Jha (Indic)

Jha
Example glyphs
Bengali-Assamese
Thai	ฌ
Malayalam	ഝ
Sinhala	ඣ
Ashoka Brahmi
Devanagari
Cognates
Hebrew	ז
Greek	Ζ
Latin	Z, Ʒ, ẞ
Cyrillic	З
Properties
Phonemic representation	/d͡ʒʱ//cʰ/ B
IAST transliteration	jha Jha
ISCII code point	BB (187)
^B In Khmer

Jha is the ninth consonant of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, jha is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter after having gone through the Gupta letter .

Āryabhaṭa numeration

Further information: Āryabhaṭa numeration

Aryabhata used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the Greek numerals, even after the invention of Indian numerals. The values of the different forms of झ are: ^[1]

• झ [d͡ʒʱə] = 9 (९)
• झि [d͡ʒʱɪ] = 900 (९००)
• झु [d͡ʒʱʊ] = 90,000 (९० ०००)
• झृ [d͡ʒʱri] = 9,000,000 (९० ०० ०००)
• झॢ [d͡ʒlə] = 9×10⁸ (९×८०^८)
• झे [d͡ʒʱe] = 9×10¹⁰ (९×८०^१०)
• झै [d͡ʒʱɛː] = 9×10¹² (९×८०^१२)
• झो [d͡ʒʱoː] = 9×10¹⁴ (९×८०^१४)
• झौ [d͡ʒʱɔː] = 9×10¹⁶ (९×८०^१६)

Historic Jha

There are three different general early historic scripts - Brahmi and its variants, Kharoṣṭhī, and Tocharian, the so-called slanting Brahmi. Jha as found in standard Brahmi, was a simple geometric shape, with variations toward more flowing forms in later times. The Tocharian Jha did not have an alternate Fremdzeichen form. There is no evidence of a Jha in the corpus of Kharoṣṭhī texts currently known.

Brahmi Jha

The Brahmi letter , Jha, is probably derived from the altered Aramaic Zayin , and is thus related to the modern Latin and Greek Z. A couple of identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Jha can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period. ^[2] As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the Edicts of Ashoka and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.

Brahmi Jha historic forms

Ashoka (3rd-1st c. BCE)	Girnar (~150 BCE)	Kushana (~150-250 CE)	Gujarat (~250 CE)	Gupta (~350 CE)
	No samples		No samples	No samples

Tocharian Jha

The Tocharian letter is derived from the Brahmi , but does not have an alternate Fremdzeichen form.

Tocharian Jha with vowel marks

Jha	Jhā	Jhi	Jhī	Jhu	Jhū	Jhr	Jhr̄	Jhe	Jhai	Jho	Jhau	Jhä

Devanagari script

Main article: Jha (Devanagari)

Jha (झ, Hindi : झकार, [d͡ʒʱkaːr] ) is the ninth consonant of the Devanagari abugida. is a variant of झ that also in use, particularly in older texts. ^[3] It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter . Letters that derive from it are the Gujarati letter ઝ and the Modi letter 𑘖.

Devanagari Ža

Ža (झ़) is the character jha (झ) combined with a nuqta. It is used to transcribe the voiced patalal fricative [ ʒ ] from Urdu (ژ) and English. Ža (झ़) should not be confused with za (ज़), which is used to denote the voiced alveolar sibilant [ z ] from Urdu, English, and other languages. Ža (झ़) should also not be confused zha (ॹ), which is used in Devanagari transcriptions of the Avestan letter zhe (𐬲) to denote the voiced post-alveolar fricative [ ʒ ]. An equivalent sound, in some Slavic languages, is ž, ż or ж ("zh").

Devanagari-using Languages

In many languages, झ is pronounced as [d͡ʒʱə] or [ d͡ʒʱ ] when appropriate. In Marathi, झ is sometimes pronounced as [d͡zʱə] or [ d͡zʱ ] in addition to [d͡ʒʱə] or [ d͡ʒʱ ]. Therefore, loanwords having /z/ use this letter for the sound in Marathi. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Devanagari झ with vowel marks

Jha	Jhā	Jhi	Jhī	Jhu	Jhū	Jhr	Jhr̄	Jhl	Jhl̄	Jhe	Jhai	Jho	Jhau	Jh
झ	झा	झि	झी	झु	झू	झृ	झॄ	झॢ	झॣ	झे	झै	झो	झौ	झ्

Conjuncts with झ

Half form of Jha.

Devanagari exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. In modern Devanagari texts, most conjuncts are formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". Some conjunct clusters are always represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters. Vertically stacked conjuncts are ubiquitous in older texts, while only a few are still used routinely in modern Devanagari texts. The use of ligatures and vertical conjuncts may vary across languages using the Devanagari script, with Marathi in particular preferring the use of half forms where texts in other languages would show ligatures and vertical stacks. ^[4]

Ligature conjuncts of झ

True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Devanagari are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra. Nepali and Marathi texts use the "eyelash" Ra half form for an initial "R" instead of repha.

• Repha र् (r) + झ (jʰa) gives the ligature rjʰa र्झ: ^note

• Eyelash र् (r) + झ (jʰa) gives the ligature rjʰa र्‍झ:

• झ् (jʰ) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature jʰra झ्र:

• झ् (jʰ) + न (na) gives the ligature jʰna झ्न:

Stacked conjuncts of झ

Vertically stacked ligatures are the most common conjunct forms found in Devanagari text. Although the constituent characters may need to be stretched and moved slightly in order to stack neatly, stacked conjuncts can be broken down into recognizable base letters, or a letter and an otherwise standard ligature.

• छ্ (cʰ) + झ (jʰa) gives the ligature cʰjʰa:

• ढ্ (ḍʱ) + झ (jʰa) gives the ligature ḍʱjʰa:

• ड্ (ḍ) + झ (jʰa) gives the ligature ḍjʰa:

• द্ (d) + झ (jʰa) gives the ligature djʰa:

• झ্ (jʰ) + ब (ba) gives the ligature jʰba:

• झ্ (jʰ) + च (ca) gives the ligature jʰca:

• झ্ (jʰ) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature jʰḍa:

• झ্ (jʰ) + ज (ja) gives the ligature jʰja:

• झ্ (jʰ) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature jʰjña:

• झ্ (jʰ) + ल (la) gives the ligature jʰla:

• झ্ (jʰ) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature jʰŋa:

• झ্ (jʰ) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature jʰña:

• झ্ (jʰ) + व (va) gives the ligature jʰva:

• ख্ (kʰ) + झ (jʰa) gives the ligature kʰjʰa:

• ङ্ (ŋ) + झ (jʰa) gives the ligature ŋjʰa:

• ठ্ (ṭʰ) + झ (jʰa) gives the ligature ṭʰjʰa:

• ट্ (ṭ) + झ (jʰa) gives the ligature ṭjʰa:

Bengali script

The Bengali script ঝ is derived from the Siddhaṃ , and is marked by a similar horizontal head line, but less geometric shape, than its Devanagari counterpart, झ. The inherent vowel of Bengali consonant letters is /ɔ/, so the bare letter ঝ will sometimes be transliterated as "jho" instead of "jha". Adding okar, the "o" vowel mark, gives a reading of /d͡ʒʱo/. Like all Indic consonants, ঝ can be modified by marks to indicate another (or no) vowel than its inherent "a".

Bengali ঝ with vowel marks

jha	jhā	jhi	jhī	jhu	jhū	jhr	jhr̄	jhe	jhai	jho	jhau	jh
ঝ	ঝা	ঝি	ঝী	ঝু	ঝূ	ঝৃ	ঝৄ	ঝে	ঝৈ	ঝো	ঝৌ	ঝ্

ঝ in Bengali-using languages

ঝ is used as a basic consonant character in all of the major Bengali script orthographies, including Bengali and Assamese.

Conjuncts with ঝ

Bengali ঝ exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts, but has significantly fewer conjunct ligatures than most other Bengali letters. ^[5]

• জ্ (j) + ঝ (jʰa) gives the ligature jjʰa:

• ঞ্ (ñ) + ঝ (jʰa) gives the ligature ñjʰa:

• র্ (r) + ঝ (jʰa) gives the ligature rjʰa, with the repha prefix:

Gujarati Jha

Gujarati Jha.

Jha (ઝ) is the ninth consonant of the Gujarati abugida. It is possibly derived from a variant of 16th century Devanagari Jha with the top bar (shiro rekha) removed, and ultimately the Brahmi letter .

Gujarati-using Languages

The Gujarati script is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. In both languages, ઝ is pronounced as [jʰə] or [ jʰ ] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Jha	Jhā	Jhi	Jhī	Jhu	Jhū	Jhr	Jhl	Jhr̄	Jhl̄	Jhĕ	Jhe	Jhai	Jhŏ	Jho	Jhau	Jh
Gujarati Jha syllables, with vowel marks in red.

Conjuncts with ઝ

Gujarati ઝ exhibits conjunct ligatures, much like its parent Devanagari Script. While most Gujarati conjuncts can only be formed by reducing the letter shape to create a "half form" that fits tightly to following letter, Jha does not have a half form. A few conjunct clusters can be represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters, and vertically stacked conjuncts can also be found in Gujarati, although much less commonly than in Devanagari. Lacking a half form, Jha will normally use an explicit virama when forming conjuncts without a true ligature. True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Gujarati are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra.

• ર્ (r) + ઝ (jʰa) gives the ligature RJha:

• ઝ્ (jʰa) + ર (r) gives the ligature JhRa:

Gurmukhi script

Chajaa [t͡ʃə̀d͡ʒːɑ] (ਝ) is the fourteenth letter of the Gurmukhi alphabet. Its name is [t͡ʃə̀d͡ʒːɑ] and pronounced as /t͡ʃə̀/. To differentiate between consonants, the Punjabi tonal consonant t͡ʃə̀ is often transliterated in the way of the Hindi voiced aspirate consonants jha although Punjabi does not have this sound. It is derived from the Laṇḍā letter jha, and ultimately from the Brahmi jha. Gurmukhi chajaa does not have a special pairin or addha (reduced) form for making conjuncts, and in modern Punjabi texts do not take a half form or halant to indicate the bare consonant /t͡ʃ/, although Gurmukhi Sanskrit texts may use an explicit halant.

Burmese script

Za Myin zwe(ဈ) is the 19th letter of the Burmese script. Zay(ဈေး) means bazzar. Zan (ဈာန်) means intense connection of mind.

Telugu Jha

Telugu independent and subjoined Jha.

Jha (ఝ) is a consonant of the Telugu abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter . It is closely related to the Kannada letter ಝ. Most Telugu consonants contain a v-shaped headstroke that is related to the horizontal headline found in other Indic scripts, although headstrokes do not connect adjacent letters in Telugu. The headstroke is normally lost when adding vowel matras. Telugu conjuncts are created by reducing trailing letters to a subjoined form that appears below the initial consonant of the conjunct. Many subjoined forms are created by dropping their headline, with many extending the end of the stroke of the main letter body to form an extended tail reaching up to the right of the preceding consonant. This subjoining of trailing letters to create conjuncts is in contrast to the leading half forms of Devanagari and Bengali letters. Ligature conjuncts are not a feature in Telugu, with the only non-standard construction being an alternate subjoined form of Ṣa (borrowed from Kannada) in the KṢa conjunct.

Malayalam Jha

Malayalam letter Jha

Jha (ഝ) is a consonant of the Malayalam abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , via the Grantha letter Jha. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Malayalam Jha matras: Jha, Jhā, Jhi, Jhī, Jhu, Jhū, Jhr̥, Jhr̥̄, Jhl̥, Jhl̥̄, Jhe, Jhē, Jhai, Jho, Jhō, Jhau, and Jh.

Conjuncts of ഝ

As is common in Indic scripts, Malayalam joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. There are several ways in which conjuncts are formed in Malayalam texts: using a post-base form of a trailing consonant placed under the initial consonant of a conjunct, a combined ligature of two or more consonants joined together, a conjoining form that appears as a combining mark on the rest of the conjunct, the use of an explicit candrakkala mark to suppress the inherent "a" vowel, or a special consonant form called a "chillu" letter, representing a bare consonant without the inherent "a" vowel. Jha does not form ligatures or other combining forms, and jha conjuncts can only be formed with post-base forms of other letters and explicit candrakkala. Texts written with the modern reformed Malayalam orthography, put̪iya lipi, may favor more regular conjunct forms than older texts in paḻaya lipi, due to changes undertaken in the 1970s by the Government of Kerala.

Thai script

Cho choe (ฌ) is the twelfth letter of the Thai script. It falls under the low class of Thai consonants. In IPA, cho choe is pronounced as [tɕʰ] at the beginning of a syllable and may not be used to close a syllable. The eighth letter of the alphabet, cho chan (จ), is also named cho but represents a different initial consonant sound and falls under the middle class of Thai consonants. The ninth letter of the alphabet, cho ching (ฉ), is also named cho and falls under the high class of Thai consonants. The tenth letter of the alphabet, cho chang (ช), is also named cho and falls under the low class of Thai consonants. Unlike many Indic scripts, Thai consonants do not form conjunct ligatures, and use the pinthu —an explicit virama with a dot shape—to indicate bare consonants. In the acrophony of the Thai script, choe (เฌอ) means ‘tree’. Cho choe corresponds to the Sanskrit character ‘झ’.

Odia Jha

Odia independent and subjoined letter Jha.

Jha (ଝ) is a consonant of the Odia abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , via the Siddhaṃ letter Jha. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Odia Jha with vowel matras

Jha	Jhā	Jhi	Jhī	Jhu	Jhū	Jhr̥	Jhr̥̄	Jhl̥	Jhl̥̄	Jhe	Jhai	Jho	Jhau	Jh
ଝ	ଝା	ଝି	ଝୀ	ଝୁ	ଝୂ	ଝୃ	ଝୄ	ଝୢ	ଝୣ	ଝେ	ଝୈ	ଝୋ	ଝୌ	ଝ୍

Conjuncts of ଝ

As is common in Indic scripts, Odia joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a small subjoined form of trailing consonants. Most consonants' subjoined forms are identical to the full form, just reduced in size, although a few drop the curved headline or have a subjoined form not directly related to the full form of the consonant. The second type of conjunct formation is through pure ligatures, where the constituent consonants are written together in a single graphic form. This ligature may be recognizable as being a combination of two characters or it can have a conjunct ligature unrelated to its constituent characters.

• ଞ୍ (ñ) + ଝ (jʰa) gives the ligature ñjʰa:

Kaithi Jha

Kaithi consonant Jha.

Jha (𑂕) is a consonant of the Kaithi abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , via the Siddhaṃ letter Jha. Like in other Indic scripts, Kaithi consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Kaithi Jha with vowel matras

Jha	Jhā	Jhi	Jhī	Jhu	Jhū	Jhe	Jhai	Jho	Jhau	Jh
𑂕	𑂕𑂰	𑂕𑂱	𑂕𑂲	𑂕𑂳	𑂕𑂴	𑂕𑂵	𑂕𑂶	𑂕𑂷	𑂕𑂸	𑂕𑂹

Conjuncts of 𑂕

As is common in Indic scripts, Kaithi joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a half form of preceding consonants, although several consonants use an explicit virama. Most half forms are derived from the full form by removing the vertical stem. As is common in most Indic scripts, conjucts of ra are indicated with a repha or rakar mark attached to the rest of the consonant cluster. In addition, there are a few vertical conjuncts that can be found in Kaithi writing, but true ligatures are not used in the modern Kaithi script.

• 𑂩୍ (r) + 𑂕 (jʰa) gives the ligature rjʰa:

Comparison of Jha

The various Indic scripts are generally related to each other through adaptation and borrowing, and as such the glyphs for cognate letters, including Jha, are related as well. Exceptionally, the glyph of the Lao character used for Jha is a modification of Ja.

Comparison of Jha in different scripts

Aramaic Kharoṣṭhī - Ashoka Brahmi Kushana Brahmi [lower-alpha 1] Tocharian [lower-alpha 2] Gupta Brahmi 𑀛 Pallava Kadamba - Bhaiksuki - Siddhaṃ Grantha 𑌝 Cham ꨏ Sinhala ඣ Pyu / Old Mon [lower-alpha 3] - Tibetan - Newa - Ahom - Malayalam ഝ Telugu ఝ Burmese ဈ Lepcha - Ranjana Saurashtra ꢚ Dives Akuru - Kannada ಝ Kayah Li - Limbu ᤉ Soyombo [lower-alpha 4] - Khmer ឈ Tamil - Chakma 𑄏 Tai Tham ᨫ Meitei Mayek ꯓ Gaudi - Thai ฌ Lao - Tai Le - Marchen - Tirhuta 𑒗 New Tai Lue - Tai Viet - Aksara Kawi 'Phags-pa - Odia ଝ Sharada 𑆙 Rejang - Batak - Buginese - Zanabazar Square ⴻ Bengali-Assamese Takri 𑚒 Javanese ꦙ Balinese ᬛ Makasar - Hangul [lower-alpha 5] - Northern Nagari - Dogri - Laṇḍā - Sundanese - Baybayin - Modi 𑘖 Gujarati ઝ Khojki - Khudabadi 𑋄 Mahajani 𑅜 Tagbanwa - Devanagari Nandinagari - Kaithi Gurmukhi ਝ Multani - Buhid - Canadian Syllabics [lower-alpha 6] - Soyombo [lower-alpha 7] - Sylheti Nagari ꠏ Gunjala Gondi - Masaram Gondi [lower-alpha 8] - Hanuno'o - Notes The middle "Kushana" form of Brahmi is a later style that emerged as Brahmi scripts were beginning to proliferate. Gupta Brahmi was definitely a stylistic descendant from Kushana, but other Brahmi-derived scripts may have descended from earlier forms. Tocharian is probably derived from the middle period "Kushana" form of Brahmi, although artifacts from that time are not plentiful enough to establish a definite succession. Pyu and Old Mon are probably the precursors of the Burmese script, and may be derived from either the Pallava or Kadamba script May also be derived from Devangari (see bottom left of table) The Origin of Hangul from 'Phags-pa is one of limited influence, inspiring at most a few basic letter shapes. Hangul does not function as an Indic abugida. Although the basic letter forms of the Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics were derived from handwritten Devanagari letters, this abugida indicates vowel sounds by rotations of the letter form, rather than the use of vowel diacritics as is standard in Indic abugidas. May also be derived from Ranjana (see above) Masaram Gondi acts as an Indic abugida, but its letterforms were not derived from any single precursor script.

Character encodings of Jha

Most Indic scripts are encoded in the Unicode Standard, and as such the letter Jha in those scripts can be represented in plain text with unique codepoint. Jha from several modern-use scripts can also be found in legacy encodings, such as ISCII.

Character information

Preview					ఝ		ଝ		ಝ		ഝ		ઝ		ਝ
Unicode name	DEVANAGARI LETTER JHA		BENGALI LETTER JHA		TELUGU LETTER JHA		ORIYA LETTER JHA		KANNADA LETTER JHA		MALAYALAM LETTER JHA		GUJARATI LETTER JHA		GURMUKHI LETTER JHA
Encodings	decimal	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	2333	U+091D	2461	U+099D	3101	U+0C1D	2845	U+0B1D	3229	U+0C9D	3357	U+0D1D	2717	U+0A9D	2589	U+0A1D
UTF-8	224 164 157	E0 A4 9D	224 166 157	E0 A6 9D	224 176 157	E0 B0 9D	224 172 157	E0 AC 9D	224 178 157	E0 B2 9D	224 180 157	E0 B4 9D	224 170 157	E0 AA 9D	224 168 157	E0 A8 9D
Numeric character reference	झ	झ	ঝ	ঝ	ఝ	ఝ	ଝ	ଝ	ಝ	ಝ	ഝ	ഝ	ઝ	ઝ	ਝ	ਝ
ISCII	187	BB	187	BB	187	BB	187	BB	187	BB	187	BB	187	BB	187	BB

Character information

Preview	Ashoka Kushana Gupta				𑌝
Unicode name	BRAHMI LETTER JHA		SIDDHAM LETTER JHA		GRANTHA LETTER JHA
Encodings	decimal	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	69659	U+1101B	71062	U+11596	70429	U+1131D
UTF-8	240 145 128 155	F0 91 80 9B	240 145 150 150	F0 91 96 96	240 145 140 157	F0 91 8C 9D
UTF-16	55300 56347	D804 DC1B	55301 56726	D805 DD96	55300 57117	D804 DF1D
Numeric character reference	𑀛	𑀛	𑖖	𑖖	𑌝	𑌝

Character information

Preview	𑆙
Unicode name	SHARADA LETTER JHA
Encodings	decimal	hex
Unicode	70041	U+11199
UTF-8	240 145 134 153	F0 91 86 99
UTF-16	55300 56729	D804 DD99
Numeric character reference	𑆙	𑆙

Character information

Preview	ဈ		ᨫ
Unicode name	MYANMAR LETTER JHA		TAI THAM LETTER LOW CHA
Encodings	decimal	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	4104	U+1008	6699	U+1A2B
UTF-8	225 128 136	E1 80 88	225 168 171	E1 A8 AB
Numeric character reference	ဈ	ဈ	ᨫ	ᨫ

Character information

Preview	ឈ		ฌ
Unicode name	KHMER LETTER CHO		THAI CHARACTER CHO CHOE
Encodings	decimal	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	6024	U+1788	3596	U+0E0C
UTF-8	225 158 136	E1 9E 88	224 184 140	E0 B8 8C
Numeric character reference	ឈ	ឈ	ฌ	ฌ

Character information

Preview	ඣ		𑄏		ꢚ		ꨏ
Unicode name	SINHALA LETTER MAHAAPRAANA JAYANNA		CHAKMA LETTER JHAA		SAURASHTRA LETTER JHA		CHAM LETTER JHA
Encodings	decimal	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	3491	U+0DA3	69903	U+1110F	43162	U+A89A	43535	U+AA0F
UTF-8	224 182 163	E0 B6 A3	240 145 132 143	F0 91 84 8F	234 162 154	EA A2 9A	234 168 143	EA A8 8F
UTF-16	3491	0DA3	55300 56591	D804 DD0F	43162	A89A	43535	AA0F
Numeric character reference	ඣ	ඣ	𑄏	𑄏	ꢚ	ꢚ	ꨏ	ꨏ

Character information

Preview	𑘖		ꠏ
Unicode name	MODI LETTER JHA		SYLOTI NAGRI LETTER JHO		KAITHI LETTER JHA
Encodings	decimal	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	71190	U+11616	43023	U+A80F	69781	U+11095
UTF-8	240 145 152 150	F0 91 98 96	234 160 143	EA A0 8F	240 145 130 149	F0 91 82 95
UTF-16	55301 56854	D805 DE16	43023	A80F	55300 56469	D804 DC95
Numeric character reference	𑘖	𑘖	ꠏ	ꠏ	𑂕	𑂕

Character information

Preview	𑒗		ᤉ		ꯓ
Unicode name	TIRHUTA LETTER JHA		LIMBU LETTER JHA		MEETEI MAYEK LETTER JHAM
Encodings	decimal	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	70807	U+11497	6409	U+1909	43987	U+ABD3
UTF-8	240 145 146 151	F0 91 92 97	225 164 137	E1 A4 89	234 175 147	EA AF 93
UTF-16	55301 56471	D805 DC97	6409	1909	43987	ABD3
Numeric character reference	𑒗	𑒗	ᤉ	ᤉ	ꯓ	ꯓ

Character information

Preview	𑚒		𑋄		𑅜
Unicode name	TAKRI LETTER JHA		KHUDAWADI LETTER JHA		MAHAJANI LETTER JHA
Encodings	decimal	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	71314	U+11692	70340	U+112C4	69980	U+1115C
UTF-8	240 145 154 146	F0 91 9A 92	240 145 139 132	F0 91 8B 84	240 145 133 156	F0 91 85 9C
UTF-16	55301 56978	D805 DE92	55300 57028	D804 DEC4	55300 56668	D804 DD5C
Numeric character reference	𑚒	𑚒	𑋄	𑋄	𑅜	𑅜

Character information

Preview	ᬛ		ꦙ
Unicode name	BALINESE LETTER JA JERA		JAVANESE LETTER JA MAHAPRANA
Encodings	decimal	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	6939	U+1B1B	43417	U+A999
UTF-8	225 172 155	E1 AC 9B	234 166 153	EA A6 99
Numeric character reference	ᬛ	ᬛ	ꦙ	ꦙ

References

1. Ifrah, Georges (2000). The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer . New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp.  447–450. ISBN   0-471-39340-1.
2. Evolutionary chart, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838
3. Bahri, Harder (2004). Hindi-Angrezi Shabdkosh. p. xiii.
4. Pall, Peeter. "Microsoft Word - kblhi2" (PDF). Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed. Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
5. "The Bengali Alphabet" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-09-28.

• Kurt Elfering: Die Mathematik des Aryabhata I. Text, Übersetzung aus dem Sanskrit und Kommentar. Wilhelm Fink Verlag, München, 1975, ISBN   3-7705-1326-6
• Georges Ifrah: The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2000, ISBN   0-471-39340-1.
• B. L. van der Waerden: Erwachende Wissenschaft. Ägyptische, babylonische und griechische Mathematik. Birkhäuser-Verlag, Basel Stuttgart, 1966, ISBN   3-7643-0399-9
• Fleet, J. F. (January 1911). "Aryabhata's System of Expressing Numbers". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 43: 109–126. doi:10.1017/S0035869X00040995. ISSN   0035-869X. JSTOR   25189823.
• Fleet, J. F. (1911). "Aryabhata's System of Expressing Numbers". The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 43: 109–126. doi:10.1017/S0035869X00040995. JSTOR   25189823.

^note Conjuncts are identified by IAST transliteration, except aspirated consonants are indicated with a superscript "h" to distinguish from an unaspirated consonant + Ha, and the use of the IPA "ŋ" and "ʃ" instead of the less dinstinctive "ṅ" and "ś".