United States Senate elections, 1878 and 1879

United States Senate elections, 1878 and 1879
26 of the 76 seats in the United States Senate (with special elections); 39 seats needed for a majority
Majority Party before election; Republican ;	Elected Majority Party; Democratic ;

Last updated April 01, 2019

The United States Senate elections of 1878 and 1879 were elections which had the Democratic Party retake control of the United States Senate for the first time since before the Civil War.

The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. Tracing its heritage back to Thomas Jefferson and James Madison's Democratic-Republican Party, the modern-day Democratic Party was founded around 1828 by supporters of Andrew Jackson, making it the world's oldest active political party.

The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress, which along with the United States House of Representatives—the lower chamber—comprises the legislature of the United States. The Senate chamber is located in the north wing of the Capitol, in Washington, D.C.

American Civil War Civil war in the United States from 1861 to 1865

The American Civil War was a war fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865, between the North and the South. The Civil War is the most studied and written about episode in U.S. history. Primarily as a result of the long-standing controversy over the enslavement of black people, war broke out in April 1861 when secessionist forces attacked Fort Sumter in South Carolina shortly after Abraham Lincoln had been inaugurated as the President of the United States. The loyalists of the Union in the North proclaimed support for the Constitution. They faced secessionists of the Confederate States in the South, who advocated for states' rights to uphold slavery.

The Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution established the popular election of United States Senators by the people of the states. The amendment supersedes Article I, §3, Clauses 1 and 2 of the Constitution, under which senators were elected by state legislatures. It also alters the procedure for filling vacancies in the Senate, allowing for state legislatures to permit their governors to make temporary appointments until a special election can be held.

A state legislature in the United States is the legislative body of any of the 50 U.S. states. The formal name varies from state to state. In 25 states, the legislature is simply called the Legislature, or the State Legislature, while in 19 states, the legislature is called the General Assembly. In Massachusetts and New Hampshire, the legislature is called the General Court, while North Dakota and Oregon designate the legislature the Legislative Assembly.

Results summary

Senate Party Division, 46th Congress (1879–1881)

Majority Party: Democratic (42)
Minority Party: Republican (31)
Other Parties: Independent (1), Anti-Monopoly (1)
Total Seats: 76

The Anti-Monopoly Party was a short-lived American political party established in 1884. The party nominated Benjamin F. Butler for President of the United States in 1884, as did the Greenback Party, which ultimately supplanted the organization.

Change in Senate composition

Before the elections

R₂₉ Unknown	R₃₀ Unknown	R₃₁ Retired	R₃₂ Retired	R₃₃ Retired	R₃₄ Retired	R₃₅ Retired	R₃₆ Retired	R₃₇ Retired	R₃₈ Retired
D₈	D₇	D₆	D₅	D₄	D₃	D₂	D₁
D₉	D₁₀	D₁₁	D₁₂	D₁₃	D₁₄	D₁₅	D₁₆	D₁₇	D₁₈
D₂₈	D₂₇	D₂₆	D₂₅	D₂₄	D₂₃	D₂₂	D₂₁	D₂₀	D₁₉
D₂₉ Ran	D₃₀ Ran	D₃₁ Ran	D₃₂ Ran	D₃₃ Unknown	D₃₄ Unknown	D₃₅ Retired	D₃₆ Retired	AM₁	I₁
Plurality →									R₃₈ Retired
R₂₈ Ran	R₂₇ Ran	R₂₆ Ran	R₂₅ Ran	R₂₄ Ran	R₂₃ Ran	R₂₂ Ran	R₂₁	R₂₀	R₁₉
R₉	R₁₀	R₁₁	R₁₂	R₁₃	R₁₄	R₁₅	R₁₆	R₁₇	R₁₈
R₈	R₇	R₆	R₅	R₄	R₃	R₂	R₁

After the elections

D₂₉ Re-elected	D₃₀ Re-elected	D₃₁ Hold	D₃₂ Hold	D₃₃ Hold	D₃₄ Hold	D₃₅ Hold	D₃₆ Gain	D₃₇ Gain	D₃₈ Gain
D₈	D₇	D₆	D₅	D₄	D₃	D₂	D₁
D₉	D₁₀	D₁₁	D₁₂	D₁₃	D₁₄	D₁₅	D₁₆	D₁₇	D₁₈
D₂₈	D₂₇	D₂₆	D₂₅	D₂₄	D₂₃	D₂₂	D₂₁	D₂₀	D₁₉
Majority →									D₃₉ Gain
R₂₉ Hold	R₃₀ Hold	R₃₁ Gain	V₁ R loss	AM₁	I₁	D₄₂ Gain	D₄₁ Gain	D₄₀ Gain	D₃₉ Gain
R₂₈ Hold	R₂₇ Re-elected	R₂₆ Re-elected	R₂₅ Re-elected	R₂₄ Re-elected	R₂₃ Re-elected	R₂₂ Re-elected	R₂₁	R₂₀	R₁₉
R₉	R₁₀	R₁₁	R₁₂	R₁₃	R₁₄	R₁₅	R₁₆	R₁₇	R₁₈
R₈	R₇	R₆	R₅	R₄	R₃	R₂	R₁

Key:

AM_#	Anti-Monopoly Party
D_#	Democratic
I_#	Independent
R_#	Republican
V_#	Vacant

Race summaries

Special elections during the 45th Congress

In these elections, the winners were seated in 1879 before March 4; ordered by election date.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
State	Senator	Party	Electoral history	Results	Candidates
Missouri (Class 3)	David H. Armstrong	Democratic	1877 (Appointed)	Interim appointee retired when successor elected. Winner elected January 27, 1879. Democratic hold. Winner did not run for the next term, see below.	√ James Shields (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing.]
Indiana (Class 3)	Daniel W. Voorhees	Democratic	1877 (Appointed)	Interim appointee elected January 31, 1879. Winner was also elected to the next term, see below.	√ Daniel W. Voorhees (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing.]
Michigan (Class 1)	Isaac P. Christiancy	Republican	1874	Incumbent resigned February 10, 1879 due to ill health. Winner elected February 22, 1879. Republican hold.	√ Zachariah Chandler (Republican) [Data unknown/missing.]

Races leading to the 46th Congress

In these general elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning March 4, 1885; ordered by state.

All of the elections involved the Class 3 seats.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
State	Senator	Party	Electoral history	Results	Candidates
Alabama	George E. Spencer	Republican	1868 (Special) 1872	Incumbent retired. Winner elected in August 1878. Democratic gain.	√ George S. Houston (Republican) [Data unknown/missing.]
Arkansas	Stephen W. Dorsey	Republican	1872 or 1873	Incumbent retired. Winner elected in 1878. Democratic gain.	√ James D. Walker (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing.]
California	Aaron A. Sargent	Republican	1872 or 1873	Incumbent retired. Winner elected in 1878. Democratic gain.	√ James T. Farley (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing.]
Colorado	Jerome B. Chaffee	Republican	1876	Incumbent retired. Winner elected in 1879. Republican hold.	√ Nathaniel P. Hill (Republican) [Data unknown/missing.]
Connecticut	William Henry Barnum	Democratic	1876	Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election. Winner elected in 1879. Republican gain.	√ Orville H. Platt (Republican) [Data unknown/missing.]
Florida	Simon B. Conover	Republican	1872 or 1873	Incumbent retired. Winner elected January 21, 1879.^[1] Democratic gain.	√ Wilkinson Call (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing.]
Georgia	John Brown Gordon	Democratic	1873	Incumbent re-elected in 1879.	√ John Brown Gordon (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing.]
Illinois	Richard J. Oglesby	Republican	1872 or 1873	Incumbent retired. Winner elected in 1879. Republican hold.	√ John A. Logan (Republican) [Data unknown/missing.]
Indiana	Daniel W. Voorhees	Democratic	1877 (Appointed) 1879 (Special)	Incumbent re-elected in 1879.	√ Daniel W. Voorhees (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing.]
Iowa	William B. Allison	Republican	1872	Incumbent re-elected January 23, 1878.^[2]	√ William B. Allison (Republican) 104 votes Daniel F. Miller (Republican) 35 votes E. N. Gates 3 votes^[2]
Kansas	John Ingalls	Republican	1873	Incumbent re-elected in 1879.	√ John Ingalls (Republican) [Data unknown/missing.]
Kentucky	Thomas C. McCreery	Democratic	1872	Incumbent retired. Winner elected in 1879. Democratic hold.	√ John Stuart Williams (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing.]
Louisiana	James B. Eustis	Democratic	1876 (Special)	Incumbent lost re-election. Winner elected in 1879. Democratic hold.	√ Benjamin F. Jonas (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing.]
Maryland	George R. Dennis	Democratic	1872 or 1873	Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election. Winner elected in 1878 or in 1879. Democratic hold.	√ James Black Groome (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing.]
Missouri	James Shields	Democratic	Illinois: —1848 or 1849 —1849 (Election voided) —1849 (Special) —1855 (Lost) Minnesota: —1858 —1859 (Lost) Missouri: —1879 (Special)	Incumbent retired. Winner elected in 1879. Democratic hold.	√ George G. Vest (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing.]
Nevada	John P. Jones	Republican	1873	Incumbent re-elected in 1879.	√ John P. Jones (Republican) [Data unknown/missing.]
New Hampshire	Bainbridge Wadleigh	Republican	1872	Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election. Legislature failed to elect. Republican loss.	[Data unknown/missing.]
New York	Roscoe Conkling	Republican	1867 1873	Incumbent re-elected January 22, 1879.	√ Roscoe Conkling (Republican) William Dorsheimer (Democratic) Peter Cooper (Greenback)
North Carolina	Augustus Merrimon	Democratic	1872	Incumbent lost re-election. Winner elected in 1879. Democratic hold.	√ Zebulon Vance (Democratic) Augustus Merrimon (Democratic)
Ohio	Stanley Matthews	Republican	1877 (Special)	Incumbent retired. Winner elected in 1878 or 1879. Democratic gain.	√ George H. Pendleton (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing.]
Oregon	John H. Mitchell	Republican	1872	Incumbent retired. Winner elected in 1878 or 1879. Democratic gain.	√ James H. Slater (Democratic) John H. Mitchell (Republican) [Data unknown/missing.]
Pennsylvania	J. Donald Cameron	Republican	1877 (Special)	Incumbent re-elected January 20, 1879.	√ J. Donald Cameron (Republican) 53.78% Hiester Clymer (Democratic) 36.65% Daniel Agnew (Greenback) 6.37% Edward McPherson (Republican) 1.20% Russell Thayer (Republican) 0.40% Galusha A. Grow (Republican) 0.40%
South Carolina	John J. Patterson	Republican	1872 or 1873	Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election. Winner elected in 1878. Democratic gain.	√ Wade Hampton III (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing.]
Vermont	Justin S. Morrill	Republican	1866 1872	Incumbent re-elected in 1878.	√ Justin S. Morrill (Republican) [Data unknown/missing.]
Wisconsin	Timothy O. Howe	Republican	1861 1866 1872	Incumbent lost re-election. Winner elected January 22, 1879.^[3] Republican hold.	√ Matthew H. Carpenter (Republican) Timothy O. Howe (Republican) Elisha W. Keyes (Republican)

Elections during the 46th Congress

In this election, the winner was elected in 1879 after March 4.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
State	Senator	Party	Electoral history	Results	Candidates
New Hampshire (Class 3)	Charles H. Bell	Republican	1879 (Appointed)	Legislature had failed to elect, see above. Interim appointee retired when successor elected. Winner elected June 17, 1879. Republican hold.	√ Henry W. Blair (Republican) [Data unknown/missing.]

Complete list of elections

New York

In New York, the election was held on January 21, 1879, by the New York State Legislature. Republican Roscoe Conkling had been re-elected in January 1873 to this seat, and his term would expire on March 3, 1879. At the State election in November 1877, 19 Republicans and 13 Democrats were elected for a two-year term (1878-1879) in the State Senate. At the State election in November 1878, 97 Republicans, 28 Democrats and 3 Greenbackers were elected for the session of 1879 to the Assembly, and Republican Thomas Murphy was elected to fill the vacancy in the State Senate caused by the death of Democrat John Morrissey. The 102nd New York State Legislature met from January 7 to May 22, 1879, at Albany, New York.

The New York State Legislature consists of the two houses that act as the state legislature of the U.S. state of New York. The New York Constitution does not designate an official term for the two houses together. It says only that "legislative power is vested in the senate and assembly." The session laws are published in the official Laws of New York. The permanent laws of a general nature are codified in the Consolidated Laws of New York. The legislature is seated at the New York State Capitol in Albany.

Roscoe Conkling was a politician from New York who served both as a member of the United States House of Representatives and the United States Senate. He was the leader of the Stalwart faction of the Republican Party, the first Republican senator from New York to be elected for three terms, and the last person to turn down a U.S. Supreme Court appointment after he had already been confirmed to the post. While in the House, Conkling served as bodyguard for Representative Thaddeus Stevens, a sharp-tongued anti-slavery representative, and fully supported the Republican War effort. Conkling, who was temperate and detested tobacco, was known for his physical condition, maintained through regular exercise and boxing, an unusual devotion for his time. Conkling was elected to the Senate in 1867 as a leading Radical, who supported the rights of African Americans during Reconstruction.

The caucus of Republican State legislators met on January 20, Temporary President of the State Senate William H. Robertson presided. Present were all Republican legislators except State Senator Louis S. Goebel ^[4] (6th D.) and Assemblyman James W. Wadsworth. They re-nominated the incumbent U.S. Senator Conkling unanimously. The caucus of the Democratic State legislators met also on January 20. State Senator Thomas C. E. Ecclesine (8th D.) offered to adopt a prostest against the senatorial election proceedings, claiming that the senatorial and assembly districts were incorrectly apportioned and thus the State Legislature did not represent the wish of the people of the State. The protest was substituted by a resolution to appoint a committee which would elaborate an address on the apportionment at a later date. Ecclesine then marched out, and the remaining legislators nominated Lieutenant Governor William Dorsheimer for the U.S. Senate.

William H. Robertson American politician

William Henry Robertson was an American lawyer and politician from New York.

Louis S. Goebel was an American lawyer and politician from New York.

James Wolcott Wadsworth was an American farmer, soldier and statesman.

**1879 Democratic caucus for United States Senator result**
Candidate	First ballot	Second ballot
William Dorsheimer	11	18
James F. Starbuck	8	8
DeWitt C. West ^[5]	8	6
Elijah Ward	2

The two Greenback assemblymen John Banfield (Chemung Co.) and George E. Williams (Oswego Co.) voted for 87-year-old Peter Cooper, a New York City inventor, industrialist and philanthropist who had run for U.S. President in 1876 on the Greenback ticket.

Oswego County is a county in the U.S. state of New York. As of the 2010 census, the population was 122,109. The county seat is Oswego. The county name is from a Mohawk language word meaning "the outpouring", referring to the mouth of the Oswego River.

Peter Cooper was an American industrialist, inventor, philanthropist, and candidate for President of the United States. He designed and built the first American steam locomotive, the Tom Thumb, and founded the Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art in Manhattan, New York City.

The City of New York, usually called either New York City (NYC) or simply New York (NY), is the most populous city in the United States and in the U.S. state of New York. With an estimated 2017 population of 8,622,698 distributed over a land area of about 302.6 square miles (784 km²), New York is also the most densely populated major city in the United States. Located at the southern tip of the state of New York, the city is the center of the New York metropolitan area, the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass and one of the world's most populous megacities, with an estimated 20,320,876 people in its 2017 Metropolitan Statistical Area and 23,876,155 residents in its Combined Statistical Area. A global power city, New York City has been described as the cultural, financial, and media capital of the world, and exerts a significant impact upon commerce, entertainment, research, technology, education, politics, tourism, art, fashion, and sports. The city's fast pace has inspired the term New York minute. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy.

Roscoe Conkling was the choice of both the Assembly and the State Senate, and was declared elected.

**1879 United States Senator election result**
	Republican		Democrat		Greenback
State Senate (32 members)	Roscoe Conkling	20	William Dorsheimer	12
State Assembly (128 members)	Roscoe Conkling	95	William Dorsheimer	23	Peter Cooper	2

Note: The votes were cast on January 21, but both Houses met in a joint session on January 22 to compare nominations, and declare the result.

Pennsylvania

In Pennsylvania, the election was held January 20, 1879. J. Donald Cameron was re-elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly to the United States Senate.^[6]

After Sen. Simon Cameron resigned from office, his son J. Donald Cameron was elected by the General Assembly, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate, in 1877 to serve the remainder of the unexpired term, which was to expire on March 4, 1879. The Pennsylvania General Assembly convened on January 20, 1879, to elect a Senator to serve the term beginning on March 4, 1879. The results of the vote of both houses combined are as follows:

State Legislature Results^[6]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	J. Donald Cameron (Inc.)	135	53.78
	Democratic	Hiester Clymer	92	36.65
	Greenback	Daniel Agnew	16	6.37
	Republican	Edward McPherson	3	1.20
	Republican	Russell Thayer	1	0.40
	Republican	Galusha A. Grow	1	0.40
	N/A	Not voting	3	1.20
Totals			251	100.00%

Notes

↑ "THE FLORIDA SENATORSHIP". The New York Times. January 22, 1879. p. 1.
1 2 Clark, p. 185.
↑ Thompson, p. 262.
↑ State Senator Goebel refused to caucus with any of the parties, but voted for Conkling at the election.
↑ DeWitt Clinton West (1824-1880), of Lowville, assemblyman 1853
1 2 "U.S. Senate Election - 20 January 1879" (PDF). Wilkes University. Retrieved December 22, 2013.

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References

Clark, Dan Elbert (1913). "History of Senatorial Elections in Iowa". Iowa City, Iowa.
Thompson, E. Bruce (1954). Matthew Hale Carpenter, Webster of the West. Madison, WI: State Historical Society of Wisconsin.
Party Division in the Senate, 1789-Present, via Senate.gov
"VICTORIOUS REPUBLICANS" (PDF). The New York Times. November 6, 1878. , gives 1 Greenbacker elected, but Williams of Oswego is not in the list; this seems to have been a preliminary result which was later amended
"NEW-YORK'S NEXT SENATOR; ROSCOE CONKLING RENOMINATED" (PDF). The New York Times. January 21, 1879.
"THE DEMOCRATIC CAUCUS.; A REMARKABLE PROTEST OFFERED AND TABLED; LIEUT.-GOV. DORSHEIMER TENDERED THE EMPTY HONOR OF A NOMINATION" (PDF). The New York Times. January 21, 1879.
"CONKLING WINS THE SENATORSHIP" (PDF). The New York Times. January 22, 1879.
"CHOOSING THEIR SENATORS.; ...LIEUT.-GOV. DORSHEIMER FORMALLY ANNOUNCES THE ELECTION" (PDF). The New York Times. January 23, 1879.
Pennsylvania Election Statistics: 1682-2006. Wilkes University Election Statistics Project.

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[1] "THE FLORIDA SENATORSHIP". The New York Times. January 22, 1879. p. 1.

[FOOTNOTEClark185-2] 1 2 Clark, p. 185.

[FOOTNOTEThompson262-3] Thompson, p. 262.

[4] State Senator Goebel refused to caucus with any of the parties, but voted for Conkling at the election.

[5] DeWitt Clinton West (1824-1880), of Lowville, assemblyman 1853

[results-6] 1 2 "U.S. Senate Election - 20 January 1879" (PDF). Wilkes University. Retrieved December 22, 2013.

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