Ca (Indic)

Last updated
Ca
Devanagari c.svg
Example glyphs
Bengali–Assamese Bengali Letter Ca.svg
Tibetan Tibetan Ca.svg
Tamil Tamil-alphabet-cc.svg
Thai
Malayalam
Sinhala
Ashoka Brahmi Brahmi c.svg
Devanagari Devanagari c.svg
Cognates
Hebrew צ ,ץ
Greek Ϻ (Ͷ), Ͳ (Ϡ)
Cyrillic Ц, Ч, Ћ, Џ
Properties
Phonemic representation /t͡ʃt͡ɕt͡sc/
IAST transliteration ca Ca
ISCII code point B8 (184)

Ca is the sixth consonant of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, ca is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter Brahmi c.svg , which is probably derived from the North Semitic letter tsade (reflected in the Aramaic Sade 1.svg , "ts"), with an inversion seen in several other derivatives, [1] after having gone through the Gupta letter Gupta allahabad c.svg .

Contents

Āryabhaṭa numeration

Aryabhata used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the Greek numerals, even after the invention of Indian numerals. The values of the different forms of च are: [2]

Historic Ca

There are three different general early historic scripts - Brahmi and its variants, Kharoṣṭhī, and Tocharian, the so-called slanting Brahmi. Ca as found in standard Brahmi, Brahmi c.svg was a simple geometric shape, with variations toward more flowing forms by the Gupta Gupta allahabad c.svg . The Tocharian Ca Tocharian letter ca.gif did not have an alternate Fremdzeichen form. The third form of ca, in Kharoshthi ( Bukva CA (nezalezhnii znak). Pis'mo kkharoshtkhi. Kharoshthi letter CA.svg ) was probably derived from Aramaic separately from the Brahmi letter.

Brahmi Ca

The Brahmi letter Brahmi c.svg , Ca, is probably derived from the Aramaic Tsade Sade 1.svg , and is thus related to the Greek San. Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Ca can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period. [3] As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the Edicts of Ashoka and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.

Brahmi Ca historic forms
Ashoka
(3rd-1st c. BCE)
Girnar
(~150 BCE)
Kushana
(~150-250 CE)
Gujarat
(~250 CE)
Gupta
(~350 CE)
Brahmi c.svg Gupta girnar c.svg Gupta ashoka c.svg Gupta gujarat c.svg Gupta allahabad c.svg

Tocharian Ca

The Tocharian letter Tocharian letter ca.gif is derived from the Brahmi Brahmi c.svg , but does not have an alternate Fremdzeichen form.

Tocharian Ca with vowel marks
CaCiCuCrCr̄CeCaiCoCau
Tocharian letter ca.gif Tocharian letter caa.gif Tocharian letter ci.gif Tocharian letter cii.gif Tocharian letter cu.gif Tocharian letter cuu.gif Tocharian letter ce.gif Tocharian letter cai.gif Tocharian letter co.gif Tocharian letter cau.gif Tocharian letter ca.gif

Kharoṣṭhī Ca

The Kharoṣṭhī letter Bukva CA (nezalezhnii znak). Pis'mo kkharoshtkhi. Kharoshthi letter CA.svg is generally accepted as being derived from the Aramaic Tsade Sade 1.svg , and is thus related to San (letter), in addition to the Brahmi Ca.

Devanagari script

Ca () is the sixth consonant of the Devanagari abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter Brahmi c.svg , after having gone through the Gupta letter Gupta allahabad c.svg . In Marathi, च is sometimes pronounced as [t͡sə] or [ t͡s ] in addition to [t͡ʃə] or [ t͡ʃ ], while in Nepali, the [ t͡s ] pronunciation is standard, and deviates with regard to dialect. Letters that derive from it are the Gujarati letter ચ and the Modi letter 𑘓.

Devanagari-using Languages

Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Devanagari च with vowel marks
CaCiCuCrCr̄ClCl̄CeCaiCoCauC
चाचिचीचुचूचृचॄचॢचॣचेचैचोचौच्

Conjuncts with च

Half form of Ca. Devanagari Ca half form.svg
Half form of Ca.

Devanagari exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. In modern Devanagari texts, most conjuncts are formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". Some conjunct clusters are always represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters. Vertically stacked conjuncts are ubiquitous in older texts, while only a few are still used routinely in modern Devanagari texts. The use of ligatures and vertical conjuncts may vary across languages using the Devanagari script, with Marathi in particular preferring the use of half forms where texts in other languages would show ligatures and vertical stacks. [4]

Ligature conjuncts of च

True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Devanagari are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra. Nepali and Marathi texts use the "eyelash" Ra half form Devanagari Eyelash Ra.svg for an initial "R" instead of repha.

  • Repha र্ (r) + च (ca) gives the ligature rca: note

Devanagari Conjunct RCa.svg

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + च (ca) gives the ligature rca:

Devanagari Conjunct Eyelash RCa.svg

  • च্ (c) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature cra:

Devanagari Conjunct CRa.svg

  • च্ (c) + न (na) gives the ligature cna:

Devanagari Conjunct CNa.svg

Stacked conjuncts of च

Vertically stacked ligatures are the most common conjunct forms found in Devanagari text. Although the constituent characters may need to be stretched and moved slightly in order to stack neatly, stacked conjuncts can be broken down into recognizable base letters, or a letter and an otherwise standard ligature.

  • ब্ (b) + च (ca) gives the ligature bca:

Devanagari Conjunct BCa.svg

  • भ্ (bʰ) + च (ca) gives the ligature bʰca:

Devanagari Conjunct BhCa.svg

  • च্ (c) + ब (ba) gives the ligature cba:

Devanagari Conjunct CBa.svg

  • च্ (c) + च (ca) gives the ligature cca:

Devanagari Conjunct CCa.svg

  • च্ (c) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature cḍa:

Devanagari Conjunct CDda.svg

  • छ্ (cʰ) + च (ca) gives the ligature cʰca:

Devanagari Conjunct ChCa.svg

  • च্ (c) + ज (ja) gives the ligature cja:

Devanagari Conjunct CJa.svg

  • च্ (c) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature cjña:

Devanagari Conjunct CJNya.svg

  • च্ (c) + क (ka) gives the ligature cka:

Devanagari Conjunct CKa.svg

  • च্ (c) + ल (la) gives the ligature cla:

Devanagari Conjunct CLa.svg

  • च্ (c) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature cŋa:

Devanagari Conjunct CNga.svg

  • च্ (c) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature cña:

Devanagari Conjunct CNya.svg

  • च্ (c) + व (va) gives the ligature cva:

Devanagari Conjunct CVa.svg

  • द্ (d) + च (ca) gives the ligature dca:

Devanagari Conjunct DCa.svg

  • ड্ (ḍ) + च (ca) gives the ligature ḍca:

Devanagari Conjunct DdCa.svg

  • ढ্ (ḍʱ) + च (ca) gives the ligature ḍʱca:

Devanagari Conjunct DdhCa.svg

  • ध্ (dʱ) + च (ca) gives the ligature dʱca:

Devanagari Conjunct DhCa.svg

  • घ্ (ɡʱ) + च (ca) gives the ligature ɡʱca:

Devanagari Conjunct GhCa.svg

  • ह্ (h) + च (ca) gives the ligature hca:

Devanagari Conjunct HCa.svg

  • ज্ (j) + च (ca) gives the ligature jca:

Devanagari Conjunct JCa.svg

  • झ্ (jʰ) + च (ca) gives the ligature jʰca:

Devanagari Conjunct JhCa.svg

  • क্ (k) + च (ca) gives the ligature kca:

Devanagari Conjunct KCa.svg

  • ख্ (kʰ) + च (ca) gives the ligature kʰca:

Devanagari Conjunct KhCa.svg

  • ल্ (l) + च (ca) gives the ligature lca:

Devanagari Conjunct LCa.svg

  • ळ্ (ḷ) + च (ca) gives the ligature ḷca:

Devanagari Conjunct LlCa.svg

  • म্ (m) + च (ca) gives the ligature mca:

Devanagari Conjunct MCa.svg

  • न্ (n) + च (ca) gives the ligature nca:

Devanagari Conjunct NCa.svg

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + च (ca) gives the ligature ŋca:

Devanagari Conjunct NgCa.svg

  • ञ্ (ñ) + च (ca) gives the ligature ñca:

Devanagari Conjunct NyCa.svg

  • प্ (p) + च (ca) gives the ligature pca:

Devanagari Conjunct PCa.svg

  • फ্ (pʰ) + च (ca) gives the ligature pʰca:

Devanagari Conjunct PhCa.svg

  • स্ (s) + च (ca) gives the ligature sca:

Devanagari Conjunct SCa.svg

  • श্ (ʃ) + च (ca) gives the ligature ʃca:

Devanagari Conjunct ShCa.svg

  • ष্ (ṣ) + च (ca) gives the ligature ṣca:

Devanagari Conjunct SsCa.svg

  • त্ (t) + च (ca) gives the ligature tca:

Devanagari Conjunct TCa.svg

  • थ্ (tʰ) + च (ca) gives the ligature tʰca:

Devanagari Conjunct ThCa.svg

  • ट্ (ṭ) + च (ca) gives the ligature ṭca:

Devanagari Conjunct TtCa.svg

  • ठ্ (ṭʰ) + च (ca) gives the ligature ṭʰca:

Devanagari Conjunct TthCa.svg

  • व্ (v) + च (ca) gives the ligature vca:

Devanagari Conjunct VCa.svg

  • य্ (y) + च (ca) gives the ligature yca:

Devanagari Conjunct YCa.svg

Bengali script

The Bengali script চ is derived from the Siddhaṃ Siddham c.svg , and is marked by a similar horizontal head line, but less geometric shape, than its Devanagari counterpart, च. The inherent vowel of Bengali consonant letters is /ɔ/, so the bare letter চ will sometimes be transliterated as "co" instead of "ca". Adding okar, the "o" vowel mark, gives a reading of /t͡ʃo/. Like all Indic consonants, চ can be modified by marks to indicate another (or no) vowel than its inherent "a".

Bengali চ with vowel marks
cacicucrcr̄cecaicocauc
চাচিচীচুচূচৃচৄচেচৈচোচৌচ্

চ in Bengali-using languages

চ is used as a basic consonant character in all of the major Bengali script orthographies, including Bengali and Assamese.

Conjuncts with চ

Bengali চ exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. Unlike other Bengali letters, Ca does not tend towards stacked ligatures. [5]

Bengali Conjunct Cca.svg

Bengali Conjunct Ccha.svg

Bengali Conjunct Cchra.svg

Bengali Conjunct Cchva.svg

Bengali Conjunct Cnya.svg

Bengali Conjunct Cva.svg

Bengali Conjunct Cya.svg

Bengali Conjunct NYca.svg

Bengali Conjunct Rca.svg

Bengali Conjunct Rcya.svg

Bengali Conjunct SHca.svg

Gurmukhi script

Chachaa [t͡ʃət͡ʃːɑ] () is the eleventh letter of the Gurmukhi alphabet. Its name is [t͡ʃət͡ʃːɑ] and is pronounced as /t͡ʃ/ when used in words. It is derived from the Laṇḍā letter ca, and ultimately from the Brahmi ca. Gurmukhi chachaa does not have a special pairin or addha (reduced) form for making conjuncts, and in modern Punjabi texts do not take a half form or halant to indicate the bare consonant /t͡ʃ/, although Gurmukhi Sanskrit texts may use an explicit halant.

Gujarati Ca

Gujarati Ca. Gujarati letter Ca.svg
Gujarati Ca.

Ca () is the sixth consonant of the Gujarati abugida. It is derived from the 16th century Devanagari Ca Devanagari c.svg with the top bar (shiro rekha) removed, and ultimately from the Brahmi letter Brahmi c.svg . The Gujarati letter Ca (ચ) should not be confused with the Gujarati vowel A (અ), and care should be taken when reading Gujarati script texts not to confuse the two.

Gujarati-using Languages

The Gujarati script is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. In both languages, ચ is pronounced as [] or [ c ] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

CaCiCuCrClCr̄Cl̄CeCaiCoCauC
Gujarati Ca Matras.svg
Gujarati Ca syllables, with vowel marks in red.

Conjuncts with ચ

Half form of Ca. Gujarati letter Ca half form.svg
Half form of Ca.

Gujarati ચ exhibits conjunct ligatures, much like its parent Devanagari Script. Most Gujarati conjuncts can only be formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". A few conjunct clusters can be represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters, and vertically stacked conjuncts can also be found in Gujarati, although much less commonly than in Devanagari. True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Gujarati are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra.

Gujarati conjunct RCa.svg

Gujarati conjunct CRa.svg

Gujarati conjunct CNa.svg

Gujarati conjunct ShCa.svg

Thai script

Cho chan () is the eighth letter of the Thai script. It falls under the middle class of Thai consonants. In IPA, cho chan is pronounced as [tɕ] at the beginning of a syllable and is pronounced as [t̚] at the end of a syllable. There are three other letters whose names contain cho in RTGS (and hence in the Unicode names), but their sounds at the beginning of syllable are [tɕʰ]. The ninth letter of the alphabet, cho ching (ฉ), is also named cho and falls under the high class of Thai consonants. The tenth and twelfth letters of the alphabet, cho chang (ช) and cho choe (ฌ), are also named cho, however, they all fall under the low class of Thai consonants. Unlike many Indic scripts, Thai consonants do not form conjunct ligatures, and use the pinthu an explicit virama with a dot shape—to indicate bare consonants. In the acrophony of the Thai script, chan (จาน) means ‘plate’. Cho chan corresponds to the Sanskrit character ‘च’.

Javanese script

Telugu Ca

Telugu letter Ca.svg
Telugu subjoined Ca.svg
Telugu independent and subjoined Ca.

Ca () is a consonant of the Telugu abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter Brahmi c.svg . It is closely related to the Kannada letter . Most Telugu consonants contain a v-shaped headstroke that is related to the horizontal headline found in other Indic scripts, although headstrokes do not connect adjacent letters in Telugu. The headstroke is normally lost when adding vowel matras. Telugu conjuncts are created by reducing trailing letters to a subjoined form that appears below the initial consonant of the conjunct. Many subjoined forms are created by dropping their headline, with many extending the end of the stroke of the main letter body to form an extended tail reaching up to the right of the preceding consonant. This subjoining of trailing letters to create conjuncts is in contrast to the leading half forms of Devanagari and Bengali letters. Ligature conjuncts are not a feature in Telugu, with the only non-standard construction being an alternate subjoined form of Ṣa (borrowed from Kannada) in the KṢa conjunct.

Malayalam Ca

Malayalam letter Ca Malayalam letter Ca.svg
Malayalam letter Ca

Ca () is a consonant of the Malayalam abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter Brahmi c.svg , via the Grantha letter Grantha letter Ca.svg Ca. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Malayalam Ca matras: Ca, Ca, Ci, Ci, Cu, Cu, Cr, Cr, Cl, Cl, Ce, Ce, Cai, Co, Co, Cau, and C. Malayalam Ca matras.svg
Malayalam Ca matras: Ca, Cā, Ci, Cī, Cu, Cū, Cr̥, Cr̥̄, Cl̥, Cl̥̄, Ce, Cē, Cai, Co, Cō, Cau, and C.

Conjuncts of ച

As is common in Indic scripts, Malayalam joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. There are several ways in which conjuncts are formed in Malayalam texts: using a post-base form of a trailing consonant placed under the initial consonant of a conjunct, a combined ligature of two or more consonants joined together, a conjoining form that appears as a combining mark on the rest of the conjunct, the use of an explicit candrakkala mark to suppress the inherent "a" vowel, or a special consonant form called a "chillu" letter, representing a bare consonant without the inherent "a" vowel. Texts written with the modern reformed Malayalam orthography, put̪iya lipi, may favor more regular conjunct forms than older texts in paḻaya lipi, due to changes undertaken in the 1970s by the Government of Kerala.

Malayalam conjunct CCa.svg

Malayalam conjunct NyCa.svg

Odia Ca

Odia letter Ca.svg
Odia subjoined Ca.svg
Odia independent and subjoined letter Ca.

Ca () is a consonant of the Odia abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter Brahmi c.svg , via the Siddhaṃ letter Siddham c.svg Ca. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Odia Ca with vowel matras
CaCiCuCr̥Cr̥̄Cl̥Cl̥̄CeCaiCoCauC
ଚାଚିଚୀଚୁଚୂଚୃଚୄଚୢଚୣଚେଚୈଚୋଚୌଚ୍

Conjuncts of ଚ

As is common in Indic scripts, Odia joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a small subjoined form of trailing consonants. Most consonants' subjoined forms are identical to the full form, just reduced in size, although a few drop the curved headline or have a subjoined form not directly related to the full form of the consonant. The second type of conjunct formation is through pure ligatures, where the constituent consonants are written together in a single graphic form. This ligature may be recognizable as being a combination of two characters or it can have a conjunct ligature unrelated to its constituent characters.

Odia conjunct CCa.svg

Odia conjunct CCha.svg

Odia conjunct NyCa.svg

Kaithi Ca

Kaithi Ca.svg
Kaithi Ca half form.svg
Kaithi consonant and half-form Ca.

Ca (𑂒) is a consonant of the Kaithi abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter Brahmi c.svg , via the Siddhaṃ letter Siddham c.svg Ca. Like in other Indic scripts, Kaithi consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Kaithi Ca with vowel matras
CaCiCuCeCaiCoCauC
𑂒𑂒𑂰𑂒𑂱𑂒𑂲𑂒𑂳𑂒𑂴𑂒𑂵𑂒𑂶𑂒𑂷𑂒𑂸𑂒𑂹

Conjuncts of 𑂒

As is common in Indic scripts, Kaithi joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a half form of preceding consonants, although several consonants use an explicit virama. Most half forms are derived from the full form by removing the vertical stem. As is common in most Indic scripts, conjucts of ra are indicated with a repha or rakar mark attached to the rest of the consonant cluster. In addition, there are a few vertical conjuncts that can be found in Kaithi writing, but true ligatures are not used in the modern Kaithi script.

Kaithi conjunct CRa.svg

Kaithi conjunct RCa.svg

Comparison of Ca

The various Indic scripts are generally related to each other through adaptation and borrowing, and as such the glyphs for cognate letters, including Ca, are related as well.

Comparison of Ca in different scripts
Aramaic
Sade 1.svg
Kharoṣṭhī
𐨕
Ashoka Brahmi
Brahmi c.svg
Kushana Brahmi [lower-alpha 1]
Gupta ashoka c.svg
Tocharian [lower-alpha 2]
Tocharian letter ca.gif
Gupta Brahmi
Gupta allahabad c.svg
Pallava
Pallava Ca.svg
Kadamba
-
Bhaiksuki
𑰓
Siddhaṃ
Siddham c.svg
Grantha
𑌚
Cham
Sinhala
Pyu /
Old Mon [lower-alpha 3]
-
Tibetan
Tibetan Ca.svg
Newa
𑐔
Ahom
-
Malayalam
Telugu
Burmese
Lepcha
Ranjana
-
Saurashtra
Dives Akuru
𑤑
Kannada
Kayah Li
-
Limbu
Limbu bukva CO. Limbu Letter CO.png
Soyombo [lower-alpha 4]
𑩡
Khmer
Tamil
Tamil-alphabet-cc.svg
Chakma
𑄌
Tai Tham
Meitei Mayek
Gaudi
-
Thai
Lao
Tai Le
Marchen
𑱶
Tirhuta
𑒔
New Tai Lue
Tai Viet
 / 
Aksara Kawi
Aksara Kawi ca.svg
'Phags-pa
Odia
Sharada
𑆖
Rejang
Batak
Buginese
Zanabazar Square
𑨐
Bengali-Assamese
Bengali Letter Ca.svg
Takri
𑚏
Javanese
Balinese
Makasar
𑻩
Hangul [lower-alpha 5]
-
Northern Nagari
-
Dogri
𑠏
Laṇḍā
-
Sundanese
Baybayin
-
Modi
𑘓
Gujarati
Khojki
𑈎
Khudabadi
𑋀
Mahajani
𑅙
Tagbanwa
-
Devanagari
Devanagari c.svg
Nandinagari
𑦳
Kaithi
Kaithi Ca.svg
Gurmukhi
Multani
𑊊
Buhid
-
Canadian Syllabics [lower-alpha 6]
-
Soyombo [lower-alpha 7]
𑩡
Sylheti Nagari
Gunjala Gondi
𑵻
Masaram Gondi [lower-alpha 8]
𑴑
Hanuno'o
-
Notes
  1. The middle "Kushana" form of Brahmi is a later style that emerged as Brahmi scripts were beginning to proliferate. Gupta Brahmi was definitely a stylistic descendant from Kushana, but other Brahmi-derived scripts may have descended from earlier forms.
  2. Tocharian is probably derived from the middle period "Kushana" form of Brahmi, although artifacts from that time are not plentiful enough to establish a definite succession.
  3. Pyu and Old Mon are probably the precursors of the Burmese script, and may be derived from either the Pallava or Kadamba script
  4. May also be derived from Devangari (see bottom left of table)
  5. The Origin of Hangul from 'Phags-pa is one of limited influence, inspiring at most a few basic letter shapes. Hangul does not function as an Indic abugida.
  6. Although the basic letter forms of the Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics were derived from handwritten Devanagari letters, this abugida indicates vowel sounds by rotations of the letter form, rather than the use of vowel diacritics as is standard in Indic abugidas.
  7. May also be derived from Ranjana (see above)
  8. Masaram Gondi acts as an Indic abugida, but its letterforms were not derived from any single precursor script.

Character encodings of Ca

Most Indic scripts are encoded in the Unicode Standard, and as such the letter Ca in those scripts can be represented in plain text with unique codepoint. Ca from several modern-use scripts can also be found in legacy encodings, such as ISCII.

Character information
Preview Devanagari c.svg Bengali Letter Ca.svg Tamil-alphabet-cc.svg
Unicode nameDEVANAGARI LETTER CABENGALI LETTER CATAMIL LETTER CATELUGU LETTER CAORIYA LETTER CAKANNADA LETTER CAMALAYALAM LETTER CAGUJARATI LETTER CAGURMUKHI LETTER CA
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode 2330U+091A2458U+099A2970U+0B9A3098U+0C1A2842U+0B1A3226U+0C9A3354U+0D1A2714U+0A9A2586U+0A1A
UTF-8 224 164 154E0 A4 9A224 166 154E0 A6 9A224 174 154E0 AE 9A224 176 154E0 B0 9A224 172 154E0 AC 9A224 178 154E0 B2 9A224 180 154E0 B4 9A224 170 154E0 AA 9A224 168 154E0 A8 9A
Numeric character reference चचচচசசచచଚଚಚಚചചચચਚਚ
ISCII184B8184B8184B8184B8184B8184B8184B8184B8184B8


Character information
Preview
Ashoka Brahmi c.svg
Kushana Gupta ashoka c.svg
Gupta Gupta allahabad c.svg
𐨕 Siddham c.svg 𑌚
Unicode nameBRAHMI LETTER CAKHAROSHTHI LETTER CASIDDHAM LETTER CAGRANTHA LETTER CA
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode 69656U+1101868117U+10A1571059U+1159370426U+1131A
UTF-8 240 145 128 152F0 91 80 98240 144 168 149F0 90 A8 95240 145 150 147F0 91 96 93240 145 140 154F0 91 8C 9A
UTF-16 55300 56344D804 DC1855298 56853D802 DE1555301 56723D805 DD9355300 57114D804 DF1A
Numeric character reference 𑀘𑀘𐨕𐨕𑖓𑖓𑌚𑌚


Character information
Preview Tibetan Ca.svg 𑨐𑐔𑰓𑆖
Unicode nameTIBETAN LETTER CATIBETAN SUBJOINED LETTER CAPHAGS-PA LETTER CAZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER CANEWA LETTER CABHAIKSUKI LETTER CASHARADA LETTER CA
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode 3909U+0F453989U+0F9543076U+A84472208U+11A1070676U+1141472723U+11C1370038U+11196
UTF-8 224 189 133E0 BD 85224 190 149E0 BE 95234 161 132EA A1 84240 145 168 144F0 91 A8 90240 145 144 148F0 91 90 94240 145 176 147F0 91 B0 93240 145 134 150F0 91 86 96
UTF-16 39090F4539890F9543076A84455302 56848D806 DE1055301 56340D805 DC1455303 56339D807 DC1355300 56726D804 DD96
Numeric character reference ཅཅྕྕꡄꡄ𑨐𑨐𑐔𑐔𑰓𑰓𑆖𑆖


Character information
Preview
Unicode nameMYANMAR LETTER CATAI THAM LETTER HIGH CANEW TAI LUE LETTER HIGH TSA
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechex
Unicode 4101U+10056695U+1A276536U+1988
UTF-8 225 128 133E1 80 85225 168 167E1 A8 A7225 166 136E1 A6 88
Numeric character reference စစᨧᨧᦈᦈ


Character information
Preview
Unicode nameKHMER LETTER CALAO LETTER COTHAI CHARACTER CHO CHANTAI VIET LETTER LOW COTAI VIET LETTER HIGH CO
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode 6021U+17853720U+0E883592U+0E0843658U+AA8A43659U+AA8B
UTF-8 225 158 133E1 9E 85224 186 136E0 BA 88224 184 136E0 B8 88234 170 138EA AA 8A234 170 139EA AA 8B
Numeric character reference ចចຈຈจจꪊꪊꪋꪋ


Character information
Preview𑄌𑤑
Unicode nameSINHALA LETTER ALPAPRAANA CAYANNACHAKMA LETTER CAATAI LE LETTER TSADIVES AKURU LETTER CASAURASHTRA LETTER CACHAM LETTER CHA
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode 3488U+0DA069900U+1110C6483U+195371953U+1191143159U+A89743532U+AA0C
UTF-8 224 182 160E0 B6 A0240 145 132 140F0 91 84 8C225 165 147E1 A5 93240 145 164 145F0 91 A4 91234 162 151EA A2 97234 168 140EA A8 8C
UTF-16 34880DA055300 56588D804 DD0C6483195355302 56593D806 DD1143159A89743532AA0C
Numeric character reference චච𑄌𑄌ᥓᥓ𑤑𑤑ꢗꢗꨌꨌ


Character information
Preview𑘓𑦳𑩡𑵻 Kaithi Ca.svg
Unicode nameMODI LETTER CANANDINAGARI LETTER CASOYOMBO LETTER CASYLOTI NAGRI LETTER COGUNJALA GONDI LETTER CAKAITHI LETTER CA
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode 71187U+1161372115U+119B372289U+11A6143020U+A80C73083U+11D7B69778U+11092
UTF-8 240 145 152 147F0 91 98 93240 145 166 179F0 91 A6 B3240 145 169 161F0 91 A9 A1234 160 140EA A0 8C240 145 181 187F0 91 B5 BB240 145 130 146F0 91 82 92
UTF-16 55301 56851D805 DE1355302 56755D806 DDB355302 56929D806 DE6143020A80C55303 56699D807 DD7B55300 56466D804 DC92
Numeric character reference 𑘓𑘓𑦳𑦳𑩡𑩡ꠌꠌ𑵻𑵻𑂒𑂒


Character information
Preview𑒔 Limbu bukva CO. Limbu Letter CO.png 𑱶
Unicode nameTIRHUTA LETTER CALEPCHA LETTER CALIMBU LETTER CAMEETEI MAYEK LETTER CHILMARCHEN LETTER CA
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode 70804U+114947174U+1C066406U+190643974U+ABC672822U+11C76
UTF-8 240 145 146 148F0 91 92 94225 176 134E1 B0 86225 164 134E1 A4 86234 175 134EA AF 86240 145 177 182F0 91 B1 B6
UTF-16 55301 56468D805 DC9471741C066406190643974ABC655303 56438D807 DC76
Numeric character reference 𑒔𑒔ᰆᰆᤆᤆꯆꯆ𑱶𑱶


Character information
Preview𑚏𑠏𑈎𑋀𑅙𑊊
Unicode nameTAKRI LETTER CADOGRA LETTER CAKHOJKI LETTER CAKHUDAWADI LETTER CAMAHAJANI LETTER CAMULTANI LETTER CA
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode 71311U+1168F71695U+1180F70158U+1120E70336U+112C069977U+1115970282U+1128A
UTF-8 240 145 154 143F0 91 9A 8F240 145 160 143F0 91 A0 8F240 145 136 142F0 91 88 8E240 145 139 128F0 91 8B 80240 145 133 153F0 91 85 99240 145 138 138F0 91 8A 8A
UTF-16 55301 56975D805 DE8F55302 56335D806 DC0F55300 56846D804 DE0E55300 57024D804 DEC055300 56665D804 DD5955300 56970D804 DE8A
Numeric character reference 𑚏𑚏𑠏𑠏𑈎𑈎𑋀𑋀𑅙𑅙𑊊𑊊


Character information
Preview𑻩
Unicode nameBALINESE LETTER CABATAK LETTER CABUGINESE LETTER CAJAVANESE LETTER CAMAKASAR LETTER CAREJANG LETTER CASUNDANESE LETTER CA
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode 6936U+1B187137U+1BE16668U+1A0C43413U+A99573449U+11EE943321U+A9397054U+1B8E
UTF-8 225 172 152E1 AC 98225 175 161E1 AF A1225 168 140E1 A8 8C234 166 149EA A6 95240 145 187 169F0 91 BB A9234 164 185EA A4 B9225 174 142E1 AE 8E
UTF-16 69361B1871371BE166681A0C43413A99555303 57065D807 DEE943321A93970541B8E
Numeric character reference ᬘᬘᯡᯡᨌᨌꦕꦕ𑻩𑻩ꤹꤹᮎᮎ


Character information
Preview𑴑
Unicode nameMASARAM GONDI LETTER CA
Encodingsdecimalhex
Unicode 72977U+11D11
UTF-8 240 145 180 145F0 91 B4 91
UTF-16 55303 56593D807 DD11
Numeric character reference 𑴑𑴑


See also

Related Research Articles

Ka is the first consonant of the Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, ka is derived from the Brāhmī letter , which is derived from the Aramaic ("K").

Kha is the second consonant of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, kha is derived from the Brahmi letter , which is probably derived from the Aramaic ("Q").

Ga is the third consonant of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, ga is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter , which is probably derived from the Aramaic letter after having gone through the Gupta letter .

Cha is the seventh consonant of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, cha is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter , which is probably derived from the Aramaic letter ("Q") after having gone through the Gupta letter .

Ña or Nya is the tenth consonant of Indic abugidas. It is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter .

Ta is the sixteenth consonant of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, ta is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter after having gone through the Gupta letter .

Ṭha is a consonant of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Ṭha is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter after having gone through the Gupta letter . As with the other cerebral consonants, ṭha is not found in most scripts for Tai, Sino-Tibetan, and other non-Indic languages, except for a few scripts, which retain these letters for transcribing Sanskrit religious terms.

Ḍha is a consonant of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Ḍha is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter after having gone through the Gupta letter . As with the other cerebral consonants, ḍha is not found in most scripts for Tai, Sino-Tibetan, and other non-Indic languages, except for a few scripts, which retain these letters for transcribing Sanskrit religious terms.

Ṇa is a consonant of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Ṇa is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter after having gone through the Gupta letter . As with the other cerebral consonants, ṇa is not found in most scripts for Tai, Sino-Tibetan, and other non-Indic languages, except for a few scripts, which retain these letters for transcribing Sanskrit religious terms.

Tha is a consonant of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, tha is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter after having gone through the Gupta letter .

Da is a consonant of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Da is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter after having gone through the Gupta letter .

Pha is a consonant of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Pha is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter after having gone through the Gupta letter .

Ba is a consonant of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Ba is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter after having gone through the Gupta letter .

Bha is a consonant of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Bha is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter after having gone through the Gupta letter .

Ma is a consonant of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Ma is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter after having gone through the Gupta letter .

Ra is a consonant of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Ra is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter after having gone through the Gupta letter . Most Indic scripts have differing forms of Ra when used in combination with other consonants, including subjoined and repha forms. Some of these are encoded in computer text as separate characters, while others are generated dynamically using conjunct shaping with a virama.

Va or Wa is a consonant of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Va is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter after having gone through the Gupta letter . It is generally romanized as "Va" in scripts for Indic languages, but as "Wa" in many scripts for other language families.

Śa or Sha is a consonant of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Śa is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter after having gone through the Gupta letter .

Ṣa is a consonant of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Ssa is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter after having gone through the Gupta letter .

Sa is a consonant of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Sa is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter after having gone through the Gupta letter .

References

  1. Bühler, Georg (1898). On the Origin of the Indian Brahma Alphabet. Strassburg K.J. Trübner. p.  68.
  2. Ifrah, Georges (2000). The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer. New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 447–450. ISBN   0-471-39340-1.
  3. Evolutionary chart, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838
  4. Pall, Peeter. "Microsoft Word - kblhi2" (PDF). Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed. Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
  5. "The Bengali Alphabet" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-09-28.
^note Conjuncts are identified by IAST transliteration, except aspirated consonants are indicated with a superscript "h" to distinguish from an unaspirated cononant + Ha, and the use of the IPA "ŋ" and "ʃ" instead of the less dinstinctive "ṅ" and "ś".

Further reading