Arthraxon hispidus | |
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Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Monocots |
Clade: | Commelinids |
Order: | Poales |
Family: | Poaceae |
Subfamily: | Panicoideae |
Genus: | Arthraxon |
Species: | A. hispidus |
Binomial name | |
Arthraxon hispidus | |
Synonyms [1] [2] | |
Synonymy
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Arthraxon hispidus, [3] is a grass commonly known as small carpetgrass, hairy jointgrass, joint-head grass, [4] jointhead arthraxon, [5] small carp grass, [6] and creek grass. [6] It is native to East Asia and Australia. It was accidentally introduced to the United States, Central America, and South America, [7] where it is considered an invasive species. [8]
Arthraxon hispidus is grass that is characterized by ovate or lanceolate shaped leaves with cordate bases that are 2.5-7.6 cm (1-3 in) long and 0.5-1.27 cm (0.2-0.5 in) wide. Its leaf stems and margins are hairy. It is 0.3-0.6 m (1-2 ft) tall with hairless, upright stems. It can spread by rooting at the nodes on its stem if they touch the ground and can spread easily this way. It fruits in caryopses, similar to other grain-like grasses, which may or may not contain awns depending on the subspecies. Its flowering and fruiting time is September through November. The upper glume is purple while the lower glume is green. [9] [10] [11] [12]
It may be confused for deertongue panicgrass (Dicanthelium clandestinum) [13] or for Oplismenus aemulus. [14] Arthraxon hispidus is distinguished from D. clandestinum due to its shorter height and leaves as well as the presence of marginal hairs. [13] Arthraxon hispidus is distinguished from O. aemulus by its digitate and subdigitate inflorescence. [15]
Arthraxon hispidus is highly variable, causing some researchers to consider there to be separate subspecies of the plant while others defend its single-species status. Current subspecies of A. hispidus are based on awn presence or absence.
Some researchers have justified the recognition of a single species (with no subspecies) by stating that proposed subspecies lack enough defining characteristics or geographical separation to be considered separate. They propose that the natural variation of Arthraxon hispidus can be explained by environmental differences across the species range. [16]
Arthraxon hispidus grows in moist, sunny environments and can be found in riparian, wetland, or floodplain areas across Asia and Australia, specifically New South Wales and Queensland. [17] [18] The seeds of A. hispidus can be distributed and carried by water in its habitat. [19]
The germination of A. hispidus is rapid (about three days) and with few limiting factors. It has proven to have high temperature (8-37 degrees Celsius) and pH (5-10) tolerance in germination. It is not known to germinate well in a wide range of salinity, with drought, or when buried more than 1-2 cm (0.4-0.8 in) deep. [20]
Similar to other Australian fire-adapted plants, fire has been suggested to promote germination. Fire is not a necessary disturbance for A. hispidus to recruit in Australia, but it is believed that A. hispidus is resistant to variable weather patterns. [21]
In Asia, Arthraxon hispidus has a history of being used in traditional medicines as well as dyes. [22]
In traditional medicine, it has been used to treat inflammatory diseases such as asthma. [22] 7-methoxy-luteolin-8-C-β-6-deoxy-xylo-pyranos-3-uloside (mLU8C-PU) has been isolated from A. hispidus, which may be valuable in the treatment of tumor cells, as with other luteolins. [23]
Arthraxon hispidus has been used in the production of a yellow silk cloth, kihachijo, which is associated with Hachijo Island and its kimonos. Identified dye components of the flavonoid C-glycosides include luteolin 8-C-rhamnoside, apigenin 8-C-rhamnoside, and tricin are responsible for the yellow color produced. [24]
In the United States, Arthraxon hispidus is considered an invasive weed. It was first discovered in the United States in Virginia in the 1930s and was thought to be introduced accidentally or possibly by immigrants from Asia. [25] [26] It now exists in at least 25 US states [27] and is recognized as an invasive species by many of those states. [26] As an invasive species, it is explicitly forbidden in Connecticut and New York. [28]
Management of Arthraxon hispidus includes mowing, hand-weeding, or glyphosate-based herbicide application. It is recommended to begin management or control practices of A. hispidus before it produces seeds, [29] [27] due to its rapid germination.
In Australia, Arthraxon hispidus is considered a threatened species. There is uncertainty about the natural plant community of the species due to a long history of human development. It grows most successfully with other native New South Wales species and grows well in the region of Australia's northern coast. [30]
The Poales are a large order of flowering plants in the monocotyledons, and includes families of plants such as the grasses, bromeliads, rushes and sedges. Sixteen plant families are currently recognized by botanists to be part of Poales.
Cortaderia is a genus of plants in the Poaceae or grass family of plants.
Lonicera japonica, known as Japanese honeysuckle and golden-and-silver honeysuckle, is a species of honeysuckle native to East Asia, including many parts of China. It is often grown as an ornamental plant, but has become an invasive species in a number of countries. It is used in traditional Chinese medicine.
Bromus tectorum, known as downy brome, drooping brome or cheatgrass, is a winter annual grass native to Europe, southwestern Asia, and northern Africa, but has become invasive in many other areas. It now is present in most of Europe, southern Russia, Japan, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Iceland, Greenland, North America and western Central Asia. In the eastern US B. tectorum is common along roadsides and as a crop weed, but usually does not dominate an ecosystem. It has become a dominant species in the Intermountain West and parts of Canada, and displays especially invasive behavior in the sagebrush steppe ecosystems where it has been listed as noxious weed. B. tectorum often enters the site in an area that has been disturbed, and then quickly expands into the surrounding area through its rapid growth and prolific seed production.
Paspalum is a genus of plants in the grass family.
Dactylis is a genus of Eurasian and North African plants in the bluegrass subfamily within the grass family. Dactylis is native to North Africa, they are found throughout the world, and are an invasive species. They are known in English as cock's-foot or cocksfoot grasses, also sometimes as orchard grasses.
Imperata cylindrica is a species of perennial rhizomatous grass native to tropical and subtropical Asia, Micronesia, Melanesia, Australia, Africa, and Southern Europe. It has also been introduced to Latin America, the Caribbean, and the Southeastern United States. It is a highly flammable pyrophyte, and can spread rapidly by colonizing disturbed areas and encouraging more frequent wildfires.
A tumbleweed is a structural part of the above-ground anatomy of a number of species of plants. It is a diaspore that, once mature and dry, detaches from its root or stem and rolls due to the force of the wind. In most such species, the tumbleweed is in effect the entire plant apart from the root system, but in other plants, a hollow fruit or inflorescence might detach instead. Xerophyte tumbleweed species occur most commonly in steppe and arid ecosystems, where frequent wind and the open environment permit rolling without prohibitive obstruction.
Cenchrus ciliaris is a species of grass native to most of Africa, southern Asia, southern Iran, and the extreme south of Europe (Sicily). Other names by which this grass is known include dhaman grass, anjan grass and koluk katai.
Dactylis glomerata is a species of flowering plant in the grass family Poaceae, known as cock's-foot, also colloquially as orchard grass, or cat grass (due to its popularity for use with domestic cats). It is a cool-season perennial C3 tufted grass native throughout most of Europe, temperate Asia, and northern Africa.
Hordeum jubatum, with common names foxtail barley, bobtail barley, squirreltail barley, and intermediate barley, is a perennial plant species in the grass family Poaceae. It occurs wild mainly in northern North America and adjacent northeastern Siberia. However, as it escaped often from gardens it can be found worldwide in areas with temperate to warm climates, and is considered a weed in many countries. The species is a polyploid and originated via hybridization of an East Asian Hordeum species with a close but extinct relative of Californian H. brachyantherum. It is grown as an ornamental plant for its attractive inflorescences and when done flowering for its inflorescence.
Hordeum murinum is a species of flowering plant in the grass family Poaceae, commonly known as wall barley or false barley. It is a close relative of cultivated barley.
Bromus diandrus is a species of grass known by the common names great brome and "ripgut brome".
Nassella trichotoma, the serrated tussock, is a type of bunchgrass plant, native in Argentina, Uruguay, Chile, and Peru.
Andropogon virginicus is a species of grass known by several common names, including broomsedge bluestem, yellowsedge bluestem and whiskey grass. It is native to the southeastern United States and as far north as the Great Lakes. It is known as an introduced species in California and Hawaii, where it is weedy.
Cupaniopsis anacardioides, commonly known as tuckeroo, cashew-leaf cupania, carrotwood, beach tamarind or green-leaved tamarind, is a species of flowering plant in the family, Sapindaceae, and is native to eastern and northern Australia. It is a tree with paripinnate leaves with 4 to 8 egg-shaped leaflets with the narrower end towards the base, or elliptic leaves, and separate male and female flowers arranged in panicles, the fruit a more or less spherical golden yellow capsule.
Arthraxon, commonly known as carpetgrass, is a genus of Asian, African and Australian plants in the grass family, Poaceae, containing the following species:
Dimeria is a genus of Asian, Australian, Madagascan, and Pacific Island plants in the grass family, mostly distributed in Peninsular India
Oplismenus undulatifolius, commonly known as wavyleaf basketgrass, is a species of perennial grass from the family Poaceae that is native to Eurasia, specifically Southern Europe through Southern Asia. Due to its invasive nature, it can be found in countries such as Pakistan, China, Japan, Korea, India, Australia, South Africa, and has since been introduced to the Mid-Atlantic United States. There are no recognized subspecies in Catalogue of Life.
Phyla canescens is a species of perennial herbaceous plant in the family Verbenaceae, native to South America. It has been introduced to Australia as an ornamental plant and low-maintenance lawn, but has become naturalised and is considered a serious environmental weed. It is known by several common names including carpet weed, Condamine couch, Condamine curse, fog fruit, frog fruit, hairy fogfruit, lippia, mat grass and no-mow grass.