Woodlark plate

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Woodlark plate
Woodlark plate
Approximate surface projections of active tectonic plates. Key: '"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000000-QINU`"'  South Bismarck Plate, '"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000001-QINU`"'  Solomon Sea Plate, '"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000002-QINU`"'  Trobriand Plate, '"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000003-QINU`"'  Woodlark Plate, '"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000004-QINU`"'  Active trench subduction boundaries, '"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000005-QINU`"'  Inactive trench subduction boundaries, '"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000006-QINU`"'  current spreading boundary. The Australian Plate to the southeast and the Pacific Plate to the northwest are not shown, but their complex collision has created these microplates. Click and then mouse over shows feature names.
Type Microplates
Movement1northeast
Speed158 mm/year
Features New Guinea, Pacific Ocean
1Relative to the African Plate
Coral Sea Topography.jpg
W. P.
Coral Sea Topography.jpg
Seafloor topographic map of area of Woodlark Plate (W. P.) which is confined to the north of the Woodlark Basin's mid oceanic ridge. [1] The eastern part of the mid oceanic ridge boundary can be seen between the black label W.P, and the white label Woodlark Basin below it.

The Woodlark Plate is a small almost triangular shaped tectonic plate located east of the island of New Guinea and situated mainly within the northern half of the Woodlark Basin. It is located in a very complex tectonic environment, that because of associated features, has been extensively studied since it was first proposed to exist. It is now known to be much smaller than originally proposed, mainly because of information from GPS stations on islands and sea floor studies that have fully defined its margins.

Contents

Tectonics

Woodlark Plate as based on 2003 modelling -it is now modelled as much smaller and essentially confined to the northern section of the Woodlark Basin. WoodlarkPlate.png
Woodlark Plate as based on 2003 modelling -it is now modelled as much smaller and essentially confined to the northern section of the Woodlark Basin.

The Woodlark Plate was originally proposed to be somewhat larger than currently is believed to be the case. [2] [3] It is now suspected to have four active triple junctions, two of which are with the Australian Plate to its south, based on areas of high seismic activity and other evidence. [3] [4] As originally modelled it extended to the west along the east coast of New Guinea and was subducting beneath the Caroline Plate along its northern border. This is no longer accepted to be the case, so that either the Solomon Sea Plate, [5] [6] or a further plate called the Trobriand Plate must assume this role based on new information such as that from GPS groundstations. [1] In this previous model, the Maoke Plate had converged on its west, the Australian Plate converges on the south, [2] and on the east there was an undefined compressive zone which might have been a transform fault that marked the boundary with the adjoining to the north Solomon Sea Plate. When further oceanographic studies defined that there was a transform fault they also potentially enlarged the size of the Solomon Sea Plate or created the need for a further current plate. [7] It was also in this model contacting the South Bismarck Plate to the northeast. [2]

Most of its originally assigned area and boundary activity are now assigned to a combination of the Australian Plate and other microplates. It is possible that if a still active Trobriand microplate exists, because active subduction is still taking place at the Trobriand Trough, all the western activity that some have assigned to an enlarged Solomon Sea Plate will become assigned to the Trobriand microplate. The Trobriand microplate must have existed historically. [3] [1] These assignments are partially informed by GNS studies where the Woodlark Basin region had distinctly different movements from a "Trobriand Block" and multiple eastern New Guinea land "Blocks" so that it was possible to define up to 5 distinct crustal blocks with possible independent movement that others later interpreted as components of differing microplates. [5]

Subduction at the Trobriand Trough was originally assumed to be the case when the existence of the Woodlark Plate was first modelled [2] but later went out of favour due to the relatively low seismic activity along some of the Trobriand Trough and measurement of movement across the trough. [4] [8] Today because the Woodlark Basin has been well characterised by deep sea ocean basin standards it is understood to have a northern boundary where the Woodlark Rise is associated with the Nubara Transform Fault. [9] This transform fault is definitely the boundary with the Solomon Sea Plate, [10] and will also be the northern boundary with the Trobriand Plate if this currently independently exists. [10]

The Woodlark Plate's eastern side is being subducted northeast beneath the New Georgia Islands on the Solomon Sea/Pacific Plate but here the deformation front lacks a flexed outer rise and bathymetric trench, and is represented by the San Cristobal Trough extension to the north of the San Cristobal Trench. [8] Where the Woodlark Basin is subducted northeast beneath the New Georgia Islands the relative light plate made of recent oceanic type basalt stays shallow and is presumably being melted on mantle contact and producing the many arc volcanoes of the western Solomon Islands. [11]

The southern boundary of the plate is defined by a mid oceanic ridge that is actively spreading tholeiitic basalt similar to mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) in a mostly north and south directions across its center in an east–west orientation with the Australian Plate being to the south. [12] The spreading centers are offset by transform faults, creating five segments, [6] which causes the spreading center to be uneven across the basin. There are two larger transform faults called respectively the Moresby transform in the middle of the basin and the Simbo transform at the far eastern end of the spreading center. [6]

The rate of spreading in the eastern section of the basin at 6.7 cm/year (2.6 in/year) is significantly higher than the rate of spreading of 3.8 cm/year (1.5 in/year) on the western side of the Woodlark Basin. [6] As the eastern side of the basin has opened up much faster than the western side with the separation at the Moresby Transform Fault there is a shallower seafloor to the West, and an axial graben to the East, [6] that is about 500 m (1,600 ft) deeper than the western basin. [13] The most recent major change in spreading direction of the Woodlark Basin spreading center and thus plate movement occurred about 450,000 years ago with a slowing in rate of divergence about 200,000 years ago. [14]

See also

Related Research Articles

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Australian plate</span> Major tectonic plate separated from Indo-Australian Plate about 3 million years ago

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Okhotsk microplate</span> Minor tectonic plate in Asia

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Solomon Sea</span> A sea in the Pacific Ocean between Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands

The Solomon Sea is a sea located within the Pacific Ocean. It lies between Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands. Many major battles were fought there during World War II.

The Solomon Sea Plate is a minor tectonic plate to the northwest of the Solomon Islands archipelago in the south Pacific Ocean. It roughly corresponds with the Solomon Sea east of Papua New Guinea. The plate boundaries are associated with high earthquake activity as part of the New Britain subduction zone.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Macquarie Fault Zone</span> Lateral-moving transform fault south of New Zealand

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">New Hebrides plate</span> Minor tectonic plate in the Pacific Ocean near Vanuatu

The New Hebrides Plate, sometimes called the Neo-Hebridean Plate, is a minor tectonic plate located in the Pacific Ocean. While most of it is submerged as the sea bottom of the North Fiji Basin, the island country of Vanuatu, with multiple arc volcanoes, is on the western edge of the plate. It is bounded on the south-west by the Australian Plate, which is subducting below it at the New Hebrides Trench. The Vanuatu subduction zone is seismically active, producing many earthquakes of magnitude 7 or higher. To its north is the Pacific Plate, north-east the Balmoral Reef Plate and to its east the Conway Reef Plate.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Caroline plate</span> Minor oceanic tectonic plate north of New Guinea

The Caroline Plate is a minor tectonic plate that straddles the Equator in the eastern hemisphere located north of New Guinea. It forms a subduction zone along the border with the Bird's Head Plate and other minor plates of the New Guinea region to the south. A transform boundary forms the northern border with the Pacific Plate. Along the border with the Philippine Sea Plate is a convergent boundary that transitions into a rift.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Conway Reef plate</span> Small tectonic plate in the south Pacific west of Fiji

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Manus plate</span> Tiny tectonic plate northeast of New Guinea

The Manus Plate is a 100-km microplate located northeast of New Guinea. The Manus Plate was formed in between the North Bismark Plate and the South Bismark Plate. The Manus Plate currently rotates counter-clockwise in the Melanesia area.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Maoke plate</span> Small tectonic plate in western New Guinea

The Maoke Plate is a small tectonic plate located in western New Guinea underlying the Sudirman Range from which the highest mountain on the island- Puncak Jaya rises. To its east was proposed a convergent boundary with the Woodlark Plate, although this is now best modelled after further studies as a boundary with an enlarged Solomon Sea Plate or a new microplate called the Trobriand Plate. To the south lies a transform boundary with the Australian Plate and the Bird's Head Plate lies to the west.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">North Bismarck plate</span> Small tectonic plate in the Bismarck Sea north of New Guinea

The North Bismarck Plate is a small tectonic plate located in the Bismarck Sea off the northeast coast of New Guinea. It is currently regarded as a relic or inactive plate by most. At one time it was called the Manus Plate, but this term was later used for a modelled microplate at the south east boundary of the North Bismarck Plate.

The South Bismarck Plate is a small tectonic plate located mainly in the southern Bismarck Sea. The eastern part of New Guinea and the island of New Britain are on this plate. It is associated with high earthquake and volcanic activity as part of the New Britain subduction zone within the Pacific Ring of Fire.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gonâve Microplate</span> Part of the boundary between the North American Plate and the Caribbean Plate

The Gonâve Microplate forms part of the boundary between the North American Plate and the Caribbean Plate. It is bounded to the west by the Mid-Cayman Rise spreading center, to the north by the Septentrional-Oriente fault zone and to the south by the Walton fault zone and the Enriquillo–Plantain Garden fault zone. The existence of this microplate was first proposed in 1991. This has been confirmed by GPS measurements, which show that the overall displacement between the two main plates is split almost equally between the transform fault zones that bound the Gonâve microplate. The microplate is expected to eventually become accreted to the North American Plate.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">West Melanesian Trench</span> Oceanic trench in the Bismarck Sea north of Papua New Guinea

The West Melanesian Trench is an oceanic trench in the Bismarck Sea north of Papua New Guinea delineating the plate tectonic boundary between the Caroline and North Bismarck plates.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">New Britain Trench</span> Oceanic trench in the southern Pacific Ocean

The New Britain Trench has formed due to subduction of the floor of the Solomon Sea and has some of the highest current seismic activity in the world.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Woodlark Basin</span> Oceanic basin located to the east of the island of New Guinea

The Woodlark Basin is a young geologic structural basin located in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, found to the southeast of the island country of Papua New Guinea. The basin is an extensional basin that is actively spreading and has a seafloor spreading center. The basin formed between the then Indo-Australian Plate and the Solomon microplate creating the presently independent Woodlark Plate. The Woodlark Basin has a complex geologic history dating back twenty million years to the initial opening of the basin but most of the spreading has happened in the last 3.6 million years.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Trobriand plate</span> Small tectonic plate located to the east of the island of New Guinea

The Trobriand Plate was, and likely is, an independent microplate between New Guinea and the Solomon Islands. It has some unique geology, having the presence of the youngest metamorphic core complexes on earth. If there is presently active subduction between it and the Solomon Plate, at the Trobriand Trough, it continues to be an active microplate. Otherwise in the latest tectonic models it has merged with the Solomon Sea Plate, which becomes somewhat larger than predicted by Bird's 2003 model of Tectonic Plates. As a smaller Solomon Sea Plate is totally underwater, global positioning data can not resolve this issue. The area of the plate is associated with earthquake and volcanic activity as part of the Pacific Ring of Fire.

The New Britain subduction zone is one of the most recently formed and most active subduction zones on earth, producing great earthquakes, with potential for tsunami hazard, and being associated with active volcanism, as part of the Pacific Ring of Fire. It has a close relationship to an area of subduction tectonic activity that extends south eastward from New Britain to the Vanuatu subduction zone, involving the north eastern portion of the Australian Plate and its complicated collision dynamics with the south-western portion of the Pacific Plate.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Benyshek & Taylor 2021 , Section:2.1 Geologic Background, Figure 2
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Bird, Peter (2003). "An updated digital model of plate boundaries". Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems. 4 (3). Bibcode:2003GGG.....4.1027B. doi: 10.1029/2001GC000252 .
  3. 1 2 3 Benyshek & Taylor 2021 , Abstract,9 Conclusions
  4. 1 2 "USGS:Seismotectonics of the New Guinea Region and Vicinity:Historic Seismicity" . Retrieved 6 August 2023.
  5. 1 2 Wallace et al. 2014 , Section:4 Interpretation of the GPS Results
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 Boulart et al. 2022 , Fig. 1: Regional map of the Woodlark Basin, Section:Introduction
  7. ↑ Benyshek & Taylor 2021 , Introduction, Figure 1.Geology and tectonics of the Papuan Peninsula-Woodlark Basin region
  8. 1 2 Benyshek & Taylor 2021 , 2.2 Gravity, Figure 3.Seismicity and focal mechanisms of the Papua New Guinea-Solomon Islands region
  9. ↑ Benyshek & Taylor 2021 , 6.3.1.Case 1: Three-Plate Solution
  10. 1 2 Benyshek & Taylor 2021 , 6.3.1.Case 2: Four-Plate Solution, Figure 11
  11. ↑ Benyshek & Taylor 2021 , 2.3.Seismicity and Arc Volcanism
  12. ↑ Boulart et al. 2022 , Section:Sulfide deposits and hydrothermal fluids
  13. ↑ Benyshek & Taylor 2021 , 3.1.Woodlark Basin Spreading Center
  14. ↑ Benyshek & Taylor 2021 , 8.Discussion

Sources

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