Turnstone

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Turnstone
Arenaria interpres.jpg
Ruddy turnstone in nonbreeding plumage
Arenaria melanocephala.jpg
Black turnstone in winter plumage
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Charadriiformes
Family: Scolopacidae
Subfamily: Arenarinae
Genus: Arenaria
Brisson, 1760
Type species
Tringa interpres
Linnaeus, 1758
Species

Arenaria interpres
Arenaria melanocephala

Synonyms
  • ArenariusDumont, 1805
  • MorinellaMeyer in Meyer & Wolf, 1810
  • StrepsialisHay, 1841
  • StrepsilasIlliger, 1811
  • StrepsilusNuttall, 1834
  • StripsilasStephens in Shaw, 1819
  • StripselasStephens in Shaw, 1819

Turnstones are two bird species that comprise the genus Arenaria in the family Scolopacidae. They are closely related to calidrid sandpipers and might be considered members of the tribe Calidriini. [1]

Contents

The genus Arenaria was introduced by the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson in 1760 with the ruddy turnstone (Arenaria interpres) as the type species. [2] [3] The genus name arenaria is from Latin arenarius, "inhabiting sand", from arena, "sand". [4]

The genus contains two species: the ruddy turnstone (Arenaria interpres) and the black turnstone (Arenaria melanocephala). [5] Both birds are waders. Their length is typically between 20 and 25 cm, with a wingspan between 50 and 60 cm and a body mass between 110 and 130g. For waders their build is stocky, with short, slightly upturned, wedge shaped bills. They have white patches on the back, wings and tail. They are high Arctic breeders, and are migratory. Their strong necks and powerful, slightly upturned bills are adapted to their feeding technique. As the name implies, these species overturn stones, seaweed, and similar items in search of invertebrate prey. [6] They are strictly coastal, prefer stony beaches to sand, and often share beach space with other species of waders such as purple sandpipers.

Species

Ruddy turnstone in breeding plumage Arenaria interpres (habitus).jpg
Ruddy turnstone in breeding plumage

Ruddy turnstone

The ruddy turnstone (or just turnstone in Europe), Arenaria interpres, has a circumpolar distribution, and is a very long distance migrant, wintering on coasts as far south as South Africa and Australia. It is thus a common sight on coasts almost everywhere in the world. It is one of the species to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) applies.

In breeding plumage, this is a showy bird, with a black-and-white head, chestnut back, white underparts and red legs. The drabber winter plumage is basically brown above and white below. This is a generally tame bird and is an opportunist feeder. Unlike most waders, it will scavenge, and has a phenomenal list of recorded food items, including human corpses and coconut. The call is a staccato tuck- tuck- tuck.

Black turnstone

Black turnstone in summer plumage Arenaria melanocephala1.jpg
Black turnstone in summer plumage

The black turnstone (Arenaria melanocephala) has a similar structure to its widespread relative, but has black upperparts and chest, and white below. It has a much more restricted range than the ruddy turnstone, breeding in western Alaska, and wintering mainly on the Pacific coast of the United States.

There exists a fossil bone, a distal piece of tarsometatarsus found in the Edson Beds of Sherman County, Kansas. Dating from the mid-Blancan some 4-3 million years ago, it appears to be from a calidriid somewhat similar to a pectoral sandpiper, but has some traits reminiscent of turnstones. [7] Depending on which traits are apomorphic and plesiomorphic, it may be an ancestral representative of either lineage.

Related Research Articles

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Curlew</span> Genus of birds

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ruddy turnstone</span> Species of bird

The ruddy turnstone is a small cosmopolitan wading bird, one of two species of turnstone in the genus Arenaria.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Black turnstone</span> Species of bird

The black turnstone is a species of small wading bird. It is one of two species of turnstone in the genus Arenaria the ruddy turnstone being the other. It is now classified in the sandpiper family, Scolopacidae, but was formerly sometimes placed in the plover family, Charadriidae. It is native to the west coast of North America and breeds only in Alaska.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Spotted redshank</span> Species of bird

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eurasian curlew</span> Species of bird

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eurasian whimbrel</span> Species of bird

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Marsh sandpiper</span> Species of bird

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Red-necked phalarope</span> Species of bird

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Red phalarope</span> Species of bird

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Collared pratincole</span> Species of bird

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Terek sandpiper</span> Species of bird

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<i>Pluvialis</i> Genus of birds

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<i>Gallinago</i> Genus of birds

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Surfbird</span> Species of bird

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References

  1. Thomas, Gavin H.; Wills, Matthew A. & Székely, Tamás (2004). "A supertree approach to shorebird phylogeny". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 4: 28. doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-4-28 . PMC   515296 . PMID   15329156. Supplementary Material Archived 2013-08-02 at archive.today
  2. Brisson, Mathurin Jacques (1760). Ornithologie, ou, Méthode Contenant la Division des Oiseaux en Ordres, Sections, Genres, Especes & leurs Variétés (in French and Latin). Paris: Jean-Baptiste Bauche. Vol. 1, p. 48, Vol. 5, p. 132.
  3. Peters, James Lee, ed. (1934). Check-list of Birds of the World. Vol. 2. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 271.
  4. Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p.  54. ISBN   978-1-4081-2501-4.
  5. Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2019). "Buttonquail, plovers, seedsnipe, sandpipers". World Bird List Version 9.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 2 April 2019.
  6. Svensson, Lars et al. Collins Bird Guide 2nd ed. Publisher: Collins 2010. ISBN   978-0007268146
  7. Wetmore, Alexander (1937). "The Eared Grebe and other Birds from the Pliocene of Kansas" (PDF). Condor . 39 (1): 40. doi:10.2307/1363487. JSTOR   1363487.