2025 China–Japan diplomatic crisis

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Japan-Taiwan relations were the focus point of the diplomatic crisis. Flag of Republic of China and Japan.png
Japan–Taiwan relations were the focus point of the diplomatic crisis.

Relations between China and Japan entered a state of crisis in November 2025, following a dispute over Japan's position on the Taiwan issue. Japanese prime minister Sanae Takaichi said in the Japanese parliament that a Chinese attack on Taiwan could potentially constitute an "existential crisis" under the Legislation for Peace and Security, allowing Japan to take military action in collective self-defence. Following these remarks, the Chinese consul general in Osaka, Xue Jian, made threatening comments against Takaichi on X, triggering a diplomatic row between the countries. Both sides protested the other's remarks. In response to questions from Japanese parliamentarians, Takaichi refused to withdraw her remarks, arguing that they were consistent with the Japanese government's existing position on the issue. Japan requested that China take "appropriate measures" against Xue Jian. China refused, demanded Takaichi retract her statements, and issued numerous retaliatory measures against Japan, including issuing a travel advisory, and cutting off seafood imports from the country.

Contents

Background

Japanese Prime Minister Sanae Takaichi with Chinese President Xi Jinping during the APEC South Korea 2025, 31 October 2025 Japan-China Summit Meeting at the APEC South Korea 2025 (cropped).jpg
Japanese Prime Minister Sanae Takaichi with Chinese President Xi Jinping during the APEC South Korea 2025, 31 October 2025

The Japanese constitution prohibits the use of force to resolve international disputes. In 2015, Shinzo Abe's government passed legislation that that allowed Japan to engage in collective self-defence in specific cases, such as if an ally like the United States came under attack. [1] In 2021, after his resignation, Abe said that a Chinese attack on Taiwan, or what he referred to as a "Taiwan emergency", would be an emergency for Japan and the US–Japan alliance. [2]

Sanae Takaichi, who was elected as the prime minister of Japan in October 2025, has been generally seen as pro-Taiwanese and hawkish on China. In April 2025, she visited Taiwan and met with President Lai Ching-te. She has repeated Abe's statement that a "Taiwan emergency is a Japan emergency." [3] Chinese President Xi Jinping made an unusual move by not sending a congratulatory telegram on the day Takaichi assumed the post of prime minister, but a Japan-China summit meeting between Xi and Takaichi was realized on 31 October at the APEC South Korea 2025. However, since Prime Minister Takaichi held talks with Taiwan's former Vice Premier Lin Hsin-i on 1 November, China lodged a protest with Japan, and Japan counter-argued, leading to the deterioration of the relationship. [4]

Dispute

During deliberations in the Japanese parliament on 7 November, Japanese prime minister Sanae Takaichi said that a Chinese attack on Taiwan could constitute "an existential crisis for Japan  [ ja ]" under the Legislation for Peace and Security, allowing it to take military action in self-defence. [5] In response to the comments, the Chinese consul-general in Osaka, Xue Jian, wrote on X on that "we have no choice but to cut off that dirty neck that has lunged at us without a moment's hesitation. Are you ready?" [5] [a] Although the post was later deleted after protest by the Japanese government, it led to a diplomatic row between Japan and China. [7] [8] In addition to cross-party calls in Japan for his expulsion, Xue's comment triggered criticism from the Taiwanese government and the US ambassador to Japan [9] [10] while Chinese officials condemned Takaichi's remarks. [11] During further discussion in parliament on 12 November, Takaichi said that her remarks were in accord with the government's longstanding position, and would not be withdrawn. She said also said that she would refrain from making statements about specific cases in future. [12]

On 13 November, Chinese deputy foreign minister Sun Weidong summoned the Japanese ambassador to China, Kenji Kanasugi, to protest Sanae Takaichi's remarks. Kanasugi rejected the Chinese argument, explained the Japanese position, and protested Consul General Xue Jian's remarks. [13] On 14 November, Japanese deputy foreign minister Kenjiro Funakoshi summoned the Chinese ambassador to Japan, Wu Jianghao, to protest Xue Jian's remarks. According to press releases by the Japanese and Chinese Ministries of Foreign Affairs, Wu said Takaichi's remarks were "complete misjudgement of the situation and an overestimation of Japan's capabilities" while "Funakoshi countered these statements based on the Japanese government's consistent and long-standing position." [14]

On 17 November, Masaaki Kanai, Director-General of the Asian and Oceanian Affairs Bureau of Japan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs, arrived in China and met with Liu Jinsong, Director-General of the Department of Asian Affairs of the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs on 18 November. [15] During the meeting, Liu protested Takaichi's remarks and requested that they be retracted. Kanai responded by saying Japan's security policy did not change and protested Consul General Xue Jian's remarks and criticized China's moves to limit the movement of people between the two countries. [16] [17] After the meeting, the Chinese side took the unusual step of allowing reporters into the Ministry of Foreign Affairs building to take pictures. Chinese media published pictures of Liu, who was wearing a Mao suit in the style of the May Fourth Movement and had the national emblem pinned to his chest, speaking, while Kanai listened with his head down, [18] a move considered by Nippon Television to be China trying to manipulate public opinion. [19] Japanese Chief Cabinet Secretary Minoru Kihara said that the Chinese side had unilaterally permitted photography without agreement from Japan. [20]

On 18 November, at the plenary session of the United Nations General Assembly on Security Council reform, Fu Cong, China's Permanent Representative to the United Nations, said Japan was "totally unqualified to demand a permanent seat on the Security Council". [21] A Japanese representative described Fu's accusations as groundless and said Tokyo had contributed to maintaining peace and prosperity in the world. [22] On 22 November, Fu delivered a letter to the UN Secretary-General António Guterres to be distributed to all UN member states which said if Japan were to intervene militarily in the event of a war between China and Taiwan, it would constitute an act of aggression and that China would exercise its right of self-defense under the UN Charter and international law. [23] In an emailed statement to Reuters, Japan's Foreign Ministry said it was aware of Fu's letter which it said contained claims that were "entirely unacceptable" and reiterated the country's commitment to peace. [24]

Chinese retaliatory measures

Military

On 15 November, the China Maritime Safety Administration announced that the People's Liberation Army would conduct live-fire exercises in the central Yellow Sea from 17 to 19 November, and that navigation in this area would prohibited during this period. [25] The notice drew criticism from Taiwan, which accused Beijing of saber-rattling at Japan for political gain. [26] On 16 November, the China Coast Guard announced that a formation of its ships carried out a patrol within the territorial waters of the Senkaku Islands, a territory disputed between China and Japan. [27] [28] The Japan Coast Guard said it drove the ships away. [29]

Cultural exchange

On 16 November, the Japanese think tank Genron NPO stated the 20th Tokyo-Beijing Forum and the release of the results of a joint Sino-Japanese opinion poll would be postponed after it received a request for cancellation from its Chinese partner, the China International Communication Group, in which it blamed Takaichi's remarks for undermining the atmosphere for normal exchanges between the two countries. [30] [31] A delegation from Xuzhou, Jiangsu cancelled its visit to its sister city, Handa, Aichi. [32] On 17 November, the release of Japanese films Crayon Shin-chan the Movie: Super Hot! The Spicy Kasukabe Dancers and Cells at Work!, which were originally scheduled to be released in China, were temporarily postponed. [33] Bloomberg News and BBC News said the decision made by the China Film Administration was based on a reassessment of the overall market outlook of Japanese film imports and sentiment of Chinese audiences, and that it had paused the approval process for new movies from Japan. [34] [35] On the same evening, QQ Music announced the cancellation of a JO1 fan meeting that was scheduled to be held in Guangzhou. [36] On 18 November, the 8th Japan–China Friendship Exchange Conference in the Western Japan Region event originally scheduled to be held by the Consulate General of China in Osaka in Hiroshima on 21 November was cancelled at its request due to security concerns. Xue Jian was originally scheduled to attend the conference. [31] On 19 November, a concert by Kokia was cancelled after her band was denied access to their venue. In reporting on the cancellations of events in China featuring Japanese musicians, Reuters noted that the Chinese government had a history of using cultural boycotts against countries as a form of economic coercion during diplomatic disputes. [37]

Travel

On 14 November, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Culture and Tourism advised Chinese citizens to avoid traveling to Japan; [38] [39] China is the largest source of tourists to Japan. [40] Air China (including its subsidiary Air Macau), China Southern Airlines, China Eastern Airlines, Hainan Airlines, Sichuan Airlines, and Xiamen Airlines subsequently announced that tickets for flights to Japan with travel dates before 31 December could be refunded or changed free of charge. [41] [42] [43] News reports stated that Nanjing Lukou International Airport required all passengers going to Japan to use the manual channel and be questioned by customs officers. [44] On November 16, both Hong Kong and Macau updated their travel safety guidelines, reminding those who planned to go to or were already in Japan to be vigilant. [45] [43] On the same day, the Ministry of Education warned Chinese citizens to be cautious about going to Japan to study; [46] China is the largest source of foreign students in Japan. [40] On November 18, Financial Times reported that several state-owned enterprises restricted their employees from travelling to Japan. [47]

In reaction to the travel warning, tourism agencies in China received a large number of cancellation requests for group tours to Japan, while others announced the suspension of sales of related tourism products. [48] Some hotels and attractions in Japan received notices of cancellation of reservations by Chinese tourists. [49] The Nikkei 225 of the Tokyo Stock Exchange fell on the morning of 17 November, with Fast Retailing, which is related to the Chinese market, and Mitsukoshi Isetan, which is related to overseas tourist spending, experiencing significant declines. [50] [51] On 19 November, the Chinese cruise ship Adora Mediterranea cancelled its planned stop at Hirara Port on Miyako Island on 20 November. [52] Analysts cited by the Washington Post, Sankei Shimbun and Bloomberg News estimated that about 543,000 airline tickets from China to Japan - representing around 40% of total Chinese airline bookings and 20% of China-Japan flight routes - were cancelled by 20 November and that around 30% of the 1.44 million planned trips from China Japan to China through the end of December had been cancelled at an estimated economic loss to Japan of $500 million-$1.2 billion; if the travel boycotts persisted, they said those loses could rise from $9 billion to over $11 billion. (¥1.79 trillion yen, equivalent to 0.29% of Japan's GDP) [40] [53] [54] In reporting on the travel warning issued by the Chinese government, NHK pointed out that China often used economic pressure as a means of diplomatic friction, such as the boycott of Japanese goods in 2012 and the ban on Korean entertainment in 2017. [55]

Trade

On 17 November, the mayor of Shimonoseki cancelled his planned business trip to Suzhou after receiving a request for postponements from Chinese officials the day before. [56]

On 19 November, Kyodo News and other media reported that China informed Japan through diplomatic channels that it would temporarily halt imports of Japanese seafood. Sources told Kyodo News that China stated it was necessary to monitor the testing procedures for the treated water at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. However, China did not state how long it would take for the "improvements to be completed". [57] Spokesperson Mao Ning also confirmed the news, but did not mention that it was for the purpose of boycott. She only said that, to her knowledge, it was because Japan had not yet received technical data from Japan. She added that under the current circumstances, there was "no market" for Japanese seafood imports. [58] On the same day, Kyodo News reported that intergovernmental consultations to resume Japanese beef exports to China were suspended. [59]

Security

On 15 November, the Ministry of State Security announced that it recently "cracked a series of espionage cases involving Japanese intelligence agencies infiltrating and stealing secrets from China" and criticized Takaichi for "persisting in her erroneous remarks without remorse despite repeated solemn representations from China". [60] According to Changanjie Zhishi, a social media account run by the Beijing Daily , the MSS has been actively taking action against the frequent cases of Japanese espionage in recent years. [61]

Japanese measures

On 17 November, the Japanese Embassy in China reminded Japanese people in China to take safety precautions and avoid crowded places where Japanese people are gathered. [62] On 18 November, Japan's Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology issued a notice requiring Japanese schools in China to ensure the safety of children, students and international students. [63]

Reactions in China and Japan

China

Government

On November 10, Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs spokesperson Lin Jian protested Takaichi's remarks, saying China had lodged a complaint with Japan over her remarks and that Japan needed to reflect on its historical crimes and stop interfering in China's internal affairs. [64] He also defended Xue's post by saying it was a personal one and that China would not tolerate any foreign interference when it came to Taiwan. [65] [66] On November 14, Ministry of National Defense spokesperson Jiang Bin said that if Japan intervened in a war between China and Taiwan, then it would suffer a crushing defeat by the People's Liberation Army. [67] On November 16, foreign ministry spokesperson Mao Ning said Premier Li Qiang had no plans to meet with Takaichi during the upcoming G20 summit in South Africa; Japan had reportedly tried to arrange a Takaichi-Li meeting on the sidelines of the summit to reduce tensions between the two countries. [68] While citing the 1972 Japan–China Joint Communiqué, Mao further called on Japan to abide by its commitment to China over Taiwan and for Takaichi to retract her comments. [69] On 20 November, China's Ministry of Commerce spokesperson He Yongqian said trade cooperation with Japan had been "severely damaged" and urged Takaichi to retract her comments. [70] On the same day, Mao announced the cancellation of a meeting between culture ministers that was scheduled for November with South Korea and Japan. [71]

State media

Chinese state media criticized Takaichi's remarks intensively. On 12 and 15 November, the China Media Group's Yuyuan Tantian social media account published two commentaries criticizing Sanae Takaichi's remarks. As an official media outlet, Yuyuan Tantian used unusually blunt insults. [72] [73] On 14 November, the People's Daily published a commentator article titled "We will never tolerate Sanae Takaichi's provocations on the Taiwan issue", which criticized Takaichi's statements as the first time in 80 years that a Japanese leader had expressed an ambition to intervene militarily in the Taiwan issue. [74] On 15 November, Beijing Daily compared Takaichi's comments to those given by Japan to invade Manchuria in 1931, saying the country claimed "Manchuria was Japan's lifeline" back then. [75] On 16 November, the People's Liberation Army Daily published an article which said Takaichi's comments revealed "wolfish ambition to interfere in other countries’ internal affairs through military means", and said Japan's "misguided actions" would lead the country "down a path of no return. It risks the entire country becoming a battlefield", adding that "if it intervenes in the Taiwan Strait, the Japanese government will tie the entire nation to a chariot of self-destruction". [75]

On 18 November, Xinhua News Agency published an article saying Takaichi's statements "sound a stark warning that Japan's militarist demons are being summoned anew". [76] The overseas social media accounts of the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of National Defense issued a warning to Japan by posting tweets in both English and Japanese. [77] The Global Times published an editorial on 19 November entitled "Why is the Study of Ryukyu Studies Necessary?", advocating "deconstructing Japan's one-sided narrative of the history of annexation", which questioned Japanese sovereignty over Okinawa. [78] On 22 November, the People's Daily published an editorial by the "Zhong Sheng", used to convey central opinions on major international affairs, where it said that "Sanae Takaichi’s erroneous words and actions are leading Japan into a dangerous situation where warmongering will inevitably lead to its demise". Calling Japan a "defeated nation" of World War II, the article accused Takaichi of "hyping up the 'China threat theory'" and said her "erroneous words and actions have poisoned Sino-Japanese relations and are forcing the Japanese people to pay the price for their political ambitions". [79]

Social media

On 13 November, the social media account called China Military posted a Japanese poster on the social platform X: "If Japan dares to intervene militarily in the Taiwan Strait situation, China will definitely strike back hard!" Jun Zhengping Studio released a poster in both Chinese and Japanese, comparing Japan's intervention in Taiwan Strait affairs to the Japanese army that invaded China during the Second Sino-Japanese War. [80] Social media commentator Hu Xijin called Takaichi "an evil witch" and said she "successfully ignited a new explosion of mutual hatred between Chinese and Japanese public opinion". [81]

Japan

Government

On 10 November, Japanese chief cabinet secretary Minoru Kihara, [82] foreign minister Toshimitsu Motegi, [83] and Takayuki Kobayashi, chairman of the Policy Research Council of the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), all stated that Xue Jian's remarks were inappropriate. [84] On 11 November, the LDP held a joint meeting of its Foreign Affairs Committee and the Foreign Affairs Research Committee, where the participants agreed to require the government to expel Xue Jian as a persona non grata. [85] On 13 November, former Prime Minister Shigeru Ishiba said that Takaichi's remarks were not conducive to enhancing Japan's deterrence capabilities and that successive Japanese cabinets avoided directly responding to questions regarding situations involving Taiwan. [86] On 15 November, the three parties in the Osaka City Council, namely the LDP, Komeito, and Osaka Restoration Association, proposed a resolution demanding that Xue Jian apologize, which passed without objection. [87] On 16 November, LDP acting policy research committee chairman Norihisa Tamura stated Takaichi had not provided sufficient background information during her remarks and that she should not make such statements in the future. Tamura also criticized Xue Jian's remarks, believing that they encouraged terrorism. [88] On 18 November, Hirofumi Yoshimura, leader of the Japan Innovation Party, condemned Xue Jian's remarks, saying that "a red line has been crossed." [85] He also said that preparations should be made to reduce the economic risks brought about by the decrease in Chinese tourists. [89] On 19 November, The Asahi Shimbun reported that Takaichi privately told people around her that she "went a bit too far" and "gave an answer without fully checking what the fallout would be". [90] The Japan External Trade Organization (JETRO) stated that as of 20 November, more than 20 Sino-Japanese business-related events had been cancelled. [91] On 21 November, when asked whether she would retract her comments, Takaichi refused, saying Japan's stance remained consistent and that her government would decide whether an event reached a survival-threatening threshold when the time came. [92]

Opposition parties

On 11 November, Komeito, the Constitutional Democratic Party (CDP) and the Democratic Party For the People (DPFP) issued protests against Xue Jian's comments. At a press conference, CDP Secretary-General Jun Anzumi criticized the move as "not beneficial to Sino-Japanese relations." DPFP leader Yuichiro Tamaki said he had "crossed the bottom line" and hinted that he might be asked to leave the country. Komeito leader Tetsuo Saito expressed concern to the Chinese Embassy in Japan, saying that Xue Jian's actions were inconsistent with his status as a diplomat. [85] On 13 November, Saito questioned Takaichi's position on a Taiwan emergency and said he would submit questions to the government to clarify its stance on the matter. [93]

On 15 November, former prime minister and CDP leader Yoshihiko Noda said that Takaichi's remarks had a significant impact and should be taken very seriously. [94] On 16 November, CDP member Renhō posted in simplified Chinese on X, "I strongly protest against the extremely inappropriate remarks made by your consul general against our Prime Minister." [95] Tomofumi Honjo, the policy research chairman of the CDP, said that Sanae Takaichi did not have a sufficient understanding of the relevant security legislation or of China's stance on the Taiwan issue. [88] He also said that he hoped that Japan would proceed with calm dialogue. [96] On 19 November, Motohisa Furukawa, acting representative of the DPFP, said that the Japanese government needs to ask China to explain its response and, if necessary, ask it to withdraw it. [96] Japanese Communist Party policy committee member Taku Yamazoe stated that since Takaichi said she would be more careful with her statements in the future, she should retract her statement. [97] Social Democratic Party leader Mizuho Fukushima also called on Takaichi retract her remarks, arguing that her comments "are causing economic damage to Japanese society." [96]

Public opinion

According to a poll published by Kyodo News after Takaichi's remarks, 48.8% of respondents supported activating collective self-defense in the event of a conflict over Taiwan, while 44.2% opposed it. The poll also showed that the latest approval rating of the Takaichi Cabinet was 69.9%, an increase of 5.5 percentage points from October. [98]

International reactions

Taiwan

Taiwanese President Lai Ching-te said on 17 November that China's measures against Japan were a "blow to peace and stability in the Indo-Pacific" and called on China "exercise restraint and avoid becoming a regional troublemaker". [99] Taiwanese Foreign Minister Lin Chia-lung said Takaichi's statements were consistent with those made by Shinzo Abe. Kuomintang chairwoman Cheng Li-wun accused Lai of "undoubtedly adding fuel to the fire" and said "If Taiwan is fine, Japan is fine". [100]

Former president Ma Ying-jeou, a member of the Kuomintang, accused Takaichi of "reckless adventurism", while former Kuomintang chairwoman Hung Hsiu-chu also criticized Takaichi's remarks. [100] In reaction, Democratic Progressive Party legislator Rosalia Wu criticized the Kuomintang for "failing to distinguish between friend and foe". [101] On 20 November, Lai published pictures of himself eating Japanese-sourced sushi in a show of support to Japan. [102]

Russia

Russian Foreign Ministry spokeswoman Maria Zakharova said in an interview with Xinhua News Agency in Moscow that Takaichi's remarks were "extremely dangerous and that Japan should deeply reflect on its history and learn from the lessons of World War II to avoid serious consequences caused by wrong words and deeds". [103]

United States

On 12 November, a spokesperson for the United States State Department issued a statement regarding the claim that "a situation in Taiwan could constitute an existential crisis," stating that "the United States is committed to maintaining peace and stability in the Taiwan Strait and opposes any unilateral change to the status quo by either side. The United States supports dialogue between the two sides of the Strait and hopes that differences can be resolved peacefully in a way that is acceptable to both peoples without any threat." [104] When asked about his views on Takaichi remarks about Taiwan and Xue Jian's threats against Takaichi during an interview with Fox News host Laura Ingraham on 10 November, US president Donald Trump avoided criticizing China and did not answer the question directly. [105] After Ingraham asked "These are not our friends are they in China?" regarding Xue Jian's comments, Trump replied by saying "Well, a lot of allies aren't our friends either" before emphasizing "I have a very good relationship with China". [106]

The United States has been mostly silent about the dispute with the exception of US ambassador to Japan George Edward Glass. [4] [107] On 15 November, Glass posted a satirical article about Wu Jianghao and Xue Jian, saying, "Thank you for deepening the ties between Japan and the United States." [108] He reiterated the US–Japan alliance and the stability of the Taiwan Strait, and attached a photo of Sanae Takaichi and Trump on the same stage at the USS George Washington . [109] After a meeting with Foreign Minister Toshimitsu Motegi on 20 November, Glass called the dispute a "classic case of Chinese economic coercion, and I just want to say directly from the president and from myself and from the embassy for the Prime Minister, we have her back", while also called Xue's comments "outrageous". He also said he "reaffirmed the United States' unshakable support for the US-Japan alliance and our steadfast commitment to the defense of Japan, including the Senkaku islands". [107]

See also

Notes

  1. Original Japanese text: [6] 勝手に突っ込んできたその汚い首は一瞬のちゅうちょもなく斬ってやるしかない。覚悟ができているのか

References

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