". Billboard . p. 9. Retrieved January 20, 2022.
  58. ↑ "American album certifications – Mxpx – Slowly Going the Way of the Buffalo". Recording Industry Association of America.
  59. ↑ Hanstock, Bill (September 29, 2015). "The 81 best songs from the original 'Tony Hawk's Pro Skater' games, ranked". SB Nation . Retrieved January 11, 2019.
  60. ↑ "Tony Hawk Tears Up Sales Charts". IGN . December 20, 1999. Retrieved January 11, 2019.
  61. 1 2 "Hawk on Top". GameSpot . October 11, 2000. Retrieved April 15, 2018.
  62. ↑ "THPS 2 Still at One". GameSpot . October 11, 2000. Retrieved April 15, 2018.
  63. ↑ Sidener, Jonathan (September 25, 2007). "Microsoft pins Xbox 360 hopes on 'Halo 3' sales". The San Diego Union-Tribune . Retrieved April 15, 2018.
  64. ↑ Campbell, Colin; Keiser, Joe (July 29, 2006). "The Top 100 Games of the 21st Century". Next Generation . Archived from the original on October 28, 2007. Retrieved April 15, 2018.
  65. ↑ "Caroline is a Punk-Rocker". Billboard . September 11, 1999. p. 38. ISSN   0006-2510 . Retrieved January 20, 2022.
  66. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Lymangrover, Jason. "FIDLAR | Biography & History". AllMusic .
  67. 1 2 "Trash Talk | Biography & History". AllMusic .
  68. ↑ "Ticket Master". 30 July 2015.
  69. ↑ "Bring The Noise". Archived from the original on 2017-08-23. Retrieved 2017-06-01.
  70. 1 2 "Cerebral Ballzy | Biography & History". AllMusic .

Bibliography

Further reading

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.