Timeline of Ulster Defence Association actions

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This is a timeline of actions by the Ulster Defence Association (UDA), a loyalist paramilitary group formed in 1971. Most of these actions took place during the conflict known as "the Troubles" in Northern Ireland. The UDA's declared goal was to defend Loyalist areas from attack and to combat Irish republican paramilitaries. However, most of its victims were Irish Catholic civilians, who were often chosen at random. [1]

Contents

It used the name Ulster Freedom Fighters (UFF) when it wished to claim responsibility for its attacks and avoid political embarrassment, as the UDA was a legal organisation for much of its history. [2] [3] The UFF usually claimed that those targeted were Provisional Irish Republican Army members or IRA sympathizers. [4] Other times, attacks on Catholic civilians were claimed as "retaliation" for IRA actions, since the IRA drew most of its support from Catholics. Such retaliation was seen as both collective punishment and an attempt to weaken the IRA's support. [5] However, during 1972 the organisation openly claimed responsibility for several gun and bomb attacks using the UDA title. [6]

1970s

1971

1972

January–June

  • 20 April: UDA members walked into a taxi depot on Clifton Street in Belfast and asked for a taxi to Ardoyne. From the location of the depot and the stated destination, they could be sure their driver was a Catholic. They forced the driver (Gerard Donnelly, aged 22) to stop at Harrybrook Street, where they killed him with a shot in the head. [8] [9]
  • 4 May: a Catholic civilian (Victor Andrews, aged 20) was found stabbed to death in an entry off Baltic Avenue, New Lodge, Belfast. It is believed the UDA was responsible. [10] [9]
  • 14 May: a Catholic civilian (Gerard McCusker, aged 24) was found beaten and shot dead on waste ground at Hopeton Street, Shankill Road, Belfast. It is believed the UDA was responsible. [11] [9]
  • 17 May: the UDA kidnapped a Catholic civilian (Bernard Moane, aged 46) from a pub on the Shankill Road in Belfast. They took him to Knockagh War Memorial near Greenisland, County Antrim, and shot him to death. [12] [9]
  • 23 May: the UDA shot dead a Catholic civilian (Andrew Brennan, aged 22) at his home on Sicily Park, Finaghy, Belfast. [9]
  • 10 June: the UDA carried out a drive-by shooting on a group of Catholic teenagers in Belfast. A Catholic civilian (Marian Brown, aged 17) was killed and a number of others wounded as they stood on the corner of Roden Street and Grosvenor Road. The British Army were on patrol when they exchanged shots with a gunman in the car, who was wielding a Thompson submachine gun. [13] [9]
  • 11 June: the UDA shot dead a Catholic civilian (John Madden, aged 43) as he swept the footpath outside his shop on Oldpark Road, Belfast. [13]
  • 16 June: the UDA shot dead a Catholic civilian (Charles Connor, aged 32) at Minnowburn, Shaw's Bridge, Belfast. [9]
  • 24 June: a UDA paramilitary (John Brown, aged 29), was found shot near his home, Blackmountain Parade, Springmartin, Belfast. He had been killed in an internal Ulster Defence Association dispute. [9]
  • 26 June: a UDA volunteer (John Black, aged 32) was shot by the British Army at a barricade in Douglas Street, off Beersbridge Road, Belfast during street disturbances. He died five weeks later. [9]
  • 27 June: a UDA volunteer (William Galloway, aged 18) was shot dead by an unknown republican group in Edlingham Street, Tiger's Bay, Belfast during street disturbances. [9]
  • 30 June: the UDA began to set up "no-go areas" (urban areas which were entirely controlled by the group and blocked off by barricades). UDA members stopped and questioned people at these barricades and a number of them were killed, usually when they were found to be Catholic. [14]

July

  • 1 July: an English civilian visitor (Paul Jobling, aged 19) was found hooded and shot dead on waste ground, Westway Drive, Glencairn, Belfast. It is thought the UDA was responsible. [14]
  • 1 July: a Catholic civilian (Daniel Hayes, aged 40) was found shot dead in a playground at the mainly loyalist Penrith Street, Shankill, Belfast. A witness who lived nearby said he saw two men take a third out of a car and into the playground. The car driver said to the witness: "You are all right, it's the UDA". He then heard five shots. [14]
  • 2 July: two Catholic civilians (James Howell, aged 31, and Gerard McCrea, aged 27) were found hooded and shot dead in Belfast. Their bodies were found in different locations but it was believed they were killed together. Howell was found in McCrea's car, Cavour Street, off Old Lodge Road, Belfast. McCrea was found at Forthriver Road, Glencairn, Belfast. It is believed the UDA was responsible. [15] [9]
  • 9 July: the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) shot dead a UDA volunteer (Gerald Turkington, aged 32) on Stewart Street, Markets, Belfast. [9]
  • 10 July - the UDA was involved in a ten-hour long gun battle with Republican paramilitaries in the Lower Falls area of Belfast. [16]
  • 11 July: a Catholic civilian (Charles Watson, aged 21) was found shot dead off Carlisle Circus, Belfast. It is believed the UDA was responsible. [17]
  • 11/12 July: UDA and UVF members shot dead a 15-year-old Catholic civilian (David McClenaghan) in his home on Southport Street, Belfast. They also sexually assaulted his mother. [17] [9]
  • 12 July: a UDA volunteer shot dead two civilians inside McCabe's Bar on High Street, Portadown, County Armagh. One (Jack McCabe, aged 48) was the pub's Catholic owner and the other (William Cochrane, aged 53) was a Protestant customer. Both were shot in the head ar close range. The gunman was a former RUC officer who was sentenced to life imprisonment for the murders. There were shouts of "Keep up the fight!" from about a dozen people in the court's public gallery. [18]
  • 13 July: an off-duty Catholic Ulster Defence Regiment (UDR) soldier, Henry Russell (aged 23), was found dead at Larkfield Drive, Sydenham, Belfast. He had been burnt, stabbed, battered and shot in the head, reputedly as an alleged informer. [19]
  • 15 July: a Catholic civilian (Felix Hughes, aged 35) was kidnapped, beaten, tortured and shot dead by the UDA in a mainly loyalist area of Portadown. His body was found on 4 August 1972 in a drain near Watson Street. [20]
  • 19 July: a Protestant civilian (Hugh Wright, aged 21), was found shot dead in a field off Hightown Road, near Belfast. [9]
  • 21 July: the UDA shot dead a Catholic civilian (Anthony Davidson, aged 21) at his home on Clovelly Street, off Springfield Road, Belfast. [21]
  • 21 July: a UDA volunteer (William Irvine, aged 18) was killed in a car bomb explosion at Oxford Street Bus Station, Belfast. An inadequate warning had been given. [9]
  • 22 July: the UDA shot dead two Catholic civilians, Rosemary McCartney (aged 27) and Patrick O'Neill (aged 26). Their bodies were found in an abandoned car, Forthriver Road, Glencairn, Belfast. [9]
  • 24 July: the UDA shot dead a Protestant civilian, Frederick Maguire, aged 56, who was married to a Catholic, on Mayo Street, Shankill, Belfast. He was shot dead on his way to work at a linen mill. [9] [22]
  • 25 July: the Official Irish Republican Army (OIRA) shot a UDA volunteer (James Kenna, aged 19) dead while he was walking at the junction of Roden and Clifford streets, Belfast. [9] He was reportedly part of a Loyalist mob attempting to invade a Catholic area. [16]
  • 26 July: the UDA shot dead two Catholic civilians, Francis Corr (aged 52) and James McGerty (aged 26), in an abandoned car which they then burned on Summer Street, Lower Oldpark, Belfast. [9]
  • 27 July: the UDA shot dead a Catholic civilian (Francis McStravick, aged 42) off Linfield Road, Sandy Row, Belfast. [9]
  • 28 July: a Catholic (Philip Maguire, aged 55) was found shot dead in his firm's van on Carrowreagh Road, Dundonald, County Down. He was a founding member of the local credit union and a member of the paramilitary [23] Catholic Ex-Servicemen's Association. It is believed the UDA was responsible. [24]
  • 29 July: the UDA shot dead a Catholic civilian (Daniel Dunne, aged 19) outside his home, Blackwood Street, off Ormeau Road, Belfast.

August–October

  • 12 August: the body of a Catholic civilian (Francis Wynne, aged 37) was found in an abandoned car on Jaffa Street, Shankill, Belfast. He had been kidnapped, beaten and shot twice in the head by UDA volunteers. [25]
  • 13 August: the UDA stabbed a Catholic civilian (Thomas Madden, aged 48) to death in a shop doorway on Oldpark Road, Belfast. He was a night-watchman. The man had 110 stab wounds on all parts of his body. [26]
  • 18 August: the UDA shot dead a Catholic civilian (Philip Faye, aged 21) at his home on Island Street, Belfast.
  • 27 August: the UDA shot dead a Protestant civilian (Thomas Boyd, aged 28) at his home on Carlisle Street, off Crumlin Road, Belfast.
  • 31 August: the UDA shot dead a Catholic civilian (Patrick Devenney, aged 27) on Rugby Road, Belfast. The body was found in a sack.
  • 31 August: a Catholic civilian (Eamon McMahon, aged 19) was found dead in the River Bann at Portadown. He had been tied up and beaten to death by UDA volunteers. [27]
  • 6 September: UDA volunteers threw a bomb into the home of Republican Labour Party councillor James O'Kane on Cedar Avenue, off Antrim Road, Belfast. A Catholic civilian (Bridget Breen, aged 33) was killed, and five others (including three children) were wounded. [28]
  • 13 September: the UDA opened fire inside the Catholic-owned Divis Castle Bar on Springfield Road, Belfast; one Catholic civilian, the owner's son (Patrick Doyle, aged 19), was killed. [29]
  • 13 September: the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) shot dead a UDA volunteer (Robert Warnock, aged 18) during an attempted armed robbery at the Hillfoot Bar, Glen Road, Castlereagh, Belfast.
  • 26 September: UDA volunteers shot dead a Catholic civilian (Paul McCartan, aged 52) near his home on Park Avenue, Strandtown, Belfast.
  • 27 September: a Catholic civilian (James Boyle, aged 17) was found shot dead by Flush River, Elswick Street, near Springfield Road, Belfast. It is believed the UDA was responsible. [30]
  • 30 September: a Catholic civilian (Francis Lane, aged 23), was found shot dead on waste ground at Glencairn Road, Glencairn, Belfast. It is believed the UDA was responsible. [31]
  • 4 October: the UDA shot dead James McCartan, aged 21, a Catholic civilian. His body was found on waste ground, beside Connswater River, off Mersey Street, Belfast.
  • 5 October: the UDA detonated a bomb at the Capitol Bar in Belfast, killing a Protestant civilian (John Magee, aged 54).
  • 14 October: a Catholic man (Terence Maguire, aged 23) was found shot dead in an alley off Clandeboye Street, Belfast. It is believed the UDA was responsible. He is listed as a civilian by Sutton, but as a UDR soldier by Lost Lives.[ dubious – discuss ] [32]
  • 14 October: two Catholic civilians (Leo John Duffy, aged 45, and Thomas Marron, aged 59) were killed in a gun attack on a Catholic-owned shop, Northern Wine Company, Tate's Avenue, off Lisburn Road, Belfast. It is believed the UDA was responsible. [33]
  • 16 October: two UDA volunteers (John Clarke, aged 26, and William Warnock, aged 15) were killed after being run over by British Army vehicles during riots in East Belfast.
  • 16 October: the UDA claimed responsibility for a bomb attack on a fertiliser factory at Carrigans in County Donegal. A UDA spokesman stated it was not the first attack carried out by the group in the Republic of Ireland. The spokesman declined to say whether the UDA was responsible for a bomb attack on Buncrana police station the previous week. [34]
  • 16 October: a car bomb exploded in Clones, County Monaghan, seriously injuring one man and causing significant damage. The device detonated within minutes of a UDA bomb in Carrigans, County Donegal, and the group was believed to be responsible. [35] [36]
  • 17 October: in response to the deaths of the previous day, the UDA opened fire on the British Army in some parts of Belfast, shooting a RUC officer (Gordon Harron, aged 32) on Shore Road, by Mount Vernon, Belfast. Harron died of his injuries on 21 October. A UDA volunteer was later convicted for the killing.
  • 17 October: the British Army shot dead a UDA volunteer, who was also an off-duty UDR soldier (John Todd, aged 23) during street disturbances, Wilton Street, Shankill, Belfast.
  • 31 October: the UDA detonated a car bomb outside Benny's Bar in Sailortown, Belfast. The blast killed two Catholic children, Paula Strong (aged 6) and Clare Hughes (aged 4), who were celebrating Halloween outside the pub. Twelve other people were injured.

November–December

  • 2 November: the UDA's Londonderry Brigade claimed responsibility for bombing the Hole in the Wall pub in St Johnston, County Donegal, Republic of Ireland. UDA volunteers ordered everyone out of the pub and then destroyed it with a grenade. [6]
  • 5 November: the UDA claimed responsibility for bombing a mineral water plant in Muff, County Donegal. [37]
  • 12 November: the UDA shot dead a Catholic civilian as he got out of a car on Arthur Street, Newtownabbey. A close relative told the inquest that he [the relative] had likely been the intended target. The relative had been imprisoned in Long Kesh and lived on Longlands Road, Newtownabbey. The relative added: "I appeared in court three times and each time my address was published in newspapers as Longlands Park, where he [the cousin] lived". [38]
  • 15 November: the UDA shot dead a Catholic civilian at his home on Sintonville Avenue, Belfast. [39]
  • 20 November: the UDA's Londonderry Brigade claimed responsibility for bombing a car showroom in Bridgend, County Donegal, Republic of Ireland. It claimed it was retaliation for the IRA's bombing campaign. [40]
  • 20 November: a taxi driver died three weeks after being shot by his UDA passenger on Forthriver Road, Belfast. The gunman believed the driver was a Catholic.
  • 21 November: the UDA shot dead a Catholic civilian in Finvoy, County Antrim.
  • 21 November: the UDA, secretly working in coordination with the British Army and RUC Special Branch, bombed Aghalane Bridge connecting County Fermanagh and County Cavan. A leading UDA member and Ulster Unionist Party councillor on Fermanagh District Council organised the attack. [41]
  • 22 November: the UDA shot dead a Catholic civilian outside his home near Castledawson, County Londonderry.
  • 30 November: the UDA shot dead a Catholic civilian outside Mater Hospital on Crumlin Road, Belfast. Two UDA men got into a taxi with him on Clifton Street. When they reached the hospital one said he was ill and the taxi stopped. They got out, walked to the front of the car and opened fire. The driver was wounded in the attack. [42]
  • 2 December: a Catholic civilian, Patrick Benstead (aged 23), was found shot dead in an entry off Crossley Street, Belfast. The man – described in contemporary reports as "mentally retarded" – had been kidnapped, tortured and shot in the head by members of the UDA. A cross had been burnt into his back and the letters "IRA" carved into his skin. [43]
  • 2 December: --the UDA shot dead a Protestant civilian (Sandra Meli) at her home on Flora Street, East Belfast. Gunmen opened fire through her kitchen window. It is believed her Catholic husband was the intended target. [44]
  • 7 December: the UDA shot dead one of its own members in the Village area of south Belfast in an internal dispute.
  • 20 December: the UDA killed a Catholic civilian in a drive-by shooting on Newtownards Road, Belfast. He was waiting for a lift to the Royal Naval Aircraft Yard, where he worked. [45]
  • 20 December: four Catholic civilians (McGinley, Michael McGinley, Charles McCafferty, Bernard Kelly and Francis McCarron) and one Protestant civilian (Charles Moore) were killed in a gun attack on the Top of the Hill Bar at Strabane Old Road, Derry. It is believed the UDA was responsible. [46] See: Top of the Hill bar shooting

1973

1974

8 May: the UDA issued a statement opposing the Sunningdale Agreement and supporting the United Ulster Unionist Council (UUUC).
15 May: the Ulster Workers' Council strike began in protest at the Sunningdale Agreement. For the next fourteen days, loyalist paramilitaries forcibly tried to stop many people going to work and to close any businesses that had opened.
17 May: in response to the Dublin and Monaghan bombings carried out by the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF), the UDA's press secretary, Sammy Smyth (later assassinated by the PIRA) said "I am very happy about the bombings in Dublin. There is a war with the [Republic of Ireland] and now we are laughing at them". Thirty-three civilians were killed and 300 wounded in the attacks.
28 May: The Ulster Workers' Council strike ended.
1 August: UDA volunteers and SDLP representatives held a meeting.[ citation needed ]

1975

2 September: the UDA voiced its support, at a conference in the United States, for an independent Northern Ireland.

1976

1977

3 May: the UUAC strike began. Loyalist paramilitaries forcibly tried to stop many people going to work and to close any businesses that had opened.
13 May: the UUAC strike ended. The Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) reported that 3 people had been killed, 41 RUC officers injured, and 115 people charged with offences committed during the strike.

1978

1979

1980s

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990s

1990

1991

1992

10 August: Patrick Mayhew, then Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, announced that the UDA and UFF were to be proscribed (banned) effective midnight.

1993

1994

13 October: the Combined Loyalist Military Command (CLMC), speaking on behalf of all Loyalist paramilitaries, announced a ceasefire as from midnight. It stated that "The permanence of our cease-fire will be completely dependent upon the continued cessation of all nationalist/republican violence".

1996

1997

1998

1999

10 December: five masked men representing the UFF held a meeting with the Independent International Commission on Decommissioning (IICD). The five men were: Johnny Adair, William "Winkie" Dodds, John Gregg, Jackie McDonald and John White.[ citation needed ]

2000s

2000

15 December: the UDA and UVF announced an "open-ended and all-encompassing cessation of hostilities", which marked the end of the loyalist feud which had begun in July.

2001

10 July: the leadership of the UFF released a statement saying that it no longer supported the Good Friday Agreement, but claimed that its ceasefire was unbroken. [254]
12 October: John Reid, then Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, announced that he was "specifying" the UDA/UFF and LVF. This meant that the British government deemed their ceasefires to have ended.[ citation needed ]
28 November: it was announced that the Ulster Democratic Party (UDP) had been dissolved.[ citation needed ]

2002

25 September: Johnny Adair and John White, of the UDA's "C Company", were expelled from the UDA following allegations that they were engaging in criminality such as drug dealing.

2003

5 February: in response to the killing of Gregg, members of the UDA's "C Company" were forced to flee their homes in the Shankill area of Belfast by other sections of the UDA. Many fled to Scotland.
22 February: the UDA/UFF announced a 12-month suspension of activity. It also said it would re-enter talks with the decommissioning body but ruled out any imminent disarmament. [263]

2004

2005

2006

2007

2009

2010s

2010

2012

2017

2020s

2020

2021

2022

See also

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References

  1. ↑ David McKittrick (12 March 2009). "Will loyalists seek bloody revenge?". The Independent . London, UK. Archived from the original on 14 March 2009. Retrieved 21 June 2011.
  2. ↑ The Courier, 9 February 1987
  3. ↑ The Daily Gazette, 12 August 1992
  4. ↑ Kentucky New Era, 14 April 1992
  5. ↑ Mitchell, Thomas G. (2000). "Chapter 7 subsection: The Loyalist terrorists of Ulster, 1969-94". Native vs. Settler. Greenwood Press. pp. 154–65.
  6. 1 2 The Troubles – A Chronology of the Northern Ireland Conflict: Issue 18 Archived 24 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Glenravel Publications. p. 6
  7. ↑ "CAIN: Chronology of the Conflict 1971". cain.ulster.ac.uk. Retrieved 28 May 2022.
  8. ↑ McKittrick, David. Lost Lives. Mainstream, 1999. p. 178
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 1972 necrology Archived 27 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine , cain.ulst.ac.uk; accessed 2 December 2015.
  10. ↑ McKittrick, p. 181
  11. ↑ McKittrick, p. 185
  12. ↑ McKittrick, p. 186
  13. 1 2 McKittrick, p. 199
  14. 1 2 3 McKittrick, p. 209
  15. ↑ McKittrick, p. 210.
  16. 1 2 Brian Hanley and Scott Millar, The Lost Revolution: The Story of the Official IRA and the Workers' Party. Penguin UK, 2009.
  17. 1 2 McKittrick, p. 217
  18. ↑ McKittrick, p. 219
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