1991 Pacific hurricane season

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1991 Pacific hurricane season
1991 Pacific hurricane season summary map.png
Season summary map
Seasonal boundaries
First system formedMay 16, 1991
Last system dissipatedNovember 12, 1991
Strongest storm
NameKevin
 • Maximum winds145 mph (230 km/h)
(1-minute sustained)
 • Lowest pressure935 mbar (hPa; 27.61 inHg)
Seasonal statistics
Total depressions16
Total storms14
Hurricanes10
Major hurricanes
(Cat. 3+)		5
Total fatalities24
Total damageUnknown
Related articles
Pacific hurricane seasons
1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993

The 1991 Pacific hurricane season was a near-average Pacific hurricane season. The worst storm this year was Tropical Storm Ignacio, which killed 23 people in Mexico and injured 40 others. Elsewhere, Hurricane Fefa caused flooding in Hawaii. Hurricane Kevin was the strongest system of the season and became the then longest-lasting hurricane in the eastern north Pacific basin at the time, and Hurricane Nora was the strongest November storm to that point. The season officially started on May 15, 1991, in the eastern Pacific, and on June 1, 1991, in the central Pacific. It lasted until November 30, 1991, in both basins. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northeastern Pacific Ocean.

Contents

Seasonal summary

Tropical Storm Ignacio (1991)Hurricane FefaSaffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale1991 Pacific hurricane season

During the season, a total of sixteen tropical cyclones developed, featuring ten hurricanes, four tropical storms and two tropical depressions. These totals are close to the climatological averages established since 1966, when satellite surveillance began. However, the season was less active than 1990, which had a record 16 hurricanes (more than 1991). Yet, it ended late with the first November hurricane on record in the satellite era. On the other hand, the months of July and August, often the most active ones in this basin, only produced two tropical cyclones each. The activity in July was four systems below the average of six at that time due to unusual circulation patterns aloft over the tropical Pacific. A shorter gap in activity from late August to early September was attributed to anomalous flow patterns near the Baja California Peninsula. [1] Several tropical cyclones grew into specially long-lived and intense systems. For example, Hurricane Kevin endured as a hurricane for 12.5 days to the east of 140°W, establishing a new record for longevity in the eastern Pacific. [1] [2]

None of the tropical storms or hurricanes made landfall. One of the two tropical depressions of the season, Five-E, came ashore near Salina Cruz, Mexico, on the last day of June. Delores, Ignacio and Marty threatened the coast of Mexico, coming close enough to require tropical cyclone watches and warnings. Of these, Ignacio was also responsible for 40 injuries and 23 fatalities as the system passed just offshore of Lázaro Cárdenas. Public advisories were issued for four other systems due to the threat of heavy rain along the coast. [1]

Tropical cyclone data was gathered at six hour intervals throughout the season. Even though most intensity assessments were estimates via the Dvorak Technique, there was a large research mission for tropical cyclogenesis in the Pacific. A NOAA research mission investigated Hurricane Jimena and gathered a few surface observations. Track forecasts were slightly more accurate than the past three years; intensity forecasts were comparable to the previous three seasons. [1]

Systems

Tropical Storm Andres

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Tropical Storm Andres May 17 1991 2031Z.jpg   Andres 1991 track.png
DurationMay 16 – May 20
Peak intensity65 mph (100 km/h) (1-min);
994  mbar  (hPa)

On May 16, the first tropical depression of the season formed to the southwest of Baja California, out of a tropical disturbance that had developed during May 5 within the vicinity of Panama. [3] During May 16 the depression gradually developed, before early the next day the National Hurricane Centre declared it a tropical storm and named it Andres. [3] The newly named tropical cyclone reached its peak intensity of 60 mph (95 km/h), later that day. [3] After maintaining its peak intensity for 24 hours, Andres started to gradually weaken as upper level windshear over the system increased before it dissipated during May 20. [3] Throughout its life as a tropical cyclone, Andres moved very little and slowly executed a cyclonic loop, while remaining well away from any land. [1] [3]

Tropical Storm Blanca

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Tropical Storm Blanca Jun 19 1991 2031Z.jpg   Blanca 1991 track.png
DurationJune 14 – June 22
Peak intensity65 mph (100 km/h) (1-min);
994  mbar  (hPa)

A well organized tropical wave over West Africa entered the Atlantic Ocean on May 31. The wave never showed signs of organization while crossing the Atlantic. It emerged into the eastern north Pacific on June 10. It was not until June 13 when the convection associated with the wave became better organized. On June 14, Tropical Depression Two-E formed at a location about 515 mi (830 km) from Acapulco, Mexico. [4] [5]

For the next 48 hours, the depression moved toward the west and then northwest in response to a weakening ridge to the northwest. On June 17, the strong shear relaxed somewhat and the exposed center moved under the deep convection again. Thus, the depression strengthened into a tropical storm about 725 mi (1,165 km) south of the southern tip of Baja California. Tropical Storm Blanca experienced limited development, reaching its peak windspeed of 60 mph (95 km/h) early on June 20. Then, the center of Blanca became exposed again and weakened into a tropical depression on June 21. Finally, it dissipated on June 22 over colder waters about 1285 mi (2,380 km) southwest of the southern tip of Baja California. [4] There were no casualties or damages attributed to this tropical cyclone. [6]

Hurricane Carlos

Category 3 hurricane (SSHWS)
CARLOS jun 23 1991 2235Z.jpg   Carlos 1991 track.png
DurationJune 16 – June 27
Peak intensity120 mph (195 km/h) (1-min);
955  mbar  (hPa)

A tropical wave moved off the coast of West Africa on June 4 showing some cyclonic curvature in the low clouds. It passed Barbados six days later, where a low-to-mid wind shift was detected. The wave was followed by a low level wind surge which was observed in Curaçao on June 12. Most of the shower activity associated with the wave moved westward over South America, and then over Panama on June 14. The convection became organized and developed into Tropical Depression Three-E on June 16 while it was located 350 mi (560 km) south of Salina Cruz. It became a tropical storm one day later. Carlos reached minimal hurricane strength on June 18. Two days later, Carlos was briefly downgraded to tropical storm status. A strong high pressure system forced Carlos to move over warmer waters and Carlos began to reintensify. Carlos regained hurricane status and developed a well-defined eye and excellent upper level outflow. On June 24, Carlos peaked at 955 mbar (28.2 inHg) central pressure and 115 mph (185 km/h) maximum sustained winds. The hurricane then weakened when it moved west over colder waters and encountered upper-level shear. Carlos dissipated on June 27. The National Hurricane Center received no reports of impact due to this tropical cyclone. [7]

Hurricane Delores

Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS)
Hurricane Delores Jun 25 1991 1731Z.jpg   Delores 1991 track.png
DurationJune 22 – June 28
Peak intensity85 mph (140 km/h) (1-min);
979  mbar  (hPa)

Delores developed from a tropical wave which moved from Africa to the Atlantic on June 7. And it was not until June 22 when it gained organization and was identified as an area of disturbed weather south of Mexico. [8]

The system immediately showed signs of rotation and it was designated Tropical Depression Four-E the same day. It was centered about 515 mi (830 km) south-southeast of Manzanillo, Mexico. Then, the depression reached storm strength, and was named Delores on June 24 while 145 mi (230 km) from the coast of Mexico. It rapidly intensified to a hurricane on June 25 as it approached to the coast. However it rapidly weakened and on June 27 it was downgraded to tropical storm status as it was moving over colder waters. Its deep convection gradually diminished and its west-northwestward motion abruptly halted as the system was being sheared. It weakened to a depression on June 28 near Socorro Island and it dissipated on June 29. [8]

In response to Delores' approach, the Mexican government issued a tropical storm warning and a hurricane watch from Ixtapa to Manzanillo on June 24. The watch and the warning were dropped the next day. The cyclone remained far away enough that no reports of high winds were received. Satellite observations indicated that heavy rains fell in affected areas from June 23 to 26. However, no damages or casualties were reported. [9]

Tropical Depression Five-E

Tropical depression (SSHWS)
Td-5 1991.JPG   05E 1991 track.png
DurationJune 28 – June 30
Peak intensity35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min);
1006  mbar  (hPa)

A tropical disturbance south of the Gulf of Tehuantepec became better organized on June 29 and became a tropical depression. [10] Strengthening was very limited as the depression was approaching to land. [11] It made landfall later that day very near of Salina Cruz, Oaxaca. [12] As it continued its west-northwest track, it dissipated inland after bringing torrential rains. [13]

Five-E caused the year's lone fatality and caused the most significant damage. Five-E destroyed up to 118 homes, injured 500, and also caused two people to go missing. Rainfall totals as high as 9.2 inches (230 mm) in 24 hours accompanied the depression over Southern Mexico. [1]

Hurricane Enrique

Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS)
Hurricane enrique 1991.JPG   Enrique 1991 track.png
DurationJuly 15 – July 31 (Exited basin)
Peak intensity75 mph (120 km/h) (1-min);
987  mbar  (hPa)

Enrique formed from a westward-moving tropical wave that crossed the Atlantic from June 30 to July 8. A short-lived cyclonic circulation center within the wave was detected on satellite imagery when the system was over the eastern Atlantic. However, persistent deep convection did not occur until the wave neared the Gulf of Tehuantepec in the eastern Pacific Ocean on July 11. On July 12, the convection became more concentrated about 500 nmi (575 mi; 925 km) south of Acapulco, near a mid-level vortex within the wave; however, it had diminished the next day. On July 14, it became better organized. Based on reports from satellite imagery the low had developed into the seasons season's sixth tropical depression on July 15. [14] The depression intensified further and was upgraded to Tropical Storm Enrique the next day as it became better organized. [15]

Enrique steadily intensified and by early on July 16, the National Hurricane Center was anticipating for the system to reach hurricane intensity. [16] Continuing to strengthen, it reached hurricane status On July 17. However, this was for a short period of time as it developed an eye. Due to uncertainty in the storm's intensity that day, it is possible that it could have been a hurricane earlier than originally estimated. [14] Wind shear associated with a trough and passage over cooler waters caused Enrique to begin weakening and the cyclone's center soon became exposed. Enrique was downgraded to a depression on July 19 and the weakening cyclone crossed into the central Pacific on July 20. [14] [17] The system persisted drifting northwestward for several days, while maintaining a well-defined, albeit weak, center of circulation. [18] [19] On July 27, after it passed well to the north of the Hawaiian Islands, Enrique managed to briefly re-intensify to tropical storm status, attaining a secondary peak intensity of 50 mph (85 km/h), while completing a clockwise loop. [18] [20] As Enrique headed toward the Midway Island, increased wind shear weakened the system, causing another downgrade to depression status. [18] [20] As the storm approached the International Dateline, the system started to restrengthen. Shortly after crossing the dateline, Enrique became a tropical storm again on August 1. It lasted for less than 24 hours before it lost its convection and thus the cyclone began to dissipate. [20] No damages or casualties were caused by Enrique. [17] [19] [20]

Hurricane Fefa

Category 3 hurricane (SSHWS)
Fefa 1991-08-03 2230Z.png   Fefa 1991 track.png
DurationJuly 29 – August 8
Peak intensity120 mph (195 km/h) (1-min);
959  mbar  (hPa)

A tropical wave became better organized and it developed into Tropical Depression Seven-E while 976 miles (1570 km) south-southeast of Cabo San Lucas on July 29. The depression intensified quickly and became Tropical Storm Fefa the same day. Fefa continued to strengthen over the warm Pacific water and reached hurricane status on July 31. Satellite imagery showed the appearance of an eye on August 1. Fefa peaked on August 2 with a central pressure of 959 mbar (28.3 inHg) and winds of 120 mph (195 km/h), making it a Category 3 hurricane in the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale. [21] Fefa crossed into the north central Pacific basin on August 5. [22] As it crossed, wind shear increased and Fefa began to weaken as it approached the Hawaiian Islands as a tropical storm on August 7. Fefa passed over the Big Island and rapidly weakened back to a tropical depression later that day. It finally dissipated on August 9 when northwest Kauai. [19]

The remnants of Fefa caused heavy rains and strong winds in the counties of Hawaii and Kauai. Flash flooding was reported in the Kohala and Hamakua districts. Lightning injured two persons on the Big Island. [19]

Hurricane Guillermo

Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS)
Hurricane Guillermo Aug 6 1991 1701Z.jpg   Guillermo 1991 track.png
DurationAugust 4 – August 10
Peak intensity80 mph (130 km/h) (1-min);
983  mbar  (hPa)

A significant tropical wave with very little deep convection left Africa on July 22. It crossed the Atlantic, with convection associated with its southern part passing over the Windward Islands on July 28 and crossing Central America on July 31. [23]

Signs of organization were evident late on August 2 when the wave was south of the Gulf of Tehuantepec. Then, on August 4, Tropical Depression Eight-E was formed while centered 350 mi (560 km) south-southeast of Acapulco. Despite the presence of easterly shear, the depression gradually intensified as the center moved toward the west-northwest, paralleling the coast of Mexico. Then, it reached tropical storm strength the same day. At that time, it was centered south-southwest of Acapulco. It peaked on August 5 with a central pressure of 993 mbar (29.3 inHg) and maximum sustained winds of 75 mph (121 km/h) while 255 mi (410 km) of Manzanillo, Colima. After its peak, Guillermo weakened to tropical storm status as it began losing convection. It subsequently weakened to a tropical depression and dissipated after that on August 10. [23] There were no damages or casualties associated with this tropical cyclone. [24]

Tropical Storm Hilda

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Hilda 1991-08-11 0000Z.png   Hilda 1991 track.png
DurationAugust 8 – August 14
Peak intensity65 mph (100 km/h) (1-min);
992  mbar  (hPa)

Satellite imagery showed a convective area with some cyclonic turning in connection with a tropical wave over Africa on July 22. The convection gradually diminished as the system moved west-southwest into the Atlantic. On July 31, the wave passed south of Trinidad, where a low-level wind shift was detected. For the next couple of days, this system passed over Venezuela and Colombia. Then it crossed into the Pacific basin. It was not until August 6, while it was south of Guatemala, when the convection became organized. Then, the wave strengthened into a tropical depression about 230 mi (370 km/h) south-southwest of Acapulco, on August 8. The system intensified further and became Tropical Storm Hilda August 9. The storm reached its peak intensity on August 11 with estimated 100 km/h (65 mph) maximum winds and a pressure of 993 hPa (30 inHg). The tropical storm moved on a general west-northwest track for the next couple of days and then turned toward the north on August 13 as it was under the influence of an upper level trough. Later on that day, tropical storm force winds were reported on Guadalupe Island as the center of Hilda was located about 280 km (175 mi) from the island. [25]

Hilda gradually weakened over cool waters but maintained a rather large level of circulation. This caused its dissipation to be slower than normal. Tropical Depression Hilda dissipated on August 14. It large remnant circulation continued northwards and eventually passed over California. [25] There were no casualties or damages attributed to this tropical cyclone. [25] Hilda's remnants caused rain as far north as San Francisco. [26]

Tropical Depression Ten-E

Tropical depression (SSHWS)
Td 10-e 1991.JPG   10E 1991 track.png
DurationSeptember 12 – September 14
Peak intensity35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min);
1005  mbar  (hPa)

A tropical disturbance southwest of Manzanillo, Colima became a tropical depression on September 12 when its convection became persistent around a newly formed center of circulation. Conditions were not favorable for development because of strong wind shear environment caused by a trough. [27] The depression took a northward track and dissipates on September 13 as it was being sheared just south of the Gulf of California. [28]

Tropical Depression Ten-E brought heavy showers to parts of Mexico. [29] There were no reported deaths or damages. [28]

Tropical Storm Ignacio

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Ignacio 1991-09-16 2230Z.png   Ignacio 1991 track.png
DurationSeptember 16 – September 19
Peak intensity65 mph (100 km/h) (1-min);
994  mbar  (hPa)

On September 11, a tropical wave entered the eastern Pacific. An area of convection developed when it was 285 mi (460 km) west of the southern tip of Baja California Peninsula. A trough axis extended southward from the low to the west of the convection. By September 15, the area of disturbed weather included some convective bands. The organization of the convection improved and the cloud system became Tropical Depression Eleven-E the next day. The trough that was near the depression moved the cyclone to the north-northwest, allowing for deepening, with the depression being upgraded to Tropical Storm Ignacio later that day. The track of the tropical storm transcribed a small clockwise loop, and Ignacio reached the northernmost point of the loop on September 17. The storm was centered about 30 mi (45 km) offshore and was near its peak intensity of 65 mph (100 km/h). Further intensification was precluded by the storm's proximity to land and by shear associated with the upper-level low now located near the Baja California peninsula. As Ignacio turned toward the east, its forward motion slowed. When the storm began moving to the south, it lost its identity very rapidly. Ignacio weakened to depression status and dissipated six hours later. The remnants of Ignacio moved toward the west-southwest over the next two days. [30]

Tropical Storm Ignacio dropped heavy rains over a large area of Mexico. The highest amount recorded was 15.43 in (392 mm) at Pasa de San Antonio. [31] Ten people died in Guerrero due to flash flooding. [32] The remnants of the storm caused several dams to burst in the state of Chihuahua, leaving 10,000 people homeless and killing another 13. [33] Overall, 40 people were injured. [1]

Hurricane Jimena

Category 4 hurricane (SSHWS)
Hurricane Jimena Sep 24 1991 1731Z.jpg   Jimena 1991 track.png
DurationSeptember 20 – October 2
Peak intensity130 mph (215 km/h) (1-min);
945  mbar  (hPa)

Part of the same tropical wave that formed Tropical Storm Danny in the Atlantic crossed over the Isthmus of Panama and became a disturbance in the Intertropical Convergence Zone during mid to late September. On September 20 the cloud pattern had increased in organization and the system was designated a tropical depression. [34] Continuing to strengthen, the depression became a tropical storm on September 21. The tropical storm then headed towards the northwest. Development was rapid, especially after September 22 as a banding type eye was forming. Further rapid development took place by the following day and the maximum sustained winds increased to its peak of 130 mph (215 km/h) by the afternoon of September 23. Jimena maintained itself as a powerful hurricane for three days, moving west until September 26, when it turned toward the west-northwest. Jimena began to weaken on September 27. A northwestward movement commenced on September 29 in response to a large upper-level trough which developed in its northwest. It continued to weaken and on September 30 it regained tropical storm intensity before becoming downgraded to a depression. On October 2, Jimena dissipated as a tropical cyclone. [34] Hurricane Jimena caused no reported damage or casualties. [35]

Hurricane Kevin

Category 4 hurricane (SSHWS)
Hurricane Kevin Sep 30 1991 2101Z.jpg   Kevin 1991 track.png
DurationSeptember 25 – October 12
Peak intensity145 mph (230 km/h) (1-min);
935  mbar  (hPa)

Kevin formed from a westward-moving tropical wave which emerged from the northwest coast of Africa on September 11. The wave crossed into the Pacific basin on September 21 with no signs of development. Cloudiness and convection became better organized on the first hours of September 24, becoming Tropical Depression Thirteen-E the next day as it was located about 405 mi (650 km) southeast of Acapulco. Then the depression moved toward the west. The banding pattern became more pronounced and the depression was upgraded to Tropical Storm Kevin later that day, being centered about 316 mi (509 km) south-southeast of Acapulco. The convective banding increased for the next 24 hours and Kevin strengthened to hurricane status on September 26, while 230 mi (370 km) south-southwest of Acapulco. Kevin continued to strengthen and an eye intermittently appeared on September 27 and 28. [36]

By September 29, Kevin had a well-defined eye and this feature persisted for several days. The hurricane continued to strengthen and on October 1 reached its peak intensity while centered roughly 400 mi (645 km) south-southwest of the southern tip of Baja California Sur, with estimated 145 mph (230 km/h) maximum winds and a minimum pressure of 935 mbar (27.6 inHg). Kevin was moving toward the west at this time. It turned toward the west-southwest due to a strong high pressure system located northwest of the hurricane. Then, Kevin began to weaken gradually and its eye became poorly defined on October 4. It weakened on October 6 as the hurricane began turning toward the northwest and continued this general motion for the next few days. [36]

However, a well-defined eye reappeared on satellite imagery in the system and Kevin re-intensified to a low-end Category 3 hurricane with maximum winds of 115 mph (185 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 960 mbar (28 inHg) on October 7. But this was short-lived and on October 8 the hurricane began to weaken again and on October 9 it had entered into the Central Pacific basin as a waning Category 1 hurricane. [37] After this crossing, it was subsequently downgraded to storm strength the same day and on October 11, to a depression. It dissipated as a tropical cyclone that same day. The remnant circulation did persist a while longer as it slowly drifted north to finally lose its identity late on October 14. [19] Despite its long life, Hurricane Kevin caused no damage or casualties. [37] Because Kevin passed north of Hawaii, its only effect on land was increased trade winds. [19]

Hurricane Linda

Category 3 hurricane (SSHWS)
Hurricane Linda Oct 5 1991 1731Z.jpg   Linda 1991 track.png
DurationOctober 2 – October 13
Peak intensity120 mph (195 km/h) (1-min);
957  mbar  (hPa)

The tropical wave that ultimately produced Hurricane Linda emerged from the northwest coast of Africa on September 16 and tracked westward across the tropical Atlantic. The convection increased markedly upon approaching the Lesser Antilles on September 21. The tropical wave's northern portion split off to the north and caused showers in Jamaica, the Bahamas and Cuba while the southern part continued and crossed Panama into the Pacific basin on September 25 as a group of disorganized cloud clusters. It took many days to organize and it was not until October 3 when organization improved and the wave became Tropical Depression Fourteen-E. [38]

The tropical depression moved toward the northwest while strengthening and became Tropical Storm Linda within 12 hours. As Linda then drifted to the north it was upgraded to a hurricane on October 5. Then, the hurricane reached its estimated peak intensity of 120 mph (195 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 957 mbar (28.3 inHg) that same day. Linda began to weaken as it was following Kevin's track and entered to colder waters. Linda turned the west-northwest and passed 60 miles (95 km) from Socorro Island, where it caused 80 mph (130 km/h) sustained winds on October 7. Later that day, Linda weakened to a tropical storm. On October 9, as Linda was following Kevin's track, the cyclone continued to weaken and was downgraded to a depression, although deep convection continued to intermittently appear. Finally, on early October 14, Linda dissipated. [38] [39] There were no reported casualties or damages from Linda. [39]

Hurricane Marty

Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS)
Hurricane Marty Oct 11 1991 1731Z.jpg   Marty 1991 track.png
DurationOctober 7 – October 18
Peak intensity80 mph (130 km/h) (1-min);
979  mbar  (hPa)

On October 5, a tropical wave crossed Central America and it began to organize the next day. Based on satellite classifications, the weather system was upgraded to tropical depression status about 275 mi (445 km) south of the Gulf of Tehuantepec on October 7. It became a tropical storm on October 8 and was named Marty. It reached hurricane status early on October 10 while moving parallel to the coast of Mexico. There were several occasions when an eye was becoming apparent in satellite imagery but it never fully developed. An upper trough over the Western United States forced Marty to moved toward the northwest and north for a while, bringing the hurricane to waters previously cooled by hurricanes Kevin and Linda. Then, Marty disorganized and weakened into a tropical storm. Also, the trough which forced Marty northward moved out of the area, which made that Marty turned sharply to the west, then west-southwest around a high pressure system. Marty weakened further and remained as a tropical depression. It finally dissipated on October 18. [40]

On October 8, Marty was threatening enough to prompt the Mexican government to issue a tropical storm watch from Manzanillo to Acapulco. The warning was dropped on October 9 when Marty moved away. There were no associated casualties or damages with this tropical cyclone. [41]

Hurricane Nora

Category 2 hurricane (SSHWS)
Hurricane Nora Nov 9 1991 1801Z.jpg   Nora 1991 track.png
DurationNovember 7 – November 12
Peak intensity105 mph (165 km/h) (1-min);
970  mbar  (hPa)

On November 7, an area of convection associated with a tropical wave developed into a tropical depression, while located about 560 mi (900 km) to the southeast of Acapulco, Mexico. [42] During that day the depression moved towards the northwest, intensified into a tropical storm and was named Nora later that day. [43] [44] On the next day, the storm gradually intensified further while temporarily moving towards the west, due to the flow field around a strengthening high pressure system located to the north of Nora. [1] After developing an eye, Nora intensified into a hurricane. [42] [45]

On November 9, Nora. It peaked as a Category 2 hurricane on November 10. A large trough moved in from the west and formed a low. Shear increased and disrupted Nora's convection. The low also caused an abrupt change of course to the northeast. Nora weakened to a depression on November 11 and dissipated the next day. Nora's remnants continued to the northeast, showing brief flare-ups of convection. No deaths or damage were reported to have occurred in association with Nora, despite probable rainfall totals of around 3 in (76 mm) within the Mexican states of Sinaloa and Nayarit. [42]

Storm names

The following list of names was used for named storms that formed in the North Pacific Ocean east of 140°W in 1991. [46] This is essentially the same list used for the 1985 season, though the rotating lists went only to the "W" name at the time. Another difference was that the 1985 "D" name had been "Dolores", whereas "Delores" was used in 1991. [47] [48]

  • Andres
  • Blanca
  • Carlos
  • Delores
  • Enrique *
  • Fefa  *
  • Guillermo
  • Hilda
  • Ignacio
  • Jimena
  • Kevin *
  • Linda
  • Marty
  • Nora
  • Olaf (unused)
  • Pauline (unused)
  • Rick (unused)
  • Sandra (unused)
  • Terry (unused)
  • Vivian (unused)
  • Waldo (unused)
  • Xina (unused)
  • York (unused)
  • Zelda (unused)

For storms that form in the North Pacific from 140°W to the International Date Line, the names come from a series of four rotating lists. Names are used one after the other without regard to year, and when the bottom of one list is reached, the next named storm receives the name at the top of the next list. [46] [49] No named storms formed in the central North Pacific in 1991. Named storms in the table above that crossed into the area during the year are noted (*). [19]

Retirement

Following the 1991 season, the World Meteorological Organization retired the name Fefa from future use in the Eastern Pacific. [50] It was replaced with Felicia for the 1997 season. [49]

Seasonal effects

This is a table of all of the tropical cyclones that formed in the 1991 Pacific hurricane season. It includes their name, duration, peak classification and intensities, areas affected, damage, and death totals. Deaths in parentheses are additional and indirect (an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident), but were still related to that storm. Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical, a wave, or a low, and all of the damage figures are in 1991 USD.

Saffir–Simpson scale
TDTSC1C2C3C4C5
1991 Pacific tropical cyclone season statistics
Storm
name		Dates activeStorm category
at peak intensity		Max 1-min
wind
mph (km/h)		Min.
press.
(mbar)		Areas affectedDamage
(USD)		DeathsRef(s)
AndresMay 16–20Tropical storm65 (100)994NoneNoneNone
BlancaJune 14–22Tropical storm65 (100)994NoneNoneNone
CarlosJune 16–27Category 3 hurricane120 (195)955NoneNoneNone
DeloresJune 22–28Category 1 hurricane85 (140)979Southwestern Mexico, Revillagigedo Islands MinimalNone
Five-EJune 28–30Tropical depression35 (55)1006Southwestern Mexico, Central America Minimal1
EnriqueJuly 15–31Category 1 hurricane75 (120)987 Hawaiian Islands, Aleutian Islands MinimalNone
Fefa July 29 – August 8Category 3 hurricane120 (195)959 Big Island of Hawaii, Hawaiian Islands NoneNone
GuillermoAugust 4–10Category 1 hurricane80 (130)983NoneNoneNone
HildaAugust 8–14Tropical storm65 (100)992 Southwestern United States, California ModerateNone
Ten-ESeptember 12–14Tropical depression35 (55)1005Southwestern MexicoNoneNone
Ignacio September 16–19Tropical storm65 (100)994Southwestern Mexico, Northwestern MexicoMinimal23
JimenaSeptember 20 – October 2Category 4 hurricane130 (215)945NoneNoneNone
KevinSeptember 25 – October 12Category 4 hurricane145 (230)935 Revillagigedo Islands NoneNone
LindaOctober 2–13Category 3 hurricane120 (195)957NoneNoneNone
MartyOctober 7–18Category 1 hurricane80 (130)979Southwestern Mexico, Revillagigedo Islands, Baja California Peninsula NoneNone
NoraNovember 7–12Category 2 hurricane105 (165)970Southwestern Mexico, Revillagigedo Islands, Baja California Peninsula, Northwestern Mexico, Texas NoneNone
Season aggregates
16 systemsMay 16 – November 12 145 (230)93524 

See also

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">1988 Atlantic hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Atlantic Ocean

The 1988 Atlantic hurricane season was a near average season that proved costly and deadly, with 15 tropical cyclones directly affecting land. The season officially began on June 1, 1988, and lasted until November 30, 1988, although activity began on May 30 when a tropical depression developed in the Caribbean. The June through November dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin. The first cyclone to attain tropical storm status was Alberto on August 8, nearly a month later than usual. The final storm of the year, Tropical Storm Keith, became extratropical on November 24. The season produced 19 tropical depressions of which 12 attained tropical storm status. One tropical storm was operationally classified as a tropical depression but was reclassified in post-analysis. Five tropical cyclones reached hurricane status of which three became major hurricanes reaching Category 3 on the Saffir–Simpson scale.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1991 Atlantic hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Atlantic Ocean

The 1991 Atlantic hurricane season was the first season since 1984 in which no hurricanes developed from tropical waves, which are the source for most North Atlantic tropical cyclones. The hurricane season officially began on June 1, and ended on November 30. It was the least active in four years due to higher than usual wind shear across the Atlantic Ocean. The first storm, Ana, developed on July 2 off the southeast United States and dissipated without causing significant effects. Two other tropical storms in the season – Danny and Erika – did not significantly affect land. Danny dissipated east of the Lesser Antilles, and Erika passed through the Azores before becoming extratropical. In addition, there were four non-developing tropical depressions. The second depression of the season struck Mexico with significant accompanying rains.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2003 Pacific hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Pacific Ocean

The 2003 Pacific hurricane season was the first season to feature no major hurricanes since 1977. The season officially began on May 15, 2003 in the Eastern North Pacific, and on June 1 in the Central ; both ended on November 30. These dates, adopted by convention, historically describe the period in each year when most tropical cyclogenesis occurs in these regions of the Pacific. The season featured 16 tropical storms, 7 of which intensified into hurricanes, which was then considered an average season. Damage across the basin reached US$129 million, and 23 people were killed by the storms.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2002 Pacific hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Pacific Ocean

The 2002 Pacific hurricane season was a near–average season which produced fifteen named storms. Eight hurricanes formed, including a record-equaling three Category 5 hurricanes, a record it shares with the 1994 and 2018 seasons. It was also a near-average season in terms of accumulated cyclone energy (ACE), having an ACE of 125. The season officially began on May 15, 2002 in the East Pacific Ocean, and on June 1, 2002 in the Central Pacific; both ended on November 30. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclone formation occurs in these regions of the Pacific. The first system of the 2002 season, Hurricane Alma, formed on May 24, and the last, Tropical Depression Sixteen-E, dissipated on November 16.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2000 Pacific hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Pacific Ocean

The 2000 Pacific hurricane season was an above-average Pacific hurricane season, although most of the storms were weak and short-lived. There were few notable storms this year. Tropical storms Miriam, Norman, and Rosa all made landfall in Mexico with minimal impact. Hurricane Daniel briefly threatened the U.S. state of Hawaii while weakening. Hurricane Carlotta was the strongest storm of the year and the second-strongest June hurricane in recorded history. Carlotta killed 18 people when it sank a freighter. Overall, the season was significantly more active than the previous season, with 19 tropical storms. In addition, six hurricanes developed. Furthermore, there were total of two major hurricanes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1999 Pacific hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Pacific Ocean

The 1999 Pacific hurricane season was one of the least active Pacific hurricane seasons on record. The season officially began on May 15 in the Eastern Pacific, and on June 1 in the Central Pacific; in both basins, it ended on November 30. These dates conventionally delimit the period during which most tropical cyclones form in the northeastern Pacific Ocean. The first tropical cyclone of the season, Hurricane Adrian, developed on June 18, while the final storm of the season, Tropical Storm Irwin, dissipated on October 11. No storms developed in the Central Pacific during the season. However, two storms from the Eastern Pacific, Dora and Eugene, entered the basin, with the former entering as a hurricane and becoming the second farthest travelling Pacific hurricane on record.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1998 Pacific hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Pacific Ocean

The 1998 Pacific hurricane season was a fairly average Pacific hurricane season. Despite this, it had nine hurricanes and six major hurricanes, which was well above average. The season officially started on May 15 in the eastern Pacific and on June 1 in the central Pacific, and ended on November 30; these dates conventionally delimit the period during which most tropical cyclones form in that region. The first tropical cyclone developed on June 11, about ten days later than the normal start of the season. The final storm of the year, Hurricane Madeline, dissipated on October 20. Storm activity in the Central Pacific Hurricane Center's warning zone was low, with just one tropical depression observed in the region. Two tropical cyclones from the eastern Pacific also entered the central Pacific; the former did so as a hurricane.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1997 Pacific hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Pacific Ocean

The 1997 Pacific hurricane season was a very active hurricane season. With hundreds of deaths and hundreds of millions of dollars in damage, this was one of the deadliest and costliest Pacific hurricane seasons on record. This was due to the exceptionally strong 1997–98 El Niño event. The season officially started on May 15, in the eastern Pacific, and on June 1, in the central Pacific, and lasted until November 30. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when almost all tropical cyclones form in the northeastern Pacific Ocean.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1994 Pacific hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Pacific Ocean

The 1994 Pacific hurricane season was the final season of the eastern north Pacific's consecutive active hurricane seasons that started in 1982. The season officially started on May 15, 1994, in the eastern Pacific, and on June 1, 1994, in the central Pacific, and lasted until November 30, 1994. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northeastern Pacific Ocean. The first tropical cyclone formed on June 18, while the last system dissipated on October 26. This season, twenty-two tropical cyclones formed in the north Pacific Ocean east of the dateline, with all but two becoming tropical storms or hurricanes. A total of 10 hurricanes occurred, including five major hurricanes. The above average activity in 1994 was attributed to the formation of the 1994–95 El Niño.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1992 Pacific hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Pacific Ocean

The 1992 Pacific hurricane season is the most active Pacific hurricane season on record, featuring 27 named storms. The season also produced the second-highest ACE value on record in the basin, only surpassed by the 2018 season. The 1992 season officially started on May 15 in the eastern Pacific, and on June 1 in the central Pacific, and lasted until November 30. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northeastern Pacific Ocean. However, tropical cyclogenesis is possible at any time of the year, as demonstrated by the development of Hurricane Ekeka on January 28, and Tropical Storm Hali two months later.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1990 Pacific hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Pacific Ocean

The 1990 Pacific hurricane season was a very active season which observed 21 named storms within the basin. The season also produced the fourth highest ACE index value on record. The season was officially started on May 15 in the eastern Pacific, and on June 1 in the central Pacific, and lasted until November 30. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northeastern Pacific Ocean. However, the formation of tropical cyclones is possible at any time of the year, as illustrated in 1990 by the formation of the season's first named storm, Hurricane Alma, on May 12. At the time, this was the earliest formation of a tropical storm on record in the eastern Pacific

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1989 Pacific hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Pacific Ocean

The 1989 Pacific hurricane season was a near normal season. It officially started on May 15, 1989, in the eastern Pacific, and on June 1, 1989, in the central Pacific, and lasted until November 30, 1989. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northeastern Pacific Ocean. A total of 18 storms and 9 hurricanes formed, which was near long-term averages. Four hurricanes reached major hurricane status on the Saffir–Simpson scale.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1988 Pacific hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Pacific Ocean

The 1988 Pacific hurricane season was the least active Pacific hurricane season since 1981. It officially began May 15, in the eastern Pacific, and June 1, in the central Pacific and lasted until November 30. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northeastern Pacific Ocean. The first named storm, Tropical Storm Aletta, formed on June 16, and the last-named storm, Tropical Storm Miriam, was previously named Hurricane Joan in the Atlantic Ocean before crossing Central America and re-emerging in the eastern Pacific; Miriam continued westward and dissipated on November 2.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1985 Pacific hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Pacific Ocean

The 1985 Pacific hurricane season is the third-most active Pacific hurricane season on record. It officially started on May 15, 1985, in the eastern Pacific, and on June 1, 1985, in the central Pacific, and lasted until November 30, 1985. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northeastern Pacific Ocean. At the time, the 1985 season was the most active on record in the eastern north Pacific, with 28 tropical cyclones forming. Of those, 24 were named, 13 reached hurricane intensity, and 8 became major hurricanes by attaining Category 3 status or higher on the Saffir–Simpson scale. At that time, the 24 named storms was a record; however, this record was broken seven years later in 1992, and was therefore recognized as the second busiest season within the basin, until it was surpassed exactly thirty years later by the 2015 season.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1979 Pacific hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Pacific Ocean

The 1979 Pacific hurricane season was an inactive North Pacific hurricane season, featuring 10 named storms, 6 hurricanes, and 4 major hurricanes. All tropical cyclone activity this season was confined to the Eastern Pacific, east of 140°W. For the first time since 1977, no tropical cyclones formed in, or entered into the Central Pacific, between 140°W and the International Date Line.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Fefa</span> Category 3 Pacific hurricane in 1991

Hurricane Fefa was the only tropical cyclone during the 1991 Pacific hurricane season to directly impact the Hawaiian Islands. The sixth tropical storm, fourth hurricane, and second major hurricane of the season, the storm developed from a tropical wave on July 29 about 975 miles (1,569 km) south-southeast of Cabo San Lucas. It moved west-northwestward, and under generally favorable conditions it strengthened to attain peak winds of 120 mph (190 km/h) on August 2. Fefa turned to the west towards Hawaii, and slowly weakened until dissipating near the island of Hawaii.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1991 Pacific typhoon season</span> Typhoon season in the Pacific Ocean

The 1991 Pacific typhoon season was a slightly above-average season with 29 tropical storms, 17 typhoons and five super typhoons forming. It was quite a catastrophic season – Typhoon Yunya impacted the Philippines in mid June while in the same time experiencing a volcanic eruption, Typhoon Mireille severely impacting Japan, which became known for being the costliest typhoon on record with US$10 billion worths of damages, and Tropical Storm Thelma on November which became one of the deadliest storms to strike the Philippines, killing at least over 5,000 people.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Timeline of the 1991 Pacific hurricane season</span>

The 1991 Pacific hurricane season produced 16 tropical depressions, 14 of which became tropical storms or hurricanes. The season officially started on May 15, 1991 in the Eastern Pacific—designated as the area east of 140°W—and on June 1, 1991 in the Central Pacific, which is between the International Date Line and 140°W. The season officially ended in both basins on November 30, 1991. These dates typically limit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the eastern Pacific basin. This timeline documents all the storm formations, strengthening, weakening, landfalls, extratropical transitions, as well as dissipation. The timeline also includes information which was not operationally released, meaning that information from post-storm reviews by the National Hurricane Center, such as information on a storm that was not operationally warned on, has been included.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical Storm Ignacio (1991)</span> Pacific tropical storm in 1991

Tropical Storm Ignacio was a strong tropical storm that deluged the Mexican coast with heavy rains. The 9th named storm and 11th tropical cyclone of the 1991 Pacific hurricane season, the system formed from two tropical waves. The pair moved across the Atlantic during the first ten days of September. The second of the two spawned Tropical Storm Erika in the eastern Atlantic. Emerging into the eastern Pacific between the September 10 and September 12, an area of thunderstorms developed southeast of an upper level cyclone off the southern tip of Baja California Sur due to the interaction of the upper cyclone with the pair of tropical waves. By the September 15, the thunderstorm activity organized into bands, indicating the presence of a new tropical depression, the eleventh of the season. The cyclone moved north-northwest due to steering around the upper cyclone, and became a tropical storm by noon on the September 16. Once the upper cyclone moved away from Ignacio, its motion towards the Mexican coast stopped on September 17, and it executed a slow anticyclonic loop that would be completed late on the September 18. Proximity to land and west to southwesterly vertical wind shear weakened the cyclone, and Ignacio regained tropical depression status late on the September 18. The system dissipated as a tropical cyclone that night, and its remnants moved west-southwest into the tropical Pacific, occasionally flaring up new convection over the succeeding couple days.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2019 Pacific hurricane season</span> Hurricane season in the Pacific Ocean

The 2019 Pacific hurricane season was an above average season which produced nineteen named storms, most of which were rather weak and short-lived. Only seven hurricanes formed, the fewest since 2010. The season officially began on May 15 in the East Pacific Ocean, and on June 1 in the Central Pacific; they both ended on November 30. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Pacific basin. This season was one of the latest-starting Pacific hurricane seasons on record, with the first tropical cyclone, Hurricane Alvin, forming on June 25. The final system, Tropical Depression Twenty-One-E, dissipated on November 18.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Mayfield, Britt Max; Rappaport, Edward N. (1992). "Eastern North Pacific Hurricane Season of 1991". Monthly Weather Review. 120 (11). American Meteorological Society: 2697–2708. Bibcode:1992MWRv..120.2697R. doi: 10.1175/1520-0493(1992)120<2697:ENPHSO>2.0.CO;2 . ISSN   1520-0493.
  2. ↑ Blake, Eric S.; Gibney, Ethan J.; Brown, Daniel P.; Mainelli, Michelle; Franklin, James L.; Kimberlain, Todd B.; Hammer, Gregory R.; National Hurricane Center (2009). Tropical Cyclones of the Eastern North Pacific Basin, 1949-2006 (PDF). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 2, 2013. Retrieved May 27, 2012.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Mayfield, Britt Max; National Hurricane Center. Tropical Storm Andres 1991 (GIF) (Preliminary report). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved April 21, 2011.
  4. 1 2 Hal Gerrish (1991). "Preliminary Report Tropical Storm Blanca" (GIF). National Hurricane Center. p. 1. Archived from the original on October 18, 2012. Retrieved April 21, 2011.
  5. ↑ Hal Gerrish (1991). "Preliminary Report Tropical Storm Blanca" (GIF). National Hurricane Center. p. 3. Archived from the original on October 18, 2012. Retrieved April 21, 2011.
  6. ↑ Hal Gerrish (1991). "Preliminary Report Tropical Storm Blanca" (GIF). National Hurricane Center. p. 2. Archived from the original on October 18, 2012. Retrieved April 21, 2011.
  7. ↑ Lixion Avila (1991). "Preliminary Report Hurricane Carlos" (GIF). National Hurricane Center. p. 1. Archived from the original on October 18, 2012. Retrieved April 21, 2011.
  8. 1 2 Miles Lawrence (1991). "Preliminart Report Hurricane Delores" (GIF). National Hurricane Center. p. 1. Archived from the original on October 18, 2012. Retrieved December 22, 2006.
  9. ↑ Miles Lawrence (1991). "Preliminary Report Hurricane Delores" (GIF). National Hurricane Center. p. 2. Archived from the original on October 18, 2012. Retrieved December 22, 2006.
  10. ↑ Mayfield (June 29, 1991). "Tropical Discussion Five-E Discussion Number 1". National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on March 12, 2008. Retrieved December 23, 2006.
  11. ↑ Avila (June 29, 1991). "Tropical Depression Five-E Discussion Number 2". National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on March 12, 2008. Retrieved December 23, 2006.
  12. ↑ Avila (June 29, 1991). "Tropical Depression Five-E Discussion Number 3". National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on March 12, 2008. Retrieved December 23, 2006.
  13. ↑ Pasch (June 29, 1991). "Tropical Depression Five-E Discussion Number 4". National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on October 23, 2012. Retrieved March 3, 2009.
  14. 1 2 3 Edward Rappaport (1991). "Preliminary Report Hurricane Enrique" (GIF). National Hurricane Center. p. 1. Archived from the original on October 23, 2012. Retrieved December 22, 2006.
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  16. ↑ Forecaster Lawrence (July 16, 1991). "Tropical Storm Enrique Discussion 3". NOAA. National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on October 25, 2012. Retrieved April 28, 2010.
  17. 1 2 Edward Rappaport (1991). "Preliminary Report Hurricane Enrique" (GIF). National Hurricane Center. p. 2. Archived from the original on October 18, 2012. Retrieved December 22, 2006.
  18. 1 2 3 Central Pacific Hurricane Center. "CPHC Rebest 1966-2003" (XLS). Retrieved August 15, 2016.
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "The 1991 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season". Central Pacific Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on December 11, 2006. Retrieved December 22, 2006.
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  21. ↑ Max Mayfield (1991). "Preliminary Report Hurricane Fefa" (GIF). National Hurricane Center. p. 1. Archived from the original on October 18, 2012. Retrieved December 22, 2006.
  22. ↑ Max Mayfield (1991). "Preliminary Report Hurricane Fefa" (GIF). National Hurricane Center. p. 2. Archived from the original on October 18, 2012. Retrieved December 22, 2006.
  23. 1 2 Max Mayfield (1991). "Preliminary Report Hurricane Guillermo" (GIF). National Hurricane Center. p. 1. Archived from the original on October 18, 2012. Retrieved December 22, 2006.
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  25. 1 2 3 Lixion Avila (1991). "Preliminary Report Tropical Storm Hilda" (GIF). National Hurricane Center. p. 1. Archived from the original on October 18, 2012. Retrieved December 22, 2006.
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  27. ↑ Rappaport (September 12, 1991). "Tropical Depression Ten-E Discussion Number 1". National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on March 12, 2008. Retrieved December 23, 2006.
  28. 1 2 MBL (September 23, 1991). "Tropical Depression 10-E" (GIF). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on October 23, 2012. Retrieved March 4, 2009.
  29. ↑ Avila (September 13, 1991). "Tropical Depression Ten-E Discussion Number 6". National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on October 23, 2012. Retrieved December 23, 2006.
  30. ↑ Edward Rappaport (1991). "Preliminary Report Tropical Storm Ignacio" (GIF). National Hurricane Center. p. 1. Archived from the original on October 18, 2012. Retrieved December 22, 2006.
  31. ↑ David M. Roth. "Tropical Storm Ignacio" (GIF). Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Archived from the original on September 25, 2013. Retrieved March 3, 2009.
  32. ↑ "Tropical storms". The Atlanta Journal and Constitution (Earthweek:A Diary of the Planet). September 21, 1991.
  33. ↑ Weekly Climate Bulletin. Climate Analysis Center. p. 5.
  34. 1 2 Richard Pasch (1991). "Preliminary Report Hurricane Jimena" (GIF). National Hurricane Center. p. 1. Archived from the original on October 18, 2012. Retrieved December 22, 2006.
  35. ↑ Richard Pasch (1991). "Preliminary Report Hurricane Jimena" (GIF). National Hurricane Center. p. 2. Archived from the original on October 18, 2012. Retrieved December 22, 2006.
  36. 1 2 Max Mayfield (1991). "Preliminary Report Hurricane Kevin" (GIF). National Hurricane Center. p. 1. Archived from the original on October 18, 2012. Retrieved December 22, 2006.
  37. 1 2 Max Mayfield (1991). "Preliminary Report Hurricane Kevin" (GIF). National Hurricane Center. p. 2. Archived from the original on October 18, 2012. Retrieved December 22, 2006.
  38. 1 2 Hal Gerrish (1991). "Preliminary Report Hurricane Linda" (GIF). National Hurricane Center. p. 1. Archived from the original on October 18, 2012. Retrieved December 22, 2006.
  39. 1 2 Hal Gerrish (1991). "Preliminary Report Hurricane Linda" (GIF). National Hurricane Center. p. 2. Archived from the original on October 18, 2012. Retrieved December 22, 2006.
  40. ↑ Lixion Avila (1991). "Hurricane Marty Prelim 1" (GIF). National Hurricane Center. p. 1. Archived from the original on October 18, 2012. Retrieved December 22, 2006.
  41. ↑ Lixion Avila. "Preliminary Report Hurricane Marty" (GIF). National Hurricane Center. p. 2. Archived from the original on October 23, 2012. Retrieved March 4, 2009.
  42. 1 2 3 Lawrence, Miles B.; National Hurricane Center (November 18, 1991). Tropical Storm Nora 1991 (GIF) (Preliminary report). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved April 27, 2011.
  43. ↑ Hurricane Research Division (2009). "Eastern North Pacific Tracks File 1949–2008". Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. Archived from the original on July 15, 2009. Retrieved June 7, 2009.
  44. ↑ Gerrish, Harold P.; National Hurricane Center (November 7, 1991). "Tropical Storm Nora 1991 Discussion Number 2" (GIF). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Archived from the original on September 21, 2018. Retrieved May 27, 2012.
  45. ↑ Rappaport, Edward N.; National Hurricane Center (November 7, 1991). "Tropical Storm Nora 1991 Discussion Number 8" (GIF). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Archived from the original on September 21, 2018. Retrieved May 27, 2012.
  46. 1 2 National Hurricane Operations Plan (PDF) (Report). Washington, D.C.: NOAA Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorological Services and Supporting Research. April 1991. pp. 3-7–8. Retrieved January 13, 2024.
  47. ↑ National Hurricane Operations Plan (PDF) (Report). Washington, D.C.: NOAA Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorological Services and Supporting Research. May 1985. p. 3-8. Retrieved January 13, 2024.
  48. ↑ "Eastern North Pacific Tropical Cyclone Name History". Atlantic Tropical Weather Center. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved February 3, 2024.
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  50. ↑ "Tropical Cyclone Naming History and Retired Names". Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved January 13, 2024.
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