Zantedeschia aethiopica

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Zantedeschia aethiopica
Zantedeschia aethiopica -1.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Alismatales
Family: Araceae
Genus: Zantedeschia
Species:
Z. aethiopica
Binomial name
Zantedeschia aethiopica
(L.) Spreng., 1826
Synonyms
  • Calla aethiopica L.
  • Richardia africana Kunth
  • Richardia aethiopica(L.) Spreng.
  • Colocasia aethiopica(L.) Spreng. ex Link

Zantedeschia aethiopica, commonly known as calla lily and arum lily, is a species of flowering plant in the family Araceae, native to southern Africa in Lesotho, South Africa, and Eswatini. [2]

Contents

Description

Inflorescence and spathe Jarro-2.jpg
Inflorescence and spathe

Zantedeschia aethiopica is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial plant, evergreen where rainfall and temperatures are adequate, deciduous where there is a dry season. Its preferred habitat is in streams and ponds or on the banks. It grows to 0.6–1 m (2.0–3.3 ft) tall, with large clumps of broad, arrow shaped dark green leaves up to 45 cm (18 in) long. The inflorescences are large and are produced in spring, summer and autumn, with a pure white spathe up to 25 cm (9.8 in) and a yellow spadix up to 90 mm (3+12 in) long. [3] The spadix produces a faint, sweet fragrance. [4]

Zantedeschia aethiopica contains calcium oxalate, and ingestion of the raw plant may cause a severe burning sensation and swelling of lips, tongue, and throat; stomach pain and diarrhea may occur. [5] [6]

Distribution and habitat

Z. aethiopica is native to southern Africa, specifically Lesotho, Mozambique, South Africa, and Eswatini. It has naturalised in Kenya, Madeira, Azores, Malawi, New Zealand, Tanzania, Zambia, coastal California and Australia, particularly in Western Australia, where it has been classified as a toxic weed and pest. [7] [8] The majority of invasive populations are located in coastal prairies and wetlands near human settlements. [9] It is also a highly invasive species in riparian areas and pastureland of Western Australia and New Zealand. [9] The cultivar 'Green Goddess' is listed in the New Zealand National Pest Plant Accord, which proscribes its cultivation, sale, and distribution.

The reproduction of Z. aethiopica involves seeds dispersal by birds and vegetative propagation through rhizomes that can spread when soil or garden cuttings are moved. [9]

Cultivation and uses

A number of cultivars have been selected as ornamental plants:

The cultivars 'Crowborough' [10] and 'Green Goddess' [11] have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. [12]

In order to introduce colours to the large white calla lilies, like the many colours available in the dwarf summer calla lilies, attempts have been made to hybridise Z. aethiopica with Z. elliotiana. These have resulted in albino progeny, which are non-viable.[ citation needed ]

Zantedeschia aethiopica can be used for treatment of wastewater due to its tolerance of iron and ability to grow in wet areas. [13]

Symbolism

Until 2011, Zantedeschia aethiopica was the national flower of the island nation of Saint Helena, where it grows widely, but is considered an invasive plant. [14] Further, it is an important symbol of Irish republicanism and nationalism since 1926, because it is used to commemorate the dead of Easter 1916 and onward.[ citation needed ]

See also

Related Research Articles

<i>Amorphophallus</i> Genus of flowering plants

Amorphophallus is a large genus of some 200 tropical and subtropical tuberous herbaceous plants from the Arum family (Araceae), native to Asia, Africa, Australia and various oceanic islands. A few species are edible as "famine foods" after careful preparation to remove irritating chemicals. The genus includes the Titan arum of Indonesia, which has the largest inflorescence of any plant in the genus, and is also known as the 'corpse flower' for the pungent odour it produces during its flowering period, which can take up to seven years of growth before it occurs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Spadix (botany)</span> Type of inflorescence

In botany, a spadix is a type of inflorescence having small flowers borne on a fleshy stem. Spadices are typical of the family Araceae, the arums or aroids. The spadix is typically surrounded by a leaf-like curved bract known as a spathe. For example, the "flower" of the well known Anthurium spp. is a typical spadix with a large colorful spathe.

<i>Alstroemeria</i> Genus of South American flowering plants

Alstroemeria, commonly called the Peruvian lily or lily of the Incas, is a genus of flowering plants in the family Alstroemeriaceae. They are all native to South America, although some have become naturalized in the United States, Mexico, Australia, New Zealand, Madeira and the Canary Islands. Almost all of the species are restricted to one of two distinct centers of diversity; one in central Chile, the other in eastern Brazil. Species of Alstroemeria from Chile are winter-growing plants, while those of Brazil are summer growing. All are long-lived perennials except A. graminea, a diminutive annual from the Atacama Desert of Chile.

<i>Anthurium</i> Genus of plants

Anthurium is a genus of about 1,000 species of flowering plants, the largest genus of the arum family, Araceae. General common names include anthurium, tailflower, flamingo flower, pigtail plant, and laceleaf.

<i>Arum maculatum</i> Species of flowering plant

Arum maculatum, commonly known as cuckoopint, jack-in-the-pulpit and other names, is a woodland flowering plant species in the family Araceae. It is native across most of Europe, as well as Eastern Turkey and the Caucasus.

<i>Spathiphyllum</i> Genus of plants

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<i>Zantedeschia</i> Genus of flowering plants in the arum family Araceae

Zantedeschia is a genus of eight species of herbaceous, perennial, flowering plants in the aroid family, Araceae, native to southern Africa(from South Africa northeast to Malawi). The genus has been introduced, in some form, on every continent.

<i>Calla</i> Monotypic genus of flowering plant in the arum family Araceae

Calla is a genus of flowering plant in the family Araceae, containing the single species Calla palustris.

<i>Dieffenbachia seguine</i> Species of flowering plant

Dieffenbachia seguine, widely known as dumbcane, as well as leopard lily or tuftroot, is a species of Dieffenbachia, a flowering aroid plant of the family Araceae. It is native to the neotropical realm of the Americas, from extreme southern Mexico and Belize and much of Central America, as well as the northern half of South America. It is found on many Caribbean islands and territories, including Cuba, Grand Bahama, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Hispaniola, Îles des Saintes, Jamaica, Martinique, Puerto Rico, Saba, Saint Kitts and Trinidad and Tobago. D. seguine is also found on the Galápagos islands of Santa Cruz and San Cristóbal, where it was likely introduced by humans.

<i>Arum</i> Genus of flowering plants in the family Araceae

Arum is a genus of flowering plants in the family Araceae, native to Europe, northern Africa, and western and central Asia, with the highest species diversity in the Mediterranean region. Frequently called arum lilies, they are not closely related to the true lilies Lilium. Plants in closely related Zantedeschia are also called "arum lilies".

<i>Lysichiton americanus</i> Species of flowering plant

Lysichiton americanus, also called western skunk cabbage (US), yellow skunk cabbage (UK), American skunk-cabbage or swamp lantern, is a plant found in swamps and wet woods, along streams and in other wet areas of the Pacific Northwest, where it is one of the few native species in the arum family.

<i>Zantedeschia elliottiana</i> Species of flowering plant

Zantedeschia elliottiana, golden arum or golden calla lily, yellow calla lily, is a herbaceous ornamental plant in the family Araceae. It grows from a bulb. It is said to occur in the province of Mpumalanga in South Africa, although other sources say that it is not found in the wild but appears to be a hybrid of garden origin.

<i>Zantedeschia rehmannii</i> Species of flowering plant

Zantedeschia rehmannii, the pink arum lily, pink calla, or red calla lily, is a herbaceous ornamental plant in the family Araceae. It is a recipient of the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

<i>Spathiphyllum wallisii</i> Species of flowering plant

Spathiphyllum wallisii, commonly known as peace lily, white sails, or spathe flower, is a very popular indoor house plant of the family Araceae. The genus name means "spathe-leaf", and the specific epithet is named after Gustav Wallis, the German plant collector. It was first described in 1877.

<i>Peltandra virginica</i> Species of aquatic plant

Peltandra virginica is a plant of the arum family known as green arrow arum and tuckahoe. It is widely distributed in wetlands in the eastern United States, as well as in Quebec, Ontario, and Cuba. It is common in central Florida including the Everglades and along the Gulf Coast. Its rhizomes are tolerant to low oxygen levels found in wetland soils. It can be found elsewhere in North America as an introduced species and often an invasive plant.

<i>Amorphophallus titanum</i> Species of flowering plant in the arum family Araceae

Amorphophallus titanum, the titan arum, is a flowering plant in the family Araceae. It has the largest unbranched inflorescence in the world. The inflorescence of the talipot palm, Corypha umbraculifera, is larger, but it is branched rather than unbranched. A. titanum is endemic to rainforests on the Indonesian island of Sumatra.

<i>Arisaema candidissimum</i> Species of flowering plant

Arisaema candidissimum is a species of flowering plant in the arum family (Araceae), originating in western China. Various English names have been given to the species, including Chinese cobra lily and Chinese jack-in-the-pulpit. The Chinese name is 白苞南星.

<i>Zantedeschia albomaculata</i> Species of flowering plant

Zantedeschia albomaculata, commonly called the spotted calla lily or the white spotted arum, is a species of flowering plant in the arum family, Araceae. Its leaves are somewhat smaller, thinner and slightly more pointed than the larger Zantedeschia aethiopica—also commonly called the "calla lily"—and display attractive white speckling on their faces. The plant spreads laterally underground by way of a rhizome or tuber, with nodes that sprout and send-up new shoots. Its inflorescence is typical of the Araceae family, featuring a white, funnel-shaped spathe with a yellowish spadix in the center.

<i>Thaumatophyllum xanadu</i> Species of flowering plant

Thaumatophyllum xanadu is a perennial plant belonging to the arum family Araceae and the genus Thaumatophyllum, formerly classified under the Meconostigma subgenus of Philodendron. This plant is native to Brazil, but is widely cultivated as a landscape plant in tropical, subtropical and warm temperate climates.

<i>Arum cylindraceum</i> Species of plant

Arum cylindraceum is a woodland plant species of the family Araceae. It is found in most of Europe except the UK, Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, the Baltic States and Scandinavia, and in Turkey. It is also missing in northwestern France and southern Italy.

References

  1. Foden, W. (2010). "Zantedeschia aethiopica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2010: e.T164507A5896429. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T164507A5896429.en . Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  2. "Zantedeschia aethiopica". Germplasm Resources Information Network . Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved 2017-12-18.
  3. 1 2 Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Macmillan ISBN   0-333-47494-5.
  4. "Zantedeschia aethiopica". SANBI PlantZAfrica.com. Retrieved 2022-06-27.
  5. Poisonous Plants of North Carolina Retrieved on 8-2-2009
  6. "Zantedeschia aethiopica". www.pfaf.org. Retrieved 2017-01-31.
  7. "Arum Lily". Weeds Australia Weed identification. Retrieved 2008-04-23.
  8. "Arum lily (Zantedeschia aethiopica)". Declared plant in Western Australia. Retrieved 2008-04-23. Dept Agriculture and Food, Western Australia
  9. 1 2 3 "Zantedeschia aethiopica Profile – California Invasive Plant Council" . Retrieved 2023-02-25.
  10. "Zantedeschia aethiopica 'Crowborough'". RHS. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
  11. "Zantedeschia aethiopica 'Green Goddess'". RHS. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
  12. "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 108. Retrieved 11 March 2019.
  13. Casierra-Posada, Fánor; Blanke, Michael M.; Guerrero-Guío, Juan Carlos (June 2014). "Iron Tolerance in Calla Lilies (Zantedeschia aethiopica)". Gesunde Pflanzen. 66 (2): 63–68. doi:10.1007/s10343-014-0316-y. ISSN   0367-4223. S2CID   9473100.
  14. "National Flower ⋅ Saint Helena Island Info ⋅ About St Helena, in the South Atlantic Ocean". sainthelenaisland.info. Retrieved 2023-12-13.